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    ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰ ์กฐ์ ˆ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์น˜์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ํ•œ์Šนํ˜„.๋ชฉ์  ์ตœ๊ทผ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ”„๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ‹ฑ์Šค์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณจ์†Œ์‹ค์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณจ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ๋ถ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งค๊ฐœ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท  ์œ ๋ž˜์˜ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์ด ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋‹จ์œ„์ธ muramyl ditptide๊ฐ€ nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 2๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์™€ ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์„ธ๊ท ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์™€ ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์ด ๊ณจ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Lactobacillus spp.์™€ Bacillus spp.๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ๊ท ์งˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฐ ํ›„, sodium dodecyl sulphate, DNase, RNase, trypsin์„ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์งˆ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, DNA, RNA๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Trichloroacetic acid ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์„ ์นจ์ „์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„, acetone ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™๊ฒฐ๊ฑด์กฐ ํ›„ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์€ mutanolysin ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. NOD1 ๋˜๋Š” NOD2์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ NOD1 ๋˜๋Š” NOD2๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ HEK 293 T ์„ธํฌ์— ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  nuclear factor-ฮบB (NF-ฮบB) ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฆฌํฌํ„ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ L. plantarum์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ(Lp.PGN)์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณจ์†Œ์‹ค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋‚œ์†Œ์ ˆ์ œ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ receptor activator of NF-ฮบB ligad (RANKL)์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถˆ์šฉ์„ฑ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์„ 4์ฃผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฃผ 3ํšŒ ์œ„๊ด€ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Lp.PGN์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์šฉ์„ฑ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์„ 4์ฃผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฃผ 1ํšŒ, ๋ณต๊ฐ• ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋งฅํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, B. cereus์™€ B. subtilis๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์„ 4์ฃผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฃผ 3ํšŒ ์œ„๊ด€ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ ๋‚ด ์†Œ์ฃผ๊ณจ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚œ์†Œ์ ˆ์ œ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์™€ ์ž๊ถ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋‚ด์˜ 17-ฮฒ estradiol ์–‘ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚œ์†Œ ์ ˆ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋„๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ๊ณผ ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ ๋‚ด ์†Œ์ฃผ๊ณจ ๋˜๋Š” ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ ๋‚ด ์†Œ์ฃผ๊ณจ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ์€ ํƒˆํšŒ ํ›„ ์กฐ์ง์ ˆํŽธ์„ ์–ป์–ด ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ Runx2 ๋ฉด์—ญํ˜•๊ด‘์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹œ, ์ผ์ • ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ calcein์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ํ›„, ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ ๋น„ํƒˆํšŒ ์กฐ์ง์ ˆํŽธ์„ ์–ป์–ด ์‹ ์ƒ๊ณจ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ์˜ ๊ณจ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์™€ ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ž์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ real-time RT-PCR์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ธ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ serum๊ณผ bone marrow extracellular fluid๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด TNF-ฮฑ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1ฮฒ, RANKL, P1NP, ๋˜๋Š” osteoprotegerin (OPG)์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. In vitro ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋Š” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ „๊ตฌ์„ธํฌ์— ascorbic acid์™€ ฮฒ-glycerophosphate๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜์˜ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ์— macrophage colony-stimulating factor์™€ RANKL์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ascorbic acid, ฮฒ-glycerophosphate, 1ฮฑ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ alizarin red S ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋Š” TRAP ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ต์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹คํ•ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”์™€ ํ™œ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธ์ž์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„๋Š” real-time RT-PCR๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณจ์†Œ์‹ค ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ ๋‚œ์†Œ์ ˆ์ œ๋ชจ๋ธ์— Lp.PGN์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ๊ณผ ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ์˜ ์†Œ์ฃผ๊ณจ ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์†Œ์ฃผ๊ณจ์˜ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Lp.PGN ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” ๋‚œ์†Œ์ ˆ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ์†Œ์ฃผ๊ณจ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ runt-related transcription factor 2 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋‚œ์†Œ์ ˆ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์†Œ์ฃผ๊ณจ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ TRAP ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. RANKL๋กœ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๊ณจ์†Œ์‹ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ์˜ Lp.PGN ์œ„๊ด€ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋„ RANKL์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ ๋‚ด ์†Œ์ฃผ๊ณจ์˜ ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰์ด Lp.PGN ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Calcein ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Lp.PGN ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ƒ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์œ ๋„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. In vitro ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Lp.PGN์ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ž„ํ™” ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ Lp.PGN์ด ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” RANKL์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Lp.PGN์€ NOD2๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, NOD2๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์†๋œ ๊ณจ๋‹ค๊ณต์ฆ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์— Lp.PGN์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์•ผ์ƒํ˜•์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, Runx2์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ฆ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ TRAP ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์–ต์ œ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, Lp.PGN์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ Lp.PGN์˜ ๋ณต๊ฐ•ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋‚˜ ์ •๋งฅํˆฌ์—ฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚œ์†Œ์ ˆ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ ๋‚ด ์†Œ์ฃผ๊ณจ์˜ ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰์ด Lp.PGN์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, Lp.PGN์˜ ์œ„๊ด€ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” serum์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚œ์†Œ์ ˆ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ TNF-ฮฑ์™€ IL-6์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, bone marrow extracellular fluid์˜ RANKL/OPG ratio๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ด์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, B. cereus ์œ ๋ž˜์˜ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ(Bc.PGN)๊ณผ B. subtilis์œ ๋ž˜์˜ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ(Bs.PGN)์€ NOD1์„ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Bc.PGN์„ ์ฃผ 3ํšŒ, 4์ฃผ๋™์•ˆ ์œ„๊ด€ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ Bc.PGN์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ ๋‚ด ์†Œ์ฃผ๊ณจ ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, Bc.PGN ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์†Œ์ฃผ๊ณจ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ TRAP ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ Bc.PGN์— ์˜ํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, Bc.PGN์€ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” RANKL์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, Bc.PGN์ด ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, Bc.PGN์ด ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ERK ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Bc.PGN์€ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด NOD2์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์ด ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์œ ๋„์™€ ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ NOD1์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์€ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์–ต์ œ์™€ ํŒŒ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์žฅ๋‚ด์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์œ ๋ž˜์˜ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์ด NOD1๊ณผ NOD2๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณจ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, NOD2๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณจ์งˆํ™˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํƒ€๊นƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.Objectives It has been suggested that gut microbiota, a bacterial community colonized in the intestine, interacts with host and influences on various physiological regulations including bone homeostasis. Peptidoglycans (PGNs) are the most abundant bacterial cell wall components and their fragments released from the gut micr5obiota can be delivered into the bone marrow and potentially affect the bone metabolism. