Cyclophosphamide-induced lupus flare?: the role of C4 and interferon-gamma in lupus flare

ope

Nephrocalcinosis and Hypercalciuria in Children

ope

The significance of T helper 1 cell-derived cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

ope

A Study of the Traffic Separation Schemes and Legal Application at TSS in the Marine Traffic Laws

Every country in the world recognizes the importance of the sea which has resources in future. It is needless to say that ocean power is important to the Republic of Korea because of a geographical position that is a peninsula surrounded by sea on three sides and insufficiency of natural resources to improve national wealth and quality of people life through securing marine resource to accomplish national development. The Republic of Korea is surrounded on three sides by sea which plays a key role in the development of national strength. 99.7% percent of our goods(including exports and imports) has been transported all over the world by ships. In order to recognize the importance of sea, and to accomplish national development and growth, various nation′s policies and people′s wills are important. Among them, nation′s policies, for example, laws on marine traffic and marine environment to make seas more safe and clean are the most important. These days, as the maritime traffic increases all over the world, the rate of maritime traffic casualties is mainly arising from the human errors. Maritime casualties were caused by the factor of seamen's quality and ship's management system rather than that of the safety of hull construction and facilities. The risks of maritime casualties are higher in harbours than ocean, especially in Traffic Separation Schemes. There are marine traffic laws to prevent collisions at sea. The most important, basic and international law is "International Regulations for Prevent at sea(COLREG)" and also special rules are made by appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbour, rivers, lakes or inland waterways. So, within the territorial waters of the Republic of Korea, there is "Marine Traffic Safety Act" as a special rule for safety of maritime traffics, but because of the difference of between international rules and Korea national rules. Harbour users (navigators, pilots, maritime polices, VTS operators and so on) are very confused of applying international law or Korean law to navigation in Traffic Separation Schemes. In this paper, over 70% of users don`t know or have uncorrect knowledges in this schemes. So it`s needed to make it sure that conduct of navigation in Traffic Separation Schemes for safety in Korean waters and user`s right for preventing collisions. So, first, I make sure what the principal rule between COLREG and Korean law in TSS in the Republic of Korea is ? Second, through TSS`s history and in case of another country`s legislation, I try to know local special rule`s characteristic, from this, make it a rule in Korean marine traffic rules. In the end, It`s useless to apply and inform harbour users in a wrong way, even though we established laws and systems.ABSTRACT 제1장 서론 제1절 연구의 목적 1 제2절 연구의 방법과 범위 5 제2장 해상교통법상 항법적용의 일반원칙 7 제1절 국제해상충돌방지규칙과 항법원칙 7 Ⅰ. 의의 및 목적 7 Ⅱ. 주요내용과 적용범위 8 Ⅲ. 항법의 원칙 11 제2절 해상교통안전법과 항법원칙 21 Ⅰ. 의의 및 목적 21 Ⅱ. 주요내용과 적용범위 22 III. 항법의 원칙 26 ⅤI. 다른 법률과의 관계 26 제3장 해상교통법상 통항분리제도 29 제1절 선박의 항로지정방식 29 Ⅰ. 역사적 배경 29 Ⅱ. 선박의 항로지정 30 Ⅲ. 통항분리제도에 관한 일반규정 33 제2절 통항분리제도 37 Ⅰ. 의의 37 Ⅱ. 적용 범위 38 Ⅲ. 적용 원칙 39 Ⅳ. 사고 사례 44 제3절 통항분리수역에서의 항행원칙 53 Ⅰ. 국제해사기구가 채택한 통항분리수역에서의 항행원칙 53 Ⅱ. 우리나라 영해안의 통항분리수역에서의 항행원칙 55 제 4 장 통항분리수역의 법적용 원칙 58 제1절 법적용의 충돌문제와 신뢰보호 58 Ⅰ. 법적용의 충돌문제 58 Ⅱ. 법익보호와 신뢰의 원칙 65 제2절 통항분리수역의 법적용의 원칙과 통일성 69 Ⅰ. 통항분리수역의 항법적용에 관한 법 69 Ⅱ. 각 법규상의 적용원칙 69 Ⅲ. 법적용의 통일성 72 제 5 장 결 론 76 참고문헌 8

The role of interleukin 6 in the pathogenesis of hyponatremia associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome

ope

A possible role of leptin-associated increase in soluble interleukin-2 receptor diminishing a clinical response to infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis: Comment on the article by Klaasen et al.

