22 research outputs found

    A Study dn the Competitiveness Evaluation of Port Distripark Using AHP

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    Since port competition is getting more fierce, the connectivity between a port and the distripark has been considered as a package in a port. To cope with this trend, the activity of distripark has greater importance in port competitiveness. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the competitiveness factors of port distripark and provide suggestions for improving the competitiveness of a port. In order to accomplish this, the questionnaire survey was directed to a broad study group at Pusan port and Gwangyang port consisting of shipping companies, container terminals, port researchers, port authority. AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method was used to analyze the data collected. From the result of the survey, it is founded that each port in South Korea has been affected by the different competitiveness factors of a port distripark. In order to be a better port, Pusan New Port is suggested to enlarge the range of distripark and in the case of Gwangyang Port, it is suggested to provide port policies for vitalizing the economy of hinterland such as international logistics networks and the investment of infrastructure in hinterland.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  = 1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  = 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• = 2 ์ œ2์žฅ ํ•ด์šดํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๋‹จ์ง€ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ = 4 ์ œ1์ ˆ ํ•ด์šดํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™” = 4 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” = 7 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ›„๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ = 11 ์ œ3์žฅ AHP ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ = 28 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ณ„์ธต๋ถ„์„์ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฒ•(AHP)์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ = 28 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ณ„์ธต๋ถ„์„์ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ˆ์ฐจ = 31 ์ œ3์ ˆ AHP์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ = 44 ์ œ4์žฅ AHP ๊ณ„์ธต๋ถ„์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ = 48 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ณ„์ธต๋ณ„ ์ค‘์š”๋„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ = 48 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ = 48 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์„ ์ •๊ณผ ์‘๋‹ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = 52 ์ œ5์žฅ AHP ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = 54 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š”์ธ ์ค‘์š”๋„ ๋ถ„์„ = 54 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ธ๋ถ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์†์„ฑ์˜ ์ค‘์š”๋„ ๋ถ„์„ = 55 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ = 61 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  = 67 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ = 69 ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ = 7

    Development of attitude control system for high-speed foil-assisted catamaran considering modelling uncertainties

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์กฐ์„ ํ•ด์–‘๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,1997.Docto

    Two Essays on Optimal Asset Allocation with Correlation Risk

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    DoctorI investigate optimal strategies of two economic entities considering correlation risk. First topic is problem that optimal asset allocation for investor who consider the correlation risk between stock indices. Second topic is problem that optimal reinsurance and asset allocation for insurer who consider the correlation risk between stock and insurance claim. For both problems, I prove that there exists one and only one solution of my problem and introduce numerical method for solving these problems. In the first topic, I show that the investorโ€™s optimal investment strategies are non-myopic, and the hedging demand due to correlation risk is significant. When the correlation is low enough, the investor tends to increase the total investment proportion. As a result, investors are exposed to more market risk, leading to a decrease in investorโ€™s utility. Finally, I find that correlation risk is important factor for asset allocation through certainty equivalent wealth analysis. In the second topic, I derive results that the insurerโ€™s optimal reinsurance and investment strategies are non-myopic, and the hedging demand on account of correlation risk is significantly large. When the correlation is high enough, the insurer decreases reinsurance proportion and increases investment proportion since insurance claim risk could be hedged by stock investment. As a result, insurer exposed to both insurance claim risk and market risk so it has negative effect for the insurerโ€™s utility. In conclusion, I find that correlation risk has significant effect for reinsurance and asset allocation through certainty equivalent wealth analysis