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to elucidate the role of bacterial PGNs in the regulation of bone metabolism using in vivo and in vitro models. Under the research objective, (i) direct effect of PGN on osteoblast or osteoclast differentiation and (ii) indirect effect of PGN on host factors involved in the regulation of bone metabolism were investigated. Methods Insoluble PGNs from various Lactobacillus spp. and Bacillus spp. were purified by sequential treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate, DNase, RNase, trypsin, trichloroacetic acid, and acetone. Soluble PGNs were prepared by treatment of the purified PGNs with mutanolysin. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 or NOD2 activation by PGNs was determined by reporter gene assay. Mice were intragastrically given phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or insoluble PGN by oral gavage technique three times weekly for four weeks. In a separate experiment, mice were intraperitoneally or intravenously given PBS or insoluble PGN once weekly for four weeks. Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis mouse model and receptor activator of nuclear factor-ฮบB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoporosis mouse model were prepared for in vivo studies. Estrogen deficiency was confirmed by measuring body weight, uterus weight, and level of 17ฮฒ-estradiol in the serum. Bone morphometric parameters (trabecular bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, and trabecular thickness) of femur and lumbar were analyzed by X-ray microcomputated tomography. Differentiation of osteoblast and osteoclast in vivo was determined by immunofluorescence staining of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, respectively. Calcein AM was intraperitoneally injected to the mice to observe new bone formation and the related parameters were measured by using OsteoMeasure software. The levels of RANKL, osteoprotegerin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-ฮฑ in bone marrow extracellular fluid or that of P1NP, TNF-ฮฑ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1ฮฒ in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mRNA expressions of osteoclast or osteoblast differentiation markers were determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Osteoblast precursors were isolated from calvariae of one-day mice. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were prepared by incubation of bone marrow cells with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and committed osteoclast precursors were prepared by incubation of BMMs with M-CSF and RANKL. To observe direct effect of PGN, calvarial osteoblast precursors were stimulated with soluble PGNs in the presence of ฮฒ-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid. Osteoblast differentiation and function were determined by alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red S staining, respectively. BMMs or committed osteoclast precursors were stimulated with PGNs in the presence of M-CSF and/or RANKL. BMMs co-cultured with osteoblasts were stimulated with soluble PGNs in the presence of ฮฒ-glycerophosphate, ascorbic acid, and 1ฮฑ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Results Intragastric administration of insoluble L. plantarum PGN (Lp.PGN) increased trabecular bone volume and trabecular number in both femurs and lumbar vertebrae in OVX-induced osteoporosis mouse model. When the effect of PGNs from various Lactobacillus spp. on trabecular bone was further examined, insoluble PGNs isolated from L. casei, L. delbrueckii, L. rhamnosus GG, L. agilis, L. ruminis, and L. saerimneri increased femoral trabecular bone volume and trabecular number in OVX-induced osteoporosis mouse model. Runx2 immunofluorescence or TRAP straing of paraffin sections of femur showed increased Runx2-positive and decreased TRAP-positive areas on bone surfaces in OVX mice supplemented with Lp.PGN compared to the OVX control mice. In addition, calcein double labeling demonstrated that supplementation of Lp.PGN induced new bone formation. Intraperitoneal or intravenous administration of insoluble or soluble Lp.PGN increased femoral trabecular bone volume and trabecular number in OVX-induced osteoporosis mouse model. In addition, in vitro osteoblast differentiation assay demonstrated that soluble Lp.PGN directly induced osteoblast mineralization. On the other hand, soluble Lp.PGN attenuated osteoclast differentiation in BMM/osteoblast co-culture system. Reporter gene assay demonstrated that Lp.PGN preferentially activates NOD2, but not NOD1, and that soluble Lp.PGN more potently activates NOD2 signaling than insoluble Lp.PGN does. Intragastric administration of Lp.PGN in NOD2-deficient OVX mice did not exhibit trabecular bone mass changes, while that in wild-type OVX mice increased bone mass. Moreover, Runx2-positive areas were not increased and TRAP-positive areas were not decreased by supplementation with Lp.PGN in NOD2-deficient mice. Moreover, RANKL/OPG ratio was significantly decreased in bone marrow extracellular fluid and the levels of TNF-ฮฑ and IL-6 were decreased in serum from OVX mice supplemented with Lp.PGN in comparison with that from OVX control mice. In contrast to the Lp.PGN, B. cereus PGN (Bc.PGN) and B. subtilis PGN (Bs.PGN) preferentially activated NOD1. Intragastric administration of Bc.PGN or Bs.PGN decreased trabecular bone volume and/or trabecular number. TRAP strained paraffin sections of femur showed increased TRAP-positive areas on bone surfaces. In addition, Bc.PGN increased osteoclast differentiation from BMMs co-cultured with osteoblasts. In vitro osteoclast differentiation demonstrated that Bc.PGN directly increases the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts from committed osteoclast precursors. Bc.PGN induced phosphorylation of ERK and specific inhibition of ERK signaling attenuated Bc.PGN-induced osteoclast differentiation. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that NOD2-activaing PGN inhibits bone loss in osteoporosis condition through increasing osteoblast differentiation and decreasing osteoclast differentiation, whereas NOD1-activating PGN induces bone destruction. These results suggest that gut microbiota-derived PGN fragments could be involved in the regulation of bone metabolism through NOD1 and NOD2 siganlings and that the NOD2 ligands could be used as postbiotics for treatment of bone diseases.Chapter I. Introduction 1 1. Bone remodeling 1 2. Osteoclast differentiation 3 3. Osteoblast differentiation 4 4. Osteoporosis 8 5. Gut microbiota and bone regulation 10 6. Probiotics and bone regulation 11 6.1. Modification of gut microbiota 11 6.2. Enhancement of intestinal barrier function 12 6.3. Modulation of immune system 13 7. Peptidoglycan (PGN) 15 7.1. Structure of PGN 15 7.2. PGN degrading enzymes and cleavage sites 17 7.3. PGN detection by NOD proteins 19 8. Objective of the present study 20 Chapter II. Materials and Methods 21 1. Materials 21 2. Preparation of PGN 21 2.1. Bacterial strains and culture condition 21 2.2. Purification of PGN 22 3. In vivo mouse model 23 4. Preparation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts 24 4.1. Preparation of osteoclast and osteoclast differentiation 24 4.2. Preparation of osteoblast and osteoblast differentiation 25 5. Bone morphometric analysis using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) 26 6. Histological analysis 26 7. Calcein double labeling 27 8. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (Real-time RT-PCR) 27 9. Transient transfection and reporter gene assay 29 10. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 29 11. Western blot analysis 30 12. Immunofluorescence staining 30 13. Statistical analysis 31 Chapter III. Results 32 1. Intragastric administration of Lp.PGN attenuates bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency 32 2. Intragastric administration of PGNs isolated from Lactobacillus spp. regulate trabecular bone volume decreased by estrogen deficiency 38 3. Intragastric administration of Lp.PGN induces Runx2 decreased by OVX-induced estrogen deficiency 40 4. Intragastric administration of Lp.PGN decreases osteoclasts increased by OVX-induced estrogen deficiency 42 5. NOD2 signaling is essential for increase of trabecular bone volume by Lp.PGN 44 6. Intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of Lp.PGN increases trabecular bone volume in OVX-induced osteoporosis mouse model 48 7. Lp.PGN directly induces osteoblast mineralization though NOD2 in vitro 51 8. Lp.PGN indirectly decreases osteoclast differentiation via osteoblasts 54 9. Intragastric administration of Lp.PGN decreases TNF-ฮฑ, IL-6, and RANKL production 56 10. Intragastric administration of Lp.PGN increases trabecular bone volumes in RANKL-induced osteoporosis mouse model 60 11. NOD1-activating Bc.PGN and Bs.PGN induce bone destruction 66 12. Bc.PGN induces osteoclast differentiation by direct and indirect mechanisms 69 13. Bc.PGN directly inhibits osteoblast differentiation in vitro 76 Chapter IV. Discussion 78 Chapter V. References 86 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 99Docto

    Heat and Flow Balance Analysis and Optimization of Engine Power Pack Cooling System

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    Cooling system of engine power pack is designed to remove heat from the engine and various power pack components efficiently and to offer an optimum operating temperature for the power pack. Cooling system is a thermal flow network that connects engine, turbocharger intercooler, radiator, and oil coolers and these are linked in a serial or parallel circuits. The coolant temperature at each component device in this closed circuit cooling system is determined according to the ambient temperature and engine RPM. Because the thermal state of one component provides the boundary condition of the next component in the circuit, the heat and flow balance analysis of the cooling circuit is necessary to optimize the cooling system performance for various operating conditions and running conditions of the vehicle. In this study, heat and flow balance analysis of 1500 hp diesel engine cooling system has been conducted utilizing Flowmaster2 code. The cooling system in this study is characterized by two parallel circuits of high temperature and low temperature coolant. The major component models such as engine, three-flow-path radiator and turbocharger intercooler as well as thermostat were constructed from the basic component models provided by the Flowmaster2 code. The completed cooling system model was first tested and adjusted against the design specifications of each component of the cooling system until the amounts of deviations of the calculated flow and heat balance lie within the accepted design margins of the power pack components. Then the model was used to simulate thermal behavior of the cooling system under various ambient temperatures in the range of 44oC to -32oC, which are the upper and the lower design temperatures of the power pack. In cool ambient temperature condition in which the thermostat is likely to operate, a converged steady-state solution was successfully obtained by a transient calculation of such multi-component, multi-circuit cooling system. The calculated coolant pump suction pressure in each case was examined to discuss the occurrence of cavitation in the pump.Abstract ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐํ˜ธ ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋ชฉ์ฐจ ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  .................................................1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ .........................................1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  ........................................2 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ...............................3 2.1 ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ...........................................3 2.1.1 ๋””์ ค์—”์ง„ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ................4 2.1.2 ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ..........5 2.2 Flowmaster2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ...............5 2.2.1 ๋น„์••์ถ•์„ฑ ๋‹จ์ƒ์œ ๋™ ....................6 2.2.2 ์••์ถ•์„ฑ ๋‹จ์ƒ์œ ๋™ .......................7 2.2.3 ์œ ์•• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ .................7 2.3 ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ .........................8 2.4 ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ์š”์•ฝ ........................9 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ํŒŒ์›ŒํŒฉ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณ„ ์—ดํ‰ํ˜• ํ•ด์„ ...................................16 3.1 Flowmaster2 ๊ฐœ์š” ...............................16 3.2 Flowmaster2 ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ชจ๋ธ ........................16 3.3 ์ฃผ์š”๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ .........................18 3.3.1 ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ ...............................18 3.3.2 ์จ๋ชจ์Šคํƒฏ ๋ชจ๋ธ ............................19 3.3.3 ์—”์ง„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ....................................21 3.4 ํŒŒ์›ŒํŒฉ ๋””์ ค ์—”์ง„ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ....................22 3.5 ํŒŒ์›ŒํŒฉ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณ„ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ž๋ฃŒ .............23 3.5.1 ํŽŒํ”„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ณก์„  .................................24 3.5.2 ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ ์œ ์šฉ๋„ ........................25 3.5.3 ์„ค๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์–‘ ..................................26 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ํŒŒ์›ŒํŒฉ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณ„ ์—ดํ‰ํ˜• ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ .............36 4.1 ์„œ ๋ก  ............................................36 4.2 ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ .......................................37 4.2.1 ์œ ๋™ ํ‰ํ˜• ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ...............................37 4.2.2 ์šด์ „ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ณ„ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ...........................38 4.2.3 ํŽŒํ”„์˜ ์บ๋น„ํ…Œ์ด์…˜ .................................42 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  ................................................61 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ..............................63 ๋ถ€๋ก ...........................................6