ope

Dysregulated MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Comprehensive Review

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease of which clinical presentation is vastly heterogeneous, ranging from mild skin rashes to severe renal diseases. Treatment goal of this illness is to minimize disease activity and prevent further organ damage. In recent years, much research has been done on the epigenetic aspects of SLE pathogenesis, for among the various factors known to contribute to the pathogenic process, epigenetic factors, especially microRNAs, bear the most therapeutic potential that can be altered unlike congenital genetic factors. This article reviews and updates what has been discovered so far about the pathogenesis of lupus, while focusing on the dysregulation of microRNAs in lupus patients in comparison to healthy controls along with the potentially pathogenic roles of the microRNAs commonly reported to be either upregulated or downregulated. Furthermore, this review includes microRNAs of which results are controversial, suggesting possible explanations for such discrepancies and directions for future research. Moreover, we aimed to emphasize the point that had been overlooked so far in studies regarding microRNA expression levels; that is, which specimen was used to assess the dysregulation of microRNAs. To our surprise, a vast number of studies have not considered this factor and have analyzed the potential role of microRNAs in general. Despite extensive investigations done on microRNA levels, their significance and potential role remain a mystery, which calls for further studies on this particular subject in regard of which specimen is used for assessment.ope

Cost-effectiveness analysis of the implementation of a National Immunization Program for rotavirus vaccination in a country with a low rotavirus gastroenteritis-related mortality: A South Korean study

Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe gastroenteritis among children younger than 5 years in South Korea. Two rotavirus vaccines (RVs), pentavalent human-bovine reassortant vaccine (Rotateq®; RV5) and attenuated human strain originated monovalent vaccine (Rotarix®; RV1), have been available for voluntary vaccination using out-of-pocket payment since 2007 and 2008, respectively. Yet, RVs are not included in the National Immunization Program (NIP), partly because of the low associated mortality rate. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of RVs to assist the evidence-based decision-making process for NIP implementation in South Korea. Using a transparent age-structured static cohort model, we simulated the experience of ten annual birth cohorts of South Korean children from 2018 to 2027. Model inputs included rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) incidence and mortality rates, RVGE treatment costs, vaccine coverage and timeliness, and vaccine effectiveness and price. The incremental costs of including RVs in the NIP compared to no vaccination were 59,662,738 USD and 152,444,379 USD for RV1 and RV5, respectively. The introduction of RV1 and RV5 can prevent 4799 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and 5068 DALYs. From the societal perspective, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for adopting RV into the NIP versus no vaccination were 12,432 USD per DALY averted for RV1 and 30,081 USD per DALY averted for RV 5. The weighted average for the ICERs of the two vaccines computed using the market share of each vaccine in the current voluntary use as a weight, was 21,698 USD per DALY averted. The estimated ICER was below 1 × gross domestic product per capita (30,000 USD), which has been a commonly used willingness-to-pay threshold for health care technology assessment in South Korea, suggesting that introducing RVs into the NIP would be cost-effective.ope

A Nationwide Epidemiological Study of Nocturnal Enuresis in Korean Adolescents and Adults: Population Based Cross Sectional Study

We performed a nationwide epidemiological study to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of nocturnal enuresis (NE) in Korean adolescents and adults. A questionnaire was sent via e-mail to 51,073 people aged 16-40 yr by stratified sampling according to age, sex, and region among a 200,000 internet survey panel pool. The questionnaire included following information; presence or absence of NE, frequency of NE, possible risk factors for NE, self-esteem scale score and depression score results, and measures for the treatment of NE. Among the 2,117 responders, 54 (2.6%) had NE (≥1 enuretic episode within 6 months). Of 54 bedwetters, 9.3% wet ≥1 night per week and 20.5% wet ≥1 per month. The prevalence rates remained relatively stable with no apparent trend of reduction with age. The presence of sleep disturbance, family history, urgency, or urge incontinence increased the probability of NE episode significantly. The self-esteem score was lower (P=0.053) and the depression scale score was higher (P=0.003) in bedwetters compared with non-bedwetters. Overall 2.6% of Korean aged 16-40 yr have NE. The higher rate of urgency and urge incontinence in adolescent and adult enuretics suggests that bladder function has an important role in adolescent and adult NE.ope