    Zhao Mengfus Xi Shuye yu Shan Juyuan juejiao shu (Letter for Severing Friendship with Shan Tao) in Four Scripts: A Reconsideration of the Return to the Past Movement in Late Song and Early Yuan China

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ(๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2019. 2. ์žฅ์ง„์„ฑ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์›๋‚˜๋ผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€(่ถ™ๅญŸ้ ซ, 1254-1322)๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜(๏ฅฆๅคไธป็พฉ)์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ๊ทธ์˜ 1319๋…„ ์ž‘ ใ€Šํ˜œ์ˆ™์•ผ์—ฌ์‚ฐ๊ฑฐ์›์ ˆ๊ต์„œ๊ถŒ(ๅต‡ๅ”ๅคœ่ˆ‡ๅฑฑๅฑ…ๆบ็ตถไบคๆ›ธๅท)ใ€‹(ๅŒ—ไบฌ ๆ•…ๅฎฎๅš็‰ฉ้™ข ์†Œ์žฅ, ์ดํ•˜ ใ€Š๋ถ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๊ถ๋ณธ ์ ˆ๊ต์„œใ€‹๋กœ ์•ฝ์นญ)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณต๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํšŒ๊ท€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ฒœ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง‘๋Œ€์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฏผ์กฑ ์น˜ํ•˜์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ ๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ๋™์„œํ™”(ๅค่‘ฃๆ›ธ็•ต)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„์— ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜ธ(ๅฃ่™Ÿ)์  ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ(ไฟฎ่พญ)์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋Š” ์†ก(ๅฎ‹)๋‚˜๋ผ ์ข…์‹ค(ๅฎ—ๅฎค) ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์„œํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ์  ๊ธฐํ’(ๆฐฃ้ขจ)์„ ์„ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†ก๋ง์›์ดˆ(ๅฎ‹ๆœซๅ…ƒๅˆ)์˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์„œํ™” ์œ ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ์†ก ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™ฉ์‹ค ์ˆ˜์žฅํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ฉ์ง‘์‚ฐ(๏งชๅˆ้›†ๆ•ฃ)๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์™•์กฐ ๊ต์ฒด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚จ๋ถ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์‹ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์—ญํ• ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•ด์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ณต๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ ๋‚จ์†ก(ๅ—ๅฎ‹, 1127-1279) ๊ณ ์ข…(้ซ˜ๅฎ—, ์žฌ์œ„ 1127-1162)์€ ์œ„์ง„(้ญๆ™‰)์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ด์™•(ไบŒ็Ž‹: ็Ž‹็พฒไน‹(303-361)์™€ ็Ž‹็ปไน‹(344-386) ็ˆถๅญ) ์„œ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ทน์ƒ(ๆฅตไธŠ)์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„๋ณดํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ ์ „์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ด์™• ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™•์˜ , ๋“ฑ์ด ์œ ํ†ต๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•๊ธฐ(ๅงœๅค”, 1155-1221)์˜ ใ€Œ๋‚œ์ •๊ณ (๏คŸไบญ่€ƒ)ใ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์™• ์„œ๋ฒ• ๊ด€๋ จ์˜ ๋น„ํ‰๋“ค๋„ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™•(ไบŒ็Ž‹) ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์€ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ง„์œ„(็œžๅƒž)์™€ ์šฐ์—ด(ๅ„ช๏ฆ)์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™•์˜ ์ง„์ (็œž่ทก)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ๋“ค์ด ์œ ํ†ต๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™•์˜ ์ •ํ†ต(ๆญฃ็ตฑ)์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋Š” ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰์ (่กŒ่นŸ)์—์„œ ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ชจ์ž„์—์„œ ๊ณฝ์ฒœ์„(้ƒญๅคฉ้Œซ, 1227-1302)์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ์™•ํฌ์ง€์˜ ์„ ์‹ ๋ฌผ(็ฅž็‰ฉ)๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œ (ไบค้Š)ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ด์™• ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„์ง‘(้›…้›†)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์™• ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ์‹(้‘‘่ญ˜)ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน๊ถŒ์ธต์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ด์™•์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋กœ ๊ฒฉ์ƒ๋˜์–ด ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์•™ํ•œ ์ด์™• ์„œ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด์ œ ์„œ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์กฐํ™”(ๆ•Ž็ฅ–ๅŒ–)๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ด์™•์˜ ๊ณ„๋ณด์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๋ถ์†ก ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์  ์„œ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋‹จ(็•ฐ็ซฏ)์œผ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฉํ•˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๊ฐ„(ๆŽ่กŽ, 1244-1320)์ด ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ์™•ํฌ์ง€์˜ ์—์„œ ์žฅ์ดˆ(็ซ ่‰)์˜ ์„œ์ฒด(ๆ›ธ้ซ”)์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์“ด ใ€Š๋ถ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๊ถ๋ณธ ์ ˆ๊ต์„œใ€‹์— ํŠน์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์žฅ์ดˆ๋Š” ์œ„์ง„์‹œ๋Œ€ ์„œ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•œ๊ฒฐ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ณ ์กธ(ๅคๆ‹™)ํ•œ ์„œ์ฒด์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋Š” ์™•ํฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋™์ง„(ๆฑๆ™‰) ์ด์ „์˜ ์„œ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋˜ ์žฅ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํžˆ ๋˜์‚ด๋ ค๋‚ธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€(ๅคงๅฎถ)๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์™•ํฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„œ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋…๋ณด์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€ ์„œ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€๋„ ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ์ฒด์— ๋‘๋ฃจ ๋Šฅํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ•™(ๅšๅญธ)๊ณผ ๋ณต๊ณ (๏ฅฆๅค)๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋งž๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ์  ์‹œ๋„๋“ค์€ ํœ˜์ข…(ๅพฝๅฎ—, ์žฌ์œ„ 1100-1126) ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์†ก๋Œ€ ํ™ฉ์‹ค์˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ดํ•ด๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜์ข…(ๅฏงๅฎ—, ์žฌ์œ„ 1194-1224)์˜ ์„œ๋ณด(ๆ›ธ่ญœ)์— ์ œ๋ฌธ(้กŒๆ–‡)์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์†ก ํ™ฉ์‹ค์˜ ํ˜ˆํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ „ ์„œ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ฐ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํœ˜์ข…๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ข…์€ ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„œ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ณ ์ „ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ํ•„์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํœ˜์ข…์€ 10๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„œ์ฒด๋กœ ์„ ํ•„์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ํ•˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ์ข…์€ ๋ง๋…„์— ์ ˆ๊ต์„œ์˜ ์›์ €์ž์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ํ˜œ๊ฐ•(ๅต‡ๅบท, 223-262)์˜ ใ€Œ์–‘์ƒ๋ก (้คŠ็”Ÿ่ซ–)ใ€์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„œ์ฒด๋กœ ํ•„์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ข…์€ ์ด์™• ์„œ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•™์Šตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ ์ข…์ด ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์„œ์ฒด์— ์ •ํ†ตํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์น˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐ•ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ณต๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ๋‘์— ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋„ ์œก์ฒด(๏ง‘้ซ”)์˜ ์„ ์จ์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ณต๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ใ€Š๋ถ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๊ถ๋ณธ ์ ˆ๊ต์„œใ€‹์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 4๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์„œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ™๋ จ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ์„œํ•™(ๆ›ธๅญธ) ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋Š” ์ผ์ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ์†ก ํƒœ์ข…(ๅคชๅฎ—, ์žฌ์œ„ 976-997)์˜ ใ€Ž์ˆœํ™”๊ฐ์ฒฉ(ๆทณๅŒ–้–ฃๅธ–)ใ€ ์ „๊ถŒ(ๅ…จๅท)์„ ๊ตฌ๋น„ํ•ด๋‘์—ˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์„œ์˜ˆ ํ•™์Šต์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์€ ์ฒ˜์ง€์— ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋Š” ์†ก๋‚˜๋ผ ํ™ฉ์กฑ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๋ช…๋ง ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์—ญ์— ์œ ํ†ต๋˜๋Š” ๋ช…์ž‘๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ , ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ต์œ ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ช…์ž‘๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์‹ ๋ฐ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์•„์†(้›…ไฟ—)๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธˆ(ๅคไปŠ)์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์œ„์ง„์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ด์™• ์„œ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •ํ†ต(ๆญฃ็ตฑ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›๊ทผ(้ ่ฟ‘)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„์†(้›…ไฟ—)์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ์ง“๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„์— ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ธ(ไปŠไบบ)๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ธ(ๅคไบบ)์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ฐฌํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์•„์†์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์ด์™• ์„œ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์žฅ๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์„œํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ์ธ(ๅคไบบ)์˜ ๊ณ ์˜(ๅคๆ„)์™€ ๊ธฐ์šด(ๆฐฃ้Ÿป)์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์†Œ์žฅํ•œ ์ˆ˜์žฅ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•„(้›…)๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ณ ์ธ(ๅคไบบ)์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋ถ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๊ถ๋ณธ ์ ˆ๊ต์„œใ€‹๋Š” ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์ฆ์ธ(ๅ—่ดˆไบบ, recipient)์˜ ์„ฑ๋ช…์ด ๋ช…๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ œ๋ฌธ(้กŒๆ–‡)๋„ ์ผ์ฒด ์—†์–ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋Š” ์ ˆ๊ต์„œ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ด์ƒ ํ•„์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•„์ž๋Š” ใ€Š๋ถ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๊ถ๋ณธ ์ ˆ๊ต์„œใ€‹๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ์‘์ˆ˜(ๆ‡‰้…ฌ) ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„๋‹จ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ๊ธ€์”จ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์˜(่ณˆ่ชผ, ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 201-168)์˜ ใ€Œ๊ณผ์ง„๋ก (้Ž็งฆ่ซ–)ใ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•„์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ใ€Š๋ถ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๊ถ๋ณธ ์ ˆ๊ต์„œใ€‹๋„ ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ใ€Š๋ถ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๊ถ๋ณธ ์ ˆ๊ต์„œใ€‹๋Š” 1319๋…„ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‘์ˆ˜(ๆ‡‰้…ฌ)ํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ฒ˜์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ํ˜œ๊ฐ•(ๅต‡ๅบท, 223-262)์€ ์†Œ์‹(่˜‡่ปพ, 1037-1101)์ด ใ€Œ์–‘์ƒ๋ก (้คŠ็”Ÿ่ซ–)ใ€์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ํ•„์‚ฌํ–ˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ถ€(ๅฃซๅคงๅคซ)๋“ค์ด ์„ ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋„๊ฐ€(้“ๅฎถ)์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์€๊ฑฐ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ์†ก๋ง์›์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๊ณ ์„œ ์ ˆ๊ต์„œ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ตฌ(่ฉฉๅฅ)๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜œ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๋„์—ฐ๋ช…(้™ถๆทตๆ˜Ž[้™ถๆฝ›], 365-427)์˜ ์€์ผ(้šฑ้€ธ)์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์• ํ˜ธ(ๆ„›ๅฅฝ)ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜คํฅ(ๅณ่ˆˆ) ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ถ€์˜€๋˜ ์ „์„ (้Œข้ธ, 1235-1307)๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์›(ๆˆด่กจๅ…ƒ, 1244-1310)์€ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ˆ๊ต์„œ์™€ ์„œ๋ฌ˜๋ฌธ(่ช“ๅข“ๆ–‡) ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์œ„์ง„์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ„์ง„์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ์˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ•๊ณ (ๅšๅค)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์ธ(ๅคไบบ)์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์„ ์ถ”์ข…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•„์†(้›…ไฟ—)์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋˜ ์„œํ™”๋ฌธ๋ฌผ(ๆ›ธ็•ตๆ–‡็‰ฉ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ทจํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์†ก๋ง์›์ดˆ์— ์œ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ใ€Š๋ถ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๊ถ๋ณธ ์ ˆ๊ต์„œใ€‹๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„์ง„์‹œ๋Œ€ ์„œ๋ฒ•(ๆ›ธๆณ•)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ๊ณง ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ์ง“๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์œ„์ง„์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ์•„(้›…)๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ธ(ๅคไบบ)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ•ด๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์„œ์˜ˆ์  ์ง€์‹์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณตํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ •ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ณ ๋™์„œํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์• ํ˜ธ ์ทจํ–ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณต๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„, ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์œ„์„ธ(ๅจๅ‹ข)์  ์ทจํ–ฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์†ก๋ง์›์ดˆ์˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋“ค์˜ ์œ„์„ธ์  ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ƒํˆฌ์  ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ„ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ท€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์  ์†์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.This thesis attempts to clarify the various aspects of Zhao Mengfu's (่ถ™ๅญŸ้ ซ, 1254-1322) efforts to return to Wei-Jin calligraphy, especially calligraphy by the Two Wangs (Wang Xizhi (็Ž‹็พฒไน‹, 303-361) and his son Wang Xianzhi (็Ž‹็ปไน‹, 344-386)) for artistic inspiration. Keeping this in mind, I have examined the ways in which Zhao led a return to the past movement (๏ฅฆๅคไธป็พฉ) in early Yuan (1271-1368) China. Ever since the Tang and Song dynasties firmly formed the calligraphic tradition that was centered on the Two Wangs, these ancient masters works appealed greatly to literati as an aura of authority and represented nobility in early Yuan society. However, by that time, their genuine works had already disappeared. The early Yuan literati, such as Zhou Mi (ๅ‘จๅฏ†, 1232-1298), Li Kan (ๆŽ่กŽ, 1244-1320), and Zhao Mengfu, were eager to collect remarkable replicas of the masters originals in excellent quality which comprised several manuscripts and rubbings (ๆ‹“ๆœฌ). Believing that the works after the Two Wangs in their collections were of the highest quality, Zhao Mengfu and his circle of friends made all efforts to distinguish authentic replicas from inferior copies. In authenticating them, Zhao Mengfu rose to prominence as the most authoritative connoisseur, collector, and calligrapher during his day. This study investigates how Zhao Mengfu and his calligraphy came to be acclaimed by his contemporaries with emphasis on his late works such as Xi Shuye yu Shan Juyuan juejiao shu (Letter for Severing Friendship with Shan Taohereafter referred to as juejiao shu (็ตถไบคๆ›ธ)), dated 1319, now in the Palace Museum, Beijing. It is well known that the Northern Song literati Su Shi (่˜‡่ปพ, 1037-1101) and Mi Fu (็ฑณ่Šพ, 1051-1107) played a significant role in reinvigorating such critical terms as guyi (ๅคๆ„ archaic idea) and guren (ๅคไบบ the ancients) in contrast with jin (ไปŠ, now or the present) and jinti (่ฟ‘้ซ” modern style). In these antithetical formulations, Zhao Mengfu's contemporaries such as Li Ti (ๆŽๅ€œ, 1250-?), Xianyu Shu (้ฎฎไบŽๆจž, 1257?-1302), Deng Wenyuan (้„งๆ–‡ๅŽŸ, 1258-1328), and Yu Ji (่™ž้›†, 1272-1348) begun to make a distinction between ya (้›… elegance) and su (ไฟ— vulgarity). The basis for division in these binary distinctions was literatis taste of antiques such as paintings, calligraphy, zithers, seals, and ink-stones. Although there was no single objective criterion, Zhao Mengfu and his circle of friends established cultural norms for other people to follow: veneration of the Two Wangs and pursuit of a return to the past. In 1296, Li Kan not only praised Zhao Mengfu as the rightful heir to Wang Xizhi, but simultaneously considered people to be heterodox (็•ฐ็ซฏ), who were immersed in slavishly repeating the styles of the Tang and Song masters. Wang Xizhi, in the same vein, was revered by Zhao Mengfu as the sage of the brush or calligraphy (ๆ›ธ่–) in the history of Chinese culture. Furthermore, such a distinction in taste was conditioned by enthusiastic collectors of the Two Wangs. Discourse on elegance and vulgarity was inseparable from the contemporary trend of conspicuous consumption in art market. Unless someone possessed an artwork attributed to the Two Wangs or genuine copies of their masterworks, he could be criticized for his modern and vulgar tastes. Zhao Mengfu, on the contrary, was the most discerning connoisseur of the Two Wangs in the early Yuan period. Many replicas of the Two Wangs works in the collections of Zhao Mengfu and his circle of friends were authenticated by the one and only expert Zhao Mengfu. In this process, his