    ์œ ์•„์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ - ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์™€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ -

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•„๋™๊ฐ€์กฑํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ์ด๊ฐ•์ด.The present study focused on the importance of preschoolers social competence and the effects of smart-media (smartphones, tablet PCs) use on preschoolers social competence development. Preschoolers smart-media use was examined with three factors: preschoolers smart-media use time, parents media literacy level and parents smart-media mediation level. The following research questions were addressed: 1. How are preschoolers social competence (interpersonal skills, self-management skills, academic skills) and smart-media use time? Are there gender differences among these variables? 2. How are parents media literacy(functional literacy, critical literacy) level and smart-media mediation(active mediation, restrictive mediation) level? 3. How is the structural relationships among preschoolers smart-media use time, parents media literacy level, parents smart-media mediation level and preschoolers social competence? Subjects included 139 father-mother dyads of five-years-old preschool children and 23 teachers from child-care centers and kindergartens. Questionnaires were used to measure preschoolers social competence, smart-media use time, parents media literacy and smart-media mediation. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0. Statistical methods adopted for data analysis were descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearsons correlation, structural equation modeling and bootstrapping. The major findings of this study are as follows: First, there were no significant differences in childrens social competence and smart-media use time according to gender. Second, parents critical literacy level was higher than functional literacy level and there were no statistical differences in media literacy between fathers and mothers. Also, there were no significant differences between parents active mediation and their restrictive mediation. Mothers active mediation level and restrictive mediation level were significantly higher than those of fathers. Third, parents media literacy had significant effects on their smart-media mediation. Parents with higher media literacy levels showed higher levels of smart-media mediation. Parents media literacy had indirect effects on preschoolers smart-media use time through parents smart-media mediation. Fourth, preschoolers smart-media use time had a significant effect on their social competence. Children with longer smart-media usage time showed lower social competence. Parents smart-media mediation affected preschoolers social competence indirectly through preschoolers smart-media use time. The present study investigated the structural relationship among five-years-olds social competence, smart-media use time, parents media literacy and smart-media mediation. Also, the current study confirmed that preschoolers smart-media use time and parents smart-media mediation affected preschoolers social competence. The findings of this study highlighted the importance of parental roles in mediating and regulating use of smart-media to promote preschoolers healthy social development.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” TV ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ์•„์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค ๋ณ€์ธ๊ณผ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ถœ์ƒ ํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์•„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ๋•๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ1ใ€‘5์„ธ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ(๋Œ€์ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์ž๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ํ•™์Šต๊ธฐ์ˆ )๊ณผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ใ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ2ใ€‘๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ(๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ, ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ)์™€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ(์ ๊ทน์  ์ค‘์žฌ, ์ œํ•œ์  ์ค‘์žฌ)์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ใ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ3ใ€‘์œ ์•„์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ์™€ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ์น˜์›๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ง‘์— ์žฌ์› ์ค‘์ธ 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ 139์Œ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ 23๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์•„์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ์™€ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” SPSS 22.0 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ AMOS 22.0 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„, t๊ฒ€์ •, Pearson์˜ ์ ๋ฅ ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„, ๋ถ€ํŠธ์ŠคํŠธ๋ž˜ํ•‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์•„์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜, ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋…€์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ค‘์žฌ๋Š” ์ ๊ทน์  ์ค‘์žฌ์™€ ์ œํ•œ์  ์ค‘์žฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ค‘์žฌ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋…€์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋Š” ์œ ์•„์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์œ ์•„๊ฐ€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ๋Š” ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ์•„์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด๋“ค ๋ณ€์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ๊ฐ€ 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์ง, ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์•„๊ธฐ ์ž๋…€์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ค‘์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ… . ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 โ…ก. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 9 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ 9 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 9 2) ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 12 2. ์œ ์•„์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 14 1) ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 15 2) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ ๋ณ€์ธ 17 3. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ,์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ, ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 21 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 25 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 25 2. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 26 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ 26 2) ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 27 3) ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ 27 4) ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ 28 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 29 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 29 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ 35 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ 35 2) ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์ค‘์žฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์šฉ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€ 36 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ 39 1) ์˜ˆ๋น„์กฐ์‚ฌ 39 2) ๋ณธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 39 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„ 40 โ…ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ 42 1. ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 42 1) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 42 2) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 43 2. ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 45 1) ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 45 2) ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 46 3. ์œ ์•„์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ,์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ์™€ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ 49 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 56 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 61 ๋ถ€๋ก 77 Abstract 87Maste

    ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ด์ฃผ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ดํ˜ผ๊ณผ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„: ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ๊น€์„ํ˜ธ.This study was performed to identify the effect of divorce on perceived life satisfaction of marriage migrant women residing in Korea. In addition, the moderating effects to these relations with variables that represent social support from Korean friends, same ethnicity friends, co-ethnic friends and lack of social support were tested for. Further, the protective effect of social support received from these social groups for the divorced group of marriage migrants is compared to its effect on the still married group. Data from the 2012 National Multicultural Family Survey was used for analysis. The results of study were as follows. Experience of divorce correlated negatively with perceived life satisfaction of marriage migrant women. Social support from Korean friends, same nationality friends and co-ethnic friends are associated positively with levels of perceived life satisfaction for both the married and divorced while lack of social support is associated negatively with levels of perceived life satisfaction for both groups. These effects are greater for the divorced marriage migrant women. Further, social support received from Korean friends and co-ethnic friends weaken the negative effect of divorce on perceived life satisfaction for the divorced, while lack of social support strengthens the negative effect. Social support from same ethnicity friends did not have a statistically significant moderating effect to life satisfaction for the divorced.Introduction 1 The Present Study 3 Literature Review and Theoretical Background 5 LifeSatisfaction 5 Defining Life Satisfaction 5 Life Satisfaction for Marriage Migrant Women in Korea 8 Divorce, Life Stisfaction and Marriage Migrant Women(Is Divorce a Negative Event?) 11 Social Support 16 Defining Social Support 16 Social Support and Life Satisfaction for Marriage Migrant Women in korea 18 The Alleviating Role of Social Support for the Divorced 22 Social Support Groups for Marriage Migrant Women 24 Finding New Belongingness Through Social Support of Koreans 24 Finding Familiar Roots Through Social Support of Same Ethnicity Group 26 Research Framework 27 Research Questions and Hypotheses 28 Data and Method 29 Data 29 Method 30 Results 32 Descriptive Characteristics of Divorced Marriage Migrant Women (Married/Divorced) 32 Effect of Divorce on Marriage Migrant Women 35 Roles of Social Support for Divorced Marriage Migrant Women 38 Discussion and Conclusion 43 References 51 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 66Maste

    A Study on Structural Strength Evaluation of Out-Rigger Davit for Lifeboat

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    ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ•ด์–‘์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ, ์„ ๋ฐ•์ด๋‚˜ ํ•ด์–‘ํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ช…์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์–‘ ์žฅ๋น„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ์•„์›ƒ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€๋น—์€ ์„ ๋ฐ•์ด๋‚˜ ํ•ด์–‘ํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ๊ตฌ๋ช…์ •์„ ์ง„์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ๋ฆญ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋ฉฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„๋ถ€, ์œˆ์น˜๋ถ€, ์™€์ด์–ด๋กœํ”„๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ƒ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ, ์•„์›ƒ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€๋น—์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋น—๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์„ ์™ธ๋กœ ๋Œ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ ์›์˜ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ํƒˆ์ถœ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตญ์‚ฐํ™” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์›ƒ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€๋น—์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋น—์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ LSA(International Life-Saving Appliance) code์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „์‚ฐ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๋น— ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ๋•Œ LSA code์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ DOD-STD-1399/301์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์†๋„ ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ LSA code์™€ AISC standard์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋น— ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณผํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ LSA code์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋ถ€์†ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ LSA code์™€ AGMA standard ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์›ƒ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€๋น—์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” LSA code, AISC standard, AGMA standard์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์‹์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์•„์›ƒ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€๋น—์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ 2 2. ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ฐ•๋„์„ค๊ณ„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 6 2.1 ์„ ํ˜•ํ•ด์„์˜ ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 9 2.2 ์ •์ ๋‚ด๋ ฅํ•˜์ค‘ ์‹œํ—˜์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์„ 10 2.2.1 ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด 10 2.2.2 ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 13 2.3 ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ค‘ ์‹œํ—˜์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์„ 17 2.3.1 ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด 17 2.3.2 ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 20 2.4 ์„ ์ฒด ์šด๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์†๋„ ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์„ 25 2.4.1 ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด 27 2.4.2 ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 2.5 ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๋ณผํŠธ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ•๋„์„ค๊ณ„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 34 3. ์œˆ์น˜๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์™€์ด์–ด๋กœํ”„ ๊ฐ•๋„์„ค๊ณ„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 38 3.1 ์œˆ์น˜๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 38 3.1.1 ๊ธฐ์–ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 39 3.1.2 ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 46 3.2 ์™€์ด์–ด๋กœํ”„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 48 3.2.1 Pendant eye ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 49 3.2.2 Sheave pin ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 52 3.2.3 Suspension link ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 54 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  56 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 58Maste

    ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ(๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2020. 8. ์žฅ์ง„์„ฑ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ˆ™์ข…(่‚…ๅฎ—, ์žฌ์œ„ 1674-1720)๋Œ€ ๋‚จ์ธ(ๅ—ไบบ) ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐํšŒ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‹ด๊ธด ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„(ๆฌŠๅคง้‹่€†่€ๅฎดๆœƒๅœ–)ใ€‹(1690)์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹๋Š” 1689๋…„ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌํ™˜๊ตญ(ๅทฑๅทณๆ›ๅฑ€)์œผ๋กœ ์ •๊ณ„์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ์˜์ˆ˜ ๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด(ๆฌŠๅคง้‹, 1612-1699)์ด ๋‹น๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ๋กœ์†Œ๋‹น์ƒ(่€†่€ๆ‰€ๅ ‚ไธŠ)์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‚จ์ธ ๋ชฉ๋‚ด์„ (็ฆไพ†ๅ–„, 1617-1704), ์ด๊ด€์ง•(ๆŽ่ง€ๅพต, 1618-1695), ์˜ค์ •์œ„(ๅณๆŒบ็ทฏ, 1616-1692)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์‚ฌํ™˜๊ตญ์€ ์ˆ™์ข…์ด ๋‚จ์ธ๊ณ„ ํฌ๋นˆ ์žฅ์”จ(็ฆงๅฌช ๅผตๆฐ, 1659-1701)๊ฐ€ ๋‚ณ์€ ์•„๋“ค์„ ์›์ž๋กœ ์ •ํ˜ธ(ๅฎš่™Ÿ)ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„œ์ธ(่ฅฟไบบ)์„ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‡ด์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚จ์ธ์„ ๋“ฑ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋ ฅ ๊ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹๋Š” ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์  ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญํ’์˜ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋œ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌํ™˜๊ตญ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅธ ๋’ค ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ์ง‘๊ถŒ๊ธฐ๋… ํšŒํ™”์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ์š”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ์ง‘๊ถŒ๊ธฐ๋… ํšŒํ™”๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์€ ์žฌ๊ณ ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ๋ฐœ์˜๋œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์† ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐ์ด ์™•์„ธ์ž ์ฑ…๋ด‰๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” 4๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Œ€์‹ ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์ž ์ฑ…๋ก€๋„๊ฐ(ๅ†Š็ฆฎ้ƒฝ็›ฃ)์˜ ๋‹น์ƒ๊ด€(ๅ ‚ไธŠๅฎ˜)์œผ๋กœ์„œ 1690๋…„ 6์›”์— ๊ฑฐํ–‰๋œ ์ฑ…๋ก€๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ธฐ๋กœ์†Œ(่€†่€ๆ‰€)์— ์ž…์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Œ€์‹ ์„ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€(็งๅฎถ)์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐ์„ ์—ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐœ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Œ€์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต์  ๊ธฐ๋กœํšŒ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ์™•์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ›„์›๊ณผ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋กœํšŒ๋„๋Š” ์„ ์กฐ(ๅฎฃ็ฅ–, ์žฌ์œ„ 1567-1608)๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ค‘์ธต์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹๋Š” ์„ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ•„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Œ€์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ™์ข…์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ์ž‘ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์† ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐ์— ๋™์„ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋Œ€์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜„๋‹ฌ(้กฏ้”)ํ•œ ์ž์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ 17์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒŒ(้–€้–ฅ) ์˜์‹์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„๋ณ‘(ๅฅ‘ๅฑ›) ์ œ์ž‘ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐ์€ ์„ธ์ž ์ฑ…๋ด‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์™•์‹ค ํ–‰์‚ฌ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฌํƒ€ ๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ก€์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋กœํšŒ๋„ ๊ณ„๋ณ‘ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ๋ฐœ์˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹๋Š” ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณ„๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋กœํšŒ๋„๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์ถ•(่ปธ)์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒฉ(ๅธ–)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ž‘์€ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ์—ฐํšŒ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ์†Œ๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณ‘ํ’์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํฐ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณ„๋ณ‘ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 17์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ณ‘์€ ๊ณ„ํšŒ๋„์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ธ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋กํ™”๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผํ™”(ๆ•…ไบ‹ไบบ็‰ฉ็•ต)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ์ฃผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ณ‘ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹ ๊ณ„๋ณ‘์—๋„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์  ํ–‰์‚ฌ ์žฅ๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€์˜ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณ„๋ณ‘์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ์ƒํ™”์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹์— ์ฐจ์šฉ๋œ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผํ™”๋Š” ๊ณฝ๋ถ„์–‘ํ–‰๋ฝ๋„(้ƒญๆฑพ้™ฝ่กŒๆจ‚ๅœ–)์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹๋Š” ํ™”๋ฉด ์†์— ์„๋ฒฝ(็Ÿณๅฃ), ์„œ์šด(็‘ž้›ฒ), ํญํฌ, ๋ชจ๋ž€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์„œ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๊ฒฝ(ไป™ๅขƒ)์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ๋งŒ๋ช…๊ธฐ(ๆ™ฉๆ˜ŽๆœŸ) ์›๋ฆผ๋„(ๅœ’ๆž—ๅœ–)๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๊ณฝ๋ถ„์–‘ํ–‰๋ฝ๋„์™€์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ„์ทจ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์† ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ์‚ฌ๋…€(ไป•ๅฅณ)์˜ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ๋‚ฏ์„ฆ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์ด๊ณณ์„ ์‹ ๋น„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜๋„์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐ์€ ์ˆ™์ข…์˜ ์‹ ์ž„์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ตญ๋กœ(ๅœ‹่€) ๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด์˜ ๋งŒ๋…„์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฐํšŒ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์†๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ๋‘ํ„ฐ์šด ์‹ ์ž„์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ตญ ์˜์›… ๊ณฝ์ž์˜(้ƒญๅญๅ„€, 697-781)๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฐ ๋งŒ๋…„์˜ ์˜ํ™”(ๆฆฎ่ฏ)๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ณฝ๋ถ„์–‘ํ–‰๋ฝ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ์ทจ์ง€์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ™”์ œ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ๊ณฝ์ž์˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๊ตญ์™•์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ถฉ์‹ ์„ ์น˜ํ•˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ˆ™์ข…์ด ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ™์ข…์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋กœ ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณตํ•„์ฑ„์ƒ‰(ๅทฅ็ญ†ๅฝฉ่‰ฒ) ํ™”ํ’์˜ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผํ™”๋ฅผ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ตญ์™•์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹๋Š” ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผํ™”์— ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด์ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ณฝ์ž์˜์˜ ํ˜„์‹ (็พ่บซ)๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‚จ์ธ์ด ์ž๋ ฅ(่‡ชๅŠ›)์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ˆ™์ข…์˜ ๋…๋‹จ์  ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณต๊ถŒ๋˜์–ด ์ •๊ตญ์„ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์†Œ๊ทน์  ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์ˆ™์ข…์˜ ์ง€์›์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด ๋ฐœ์˜๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. ์ˆ™์ข…์€ 1691๋…„์— ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚จ์ธ์„ ํ›„์›ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ 1690๋…„์—๋Š” ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚จ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ˆ™์ข…์€ ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ•„ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ธ์„ ์ถฉ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณตํ‘œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™•์„ธ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์ธ์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ์ง‘๊ถŒ๊ธฐ๋… ํšŒํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์  ์•„๋ž˜ ์ˆ™์ข…์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ›„์›ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํ•™์ˆ ์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹๋Š” ์ดํ›„ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„ธ์ž์ฑ…๋ก€๊ณ„๋ณ‘(ไธ–ๅญๅ†Š็ฆฎๅฅ‘ๅฑ›)์ด ๊ธธ์ƒ์  ํ™”์ œ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.This study explores the production as well as the intentions behind the composition of Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun (1690), an eight-fold screen currently in the Seoul National University Museum. This painting illustrates the banquet organized by Gwon Daeun (1612-1699), who returned to politics after the Gisa hwanguk (the political purge of the Westerners in the gisa year) in 1689 and celebrated his entry into the Office of the Elder Statesmen or the Honorary Elders Assembly (Giroso) together with other members of the Southerners (Namin) Mok Naeseon (1617-1704), Yi Gwanjing (1618-1695) and O Jeongwi (1616-1692). The Gisa hwanguk is the reversal of the political situation related to the conflict between the Southerners and the Westerners caused by the latter opposing that the son of Lady Jang was designated as heir apparent. As a result, the Westerners were dismissed from office in large scale and replaced by the Southerners, which lead to a drastic shift of power among the political factions at court. The Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun has received attention because realistic elements are mixed with unrealistic elements in this one picture. Previous research, however, did not examine the unusual characteristics of the painting sufficiently. Therefore, this study aims to thoroughly analyze and interpret the visual elements in the screen to distinguish itself from past research. Close examination of the relationship between Gwon Daeuns banquet and the investiture of the crown prince will reveal that Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun was a politically motivated painting. The four main figures depicted in the painting had served in the Temporary Office for the Investiture of the Crown Prince (Seja chaekrye dogam). After the ceremony was successfully held in the sixth month of 1690, all of them entered the Giroso. To celebrate this occasion, Gwon Daeun invited his fellow officials to a banquet at his private estate and commissioned the screen painting. Therefore, the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun shows that the elders enjoyed the support of King Sukjong (r. 1674-1720) owing to their assistance in designating the crown prince. Besides, the painting also displays the prestige of powerful and influential families (munbeol) whose lineage gained importance among the ruling yangban (officials and degree-holders or hereditary aristocrats) class in Joseon Korea after the 17th century. It is interesting to note that the elders are depicted along with their children in the screen, showing the power of the prestigious families. Apart from that, this study examines the ways in which commemorative folding screens (gyebyeong) were produced during the 17th century to analyze the visual characteristics of the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun. The reasons for its peculiar composition and format are found in the process of creating the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun as a commemorative folding screen. The Gathering of the Elder Statesmen is a theme that was typically depicted in album or hanging scroll format. In album leaves and hanging scrolls, the banquet scene is depicted rudimentarily, only occupying part of the composition. But since the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun was executed on a folding screen, a new approach was required to fill a much larger canvas. One characteristic of the commemorative screens of the 17th century is that they illustrate more than the essence of the event. Instead of merely documenting the actual happenings, they often feature a landscape or a Chinese story as the main subject. In correspondence with this practice, the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun exhibits some elements of a Chinese narrative painting. The center of the screen, on the other hand, displays the scene of the actual event and follows the tradition of paintings featuring the Gathering of Elder Statesmen. It seems that the narrative in this screen refers to the theme Birthday Celebration for General Guo Ziyi. Previously, the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun was compared to garden estate paintings of the late Ming period. but the stone walls, waterfall, auspicious clouds, and other propitious motifs correspond to similar elements in paintings of the Birthday Celebration for General Guo Ziyi. The depicted banquet in the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun is designed to praise the political authority of Gwon Daeun, who received trust and support from the king. In addition to that, the painting glorifies the prestige of other elder statesmen who participate in the event together with their children. In this regard, the birthday celebration for Guo Ziyi (697-781), the military hero of the Tang dynasty who spent his later life in prosperity and happiness, was chosen as a suitable theme for Gwon Daeuns situation. Given that the painting touches upon political issues embedded in the screen, King Sukjong seems to have been deeply involved in the production of the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun, offering ample support for the Southerners. The screen serves to highlight the kings patronage in visual terms.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 1. ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ํŠน์ง• 6 2. ๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐ ๋ฐ ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ†  16 โ…ข. 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„๋ณ‘์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ์–‘์ƒ 25 1. ์™•์‹ค ํ–‰์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋… ํšŒํ™” 25 2. 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผํ™”์™€ ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹ 37 โ…ฃ. ใ€Š๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด๊ธฐ๋กœ์—ฐํšŒ๋„ใ€‹์™€ ์ˆ™์ข…์˜ ํ›„์› 49 1. ๊ณฝ๋ถ„์–‘ํ–‰๋ฝ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์šฉ 49 2. ์ˆ™์ข…์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 61 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  72 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 74 ๋„ํŒ๋ชฉ๋ก 81 ๋„ํŒ 84 Abstract 104Maste