connoisseurship came to have absolute power and authority. Sometimes, he made wrong judgments about suspicious works. But his promotion of these works came to be taken for granted. For instance, Epitaph for My Nanny (Baomu tie, ไฟๆฏๅธ–), now in the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, was judged by Zhao to be a genuine work by Wang Xianzhi. Zhao Mengfu was one of the most privileged men of the time. He was a descendant of the Song imperial family. Due to his high social and economic status, he became the most eminent painter, calligrapher, and connoisseur. He was also one of the few who could write in the styles of the Two Wangs. Zhao Mengfu admired the Two Wangs and devoted himself to studying their styles. After long years of study, he was able to establish himself as the inheritor of the Two Wangs tradition. He excelled in almost every script except for the wild cursive (mad cursive). While Zhao Mengfu was not willing to use the wild cursive script, he rediscovered the significance of the draft cursive script (็ซ ่‰ zhangcao), an early form of based on clerical, which had ancient flavors. Zhaos juejiao shu, transcribed from the letter by Xi Kang (ๅต‡ๅบท, 223-262) is a remarkable example highlighting how he demonstrated his talents as a calligrapher by using different four scripts. He creatively experimented with the draft cursive script in this work. Zhao Mengfu's ambitious return to the past by promoting the historical value of the Two Wangs calligraphy played a significant role in the formation of discourse on elegance and vulgarity. Zhao received numerous commissions from various people to create calligraphy in the styles of the Two Wangs. For them, Zhaos works after the Two Wangs were almost priceless. To possess Zhaos works in the manner of the Two Wangs makes the owner appear to be a man of refined taste. As a result, Zhao came to be under constant pressure to fulfill the commissions. His juejiao shu is one of the works created from his social obligations, so-called yingchou (ๆ‡‰้…ฌ). As the Two Wangs became culture heroes for early Yuan literati, their works or copies of their masterpieces were greatly sought-after. Zhao had to respond to the high demand for calligraphic works in the manner of the Two Wangs. In doing so, he emerged as the most important arbiter of taste during his lifetime, setting the standard for his contemporaries to follow. The possession of works by the Two Wangs and works after them among collectors and men of letters was of great significance in the culture of the revival of the Wei-Jin tradition. The return to the past movement led by Zhao and his circle of friends was at the center of the formation and continuation of the revival of the Wei-Jin culture. The slogan for the return to the past is not merely rhetorical. It encompasses its cultural and socio-economic dimensions. Advocates of the return to the past movement came to be considered men of elegance, whereas the others were regarded as vulgar. The owners of works by the Two Wangs or works after them fashioned themselves as rich yet elegant men of letters. As such, cultural discourse on the return to the past has many layers of meaning.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ์œ„์ง„(้ญๆ™‰) ์„œ๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ: ์•„(้›…)์™€ ์†(ไฟ—)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ์ง“๊ธฐ 10 1. ์‹ ๋ฌผ(็ฅž็‰ฉ)์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ: ์ด์™•(ไบŒ็Ž‹) ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ๊ณผ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ 13 2. ์œ„์„ธ(ๅจๅ‹ข)์  ์ทจํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ณต๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜(๏ฅฆๅคไธป็พฉ) 25 โ…ข. ํ˜œ์ˆ™์•ผ์—ฌ์‚ฐ๊ฑฐ์›์ ˆ๊ต์„œ๊ถŒ(ๅ”ๅคœ่ˆ‡ๅฑฑๅฑ…ๆบ็ตถไบคๆ›ธๅท)์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์–‘์‹์‚ฌ์  ์˜์˜ 42 1. ์žฅ์ดˆ(็ซ ่‰)์™€ ์„œ์ฒด ํ˜ผ์šฉ(ๆทท็”จ) 45 2. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ์œ„์ƒ: ์œ„์ง„(้ญๆ™‰) ์„œ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ํ†ต(ๅซก็ตฑ) 49 โ…ฃ. ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์˜ ์„œํ™” ์ˆ˜์š” ๋Œ€์‘ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 64 1. ์‘์ˆ˜(ๆ‡‰้…ฌ)์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ: 1319๋…„ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€์™€ ํ˜œ์ˆ™์•ผ์—ฌ์‚ฐ๊ฑฐ์›์ ˆ๊ต์„œ๊ถŒ(ๅ”ๅคœ่ˆ‡ๅฑฑๅฑ…ๆบ็ตถไบคๆ›ธๅท) 64 2. ์›๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ„์ง„(้ญๆ™‰)์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ™” ์• ํ˜ธ ํ’์กฐ 71 V. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  79 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 84 ๋„ํŒ๋ชฉ๋ก 105 ๋„ํŒ 108 Abstract 127Maste

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