    Shape Memory Polyurethane Foam for Thermal Insulation

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 2. ์œค์žฌ๋ฅœ.Foam materials are widely used as insulators, because they have a structure stability as well as a low thermal conductivity. In order to manufacture an efficient insulation material, shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) foam was prepared and its thermal conductivity was measured. The relation between thermal conductivity and microstructure of the foam was studied. The experimental thermal conductivities of the SMPU foam specimens were compared to theoretical thermal conductivities of those. SMPU was synthesized by using prepolymerization method. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) was used to examine the transition temperature (T_tr) of SMPU. SMPU foams were obtained by the salt leaching method and prepared with respect to particle size of salts in order to control the pore size of the SMPU foam. Hybrid foam was fabricated by mixing two different sizes of NaCl particles and functionally gradient foam was also manufactured by laminating layers of three different sizes of NaCl particles. The thermal conductivity, mechanical property, shape memory properties were characterized and thermal resistance of various specimens were also calculated to investigate adiabatic properties. SMPU foam has advantages of space occupancy and wearability because it can be fixed to thin shape at room temperature. When SMPU foam recovers to its original thickness at above T_tr, the thermal resistance is increased. SMPU foam is expected to be used in insulation field as an intelligent adiabatic material.ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Polyurethane foam 1.2. Shape memory polyurethane 1.2.1. Advantage of Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) 1.2.2. Structure and mechanism of SMPU 1.3. Heat transfer in foam material 1.4. Objective of this study II. EXPERIMENTS 2.1. Materials 2.2. Preparation of the specimen 2.2.1. Synthesis of SMPU 2.2.2. SMPU film 2.2.3. SMPU foam 2.3. Measurements and characterization 2.3.1. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) 2.3.2. Particle Size Analysis 2.3.3. Morphological Analysis 2.3.4. Porosity 2.3.5. Thermal Conductivity Measurements 2.3.6. Shape memory effect 2.3.7. Mechanical property โ…ข. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Morphological properties 3.1.1. Particle sizes of NaCl 3.1.2. SEM images of SMPU foam 3.1.3. Porosity of SMPU foam 3.2. Thermal properties 3.2.1. DSC results 3.2.2. Thermal conductivity 3.2.3. Thermal resistance 3.3. Shape memory effect of SMPU foam 3.3.1. Shape recovery and fixity 3.3.2. Shape memory repeatability 3.4. Mechanical properties 3.5. Analytic modeling 3.5.1. Heat transfer theory of SMPU foam 3.5.2. Prediction of thermal conductivity of SMPU foam โ…ค. CONCLUSION REFERENCES KOREAN ABSTRACTMaste

    ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก 

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 2. ์œค๋ณ‘๋™.As the importance of virtual testing has been increased for cost-effective product design and design evaluation, researchers focus on studying validation and verification (V&V) to increase the computational model predictability. Model validation process can make the computational model accurately through the model calibration and validity check processhowever, in some cases, unacknowledged uncertainties such as lack of knowledge and human mistakes still exist and decrease the predictability of the model. To overcome this challenge, this thesis presents a model refinement framework for statistical model validation. This framework consists of the three steps1) invalidity analysis, 2) invalidity reasoning tree (IRT) and 3) invalidity sensitivity study. Invalidity analysis seeks possible causes for invalidity. Then, the IRT determines a parametric form of refinement candidates from the possible causes and invalidity sensitivity analysis finally checks the effect of the candidates quantitatively. Model calibration and validity check are followed to ensure good model predictability. The proposed method is demonstrated with the TFT-LCD fracture of a smartphone.Abstract i Contents ii List of Tables iv List of Figures v Nomenclature vi Abbreviations viii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Literature Review 3 2.1 Model Uncertainties 3 2.2 Model Validation 5 2.2.1 Statistical Model Calibration 7 2.2.2 Validity Check 8 Chapter 3. Model Refinement Framework 11 3.1 Invalidity Analysis 12 3.2 Invalidity Reasoning Tree (IRT) 15 3.3 Invalidity Sensitivity Analysis 18 Chapter 4. Case Study : LCD Fracture Problem of Smart Phone 19 4.1 Model Calibration and Validity Check 20 4.2 Model Refinement 24 Chapter 5. Conclusions 30 Bibliography 31 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 35 Acknowledgement 37Maste

    Modem Joseon's Accommodation of Western Music, Seen form Activity of Japanese Secondary School Music Teachers

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    This study, building on the general belief that western music was accommodated through changga (song based on western music) and music education in the modern Joseon, aims to reveal activity of Japanese teachers in schools who sought to develop and improve changga and music education, and to show how western music was introduced to Joseon through their activity. Six curriculum revisions has done between 1906 in which Joseon started modern education and 1945. At beginning, music education made much account of Changga education, later on how to use musical instruments, and music theory were introduced. Especially with Korea-Japan Annexation in 1910 as a start, this process was accelerated. Changga education in Japanese style was directory introduced to music education in Joseon. Changga which is symbol of Japanese style western music played important role to generalize Japanese style western music in Joseon. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์Œ์•…๊ต์›์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์˜ ๋„์ž…์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ์˜ ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋ฃจํŠธ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ์ฐฌ์†ก๊ฐ€, ๊ทผ๋Œ€๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•™๊ต๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€, ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌํ•œ๊ตญ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ ์„ค๋œ ๊ตฌํ•œ๊ตญ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ ์„ค๋œ ๊ตฐ์•…๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•… ๋ณด๊ธ‰์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๊ต์œก, ์กฐ์„ ์œ ์ผ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ดํ™”์—ฌ์ž์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ต ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์กธ์—…์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ ๋“ฑ ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ์˜ ์Œ์•…ํ•™๊ต์— ์œ ํ•™ํ•œ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ์ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ถ•์Œ๊ธฐ(๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ)์™€ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์€ ์กฐ์„  ์ „์—ญ์— ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค

    Opinions and Perceptions on Allowing Nursing Students Practice among Inpatients at a University Hospital

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    Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the patients perspectives on nursing students clinical practices in the wards, and to investigate their willingness for allowing students to practice on them. Methods: This was a descriptive study. 116 inpatients were recruited from the S University Hospital. A 60-item questionnaire was applied to collect the data. The participants were 19 years and older with sound judgement, and were not in special or intensive care units. Data analysis was done in SPSS/WIN 22.0 using descriptive statistics, Fishers exact test, and the ANOVA test. the participant answered to questionnaire from April 29th 2016 to May 10th. Results: 40 participants (34.5%) stated they would allow students practice, while 72 (61.2%) said they would allow only under staff supervision. 5 participants (4.3%) stated they would not allow whatsoever. The 3 most allowed were emotional support, oral care, and vital signs measurement while the 3 least allowed were gastric feeding, intravenous catheterization, and urinary catheterization. Conclusion: Patients were more inclined to allow students to practice on them when a member of the medical team was present. A fair number of participants said they would be more inclined to allow students practice if they felt the student was competent; hence, reinforcing simulation sessions is vital in enhancing students competency and ultimately practice allowance
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