116 research outputs found
์ธ๊ท ์ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ ์ํ ๊ณจ๋ ์กฐ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์น์ํ๋ํ์ ์น์๊ณผํ๊ณผ,2019. 8. ํ์นํ.๋ชฉ์
์ต๊ทผ ์ฅ๋ด ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ณผ์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํนํ ํ๋ก๋ฐ์ด์คํฑ์ค์ ์ญ์ทจ๊ฐ ์ฅ๋ด ์ธ๊ท ์ ์กฐ์ ํ์ฌ ๋
ธํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑํธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ฐ์๋ ๊ฐ์ผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณจ์์ค์ ์ํํ๋ค๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฅ๋ด ์ธ๊ท ์ ์ํ ๊ณจ๋์ฌ ์กฐ์ ์ด ์ธ๊ท ์ ์ด๋ค ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ฑ๋ถ์ ์ํด ๋งค๊ฐ๋๋๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ช
ํํ ๋ฐํ์ง ๋ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฅ๋ด ์ธ๊ท ์ ๋์ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ด ํ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ํ์ฌ ๊ณจ์ ๋ด์ ๋ฉด์ญ์ธํฌ ํ์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ๋ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ ์ต์ ํ์ฑ๋จ์์ธ muramyl ditptide๊ฐ nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 2๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ๋งค๊ฐํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ์๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก, ์ธ๊ท ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋ํ๋ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ด ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ํ์ฌ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ๋ถํ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ค์ ํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์๋ค.
์คํ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ
์ธ๊ท ์ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ด ๊ณจ๋์ฌ ์กฐ์ ์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋์ง ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ Lactobacillus spp.์ Bacillus spp.๋ก๋ถํฐ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค. ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ธ๊ท ๊ท ์ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ์ธ๊ท ์ ๊นจ๋จ๋ฆฐ ํ, sodium dodecyl sulphate, DNase, RNase, trypsin์ ์์ฐจ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ์ง์ง๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง, DNA, RNA๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ์๋ค. Trichloroacetic acid ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ก ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ ์นจ์ ์ํจ ํ, acetone ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธํฌ๋ฒฝ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ณ , ๋๊ฒฐ๊ฑด์กฐ ํ ์ค๋์ ์ธก์ ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค. ์์ฉ์ฑ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ mutanolysin ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ค๋นํ์๋ค. NOD1 ๋๋ NOD2์ ์ ํธ์ ๋ฌ ํ์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ NOD1 ๋๋ NOD2๊ฐ ๊ณผ๋ฐํ๋ HEK 293 T ์ธํฌ์ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๊ณ nuclear factor-ฮบB (NF-ฮบB) ํ์ฑ์ ๋ฆฌํฌํฐ ์ ์ ์ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์์ L. plantarum์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ(Lp.PGN)์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ณจ์์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก ๋์์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ receptor activator of NF-ฮบB ligad (RANKL)์ ์ ์ ํ๊ณ , ๋ถ์ฉ์ฑ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ 4์ฃผ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฃผ 3ํ ์๊ด ํฌ์ฌํ์๋ค. Lp.PGN์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์คํ์์๋ ๋ถ์ฉ์ฑ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ 4์ฃผ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฃผ 1ํ, ๋ณต๊ฐ ๋๋ ์ ๋งฅํฌ์ฌํ์๋ค. ํํธ, B. cereus์ B. subtilis๋ก ๋ถํฐ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ 4์ฃผ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฃผ 3ํ ์๊ดํฌ์ฌํ์ฌ ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ํด๊ณจ ๋ด ์์ฃผ๊ณจ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์ธ๋จ์ธต์ดฌ์์ ํตํด ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋์์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒ์ ์๊ถ ๋ฌด๊ฒ ์ธก์ , ํ์ฒญ ๋ด์ 17-ฮฒ estradiol ์ ์ธก์ ์ ํตํด ๋์ ์ ์ ์ ์ํ ์ฑํธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์ ๋๋์์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๊ณจ๋ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ง์ฐ์ค์ ๋ํด๊ณจ๊ณผ ์์ถ๊ณจ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ์ธ๋จ์ธต์ดฌ์์ ํตํด ๋ํด๊ณจ ๋ด ์์ฃผ๊ณจ ๋๋ ์์ถ๊ณจ ๋ด ์์ฃผ๊ณจ์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ํด๊ณจ์ ํํ ํ ์กฐ์ง์ ํธ์ ์ป์ด ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ๋ฅผ Runx2 ๋ฉด์ญํ๊ด์ผ์๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธํ๊ณ , ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ๋ถํ๋ฅผ tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) ์ผ์๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํด ์ธก์ ํ์๋ค. ํํธ, ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ ํฌ์ฌ ์, ์ผ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก calcein์ ํฌ์ฌํ ํ, ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ํด๊ณจ ๋นํํ ์กฐ์ง์ ํธ์ ์ป์ด ์ ์๊ณจ์ ํ์ฑ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋ํด๊ณจ์ ๊ณจ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๊ณจ์๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ ๊ด๋ จ ์ธ์์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐํ์ real-time RT-PCR์ ํตํด ์ธก์ ํ์๋ค. ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ ํฌ์ฌ์ ์ํ ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ๊ด๋ จ ์ธ์ดํ ์นด์ธ์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ฐํ์ ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ ํฌ์ฌํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค์์ serum๊ณผ bone marrow extracellular fluid๋ฅผ ์ป์ด TNF-ฮฑ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1ฮฒ, RANKL, P1NP, ๋๋ osteoprotegerin (OPG)์ ๋ฐํ์ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ์ธํ์๋ค. In vitro ์คํ์ ์ํ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ๋ ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋๊ฐ๊ณจ์์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ ๊ตฌ์ธํฌ์ ascorbic acid์ ฮฒ-glycerophosphate๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ์ ๋ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ๋ ๊ณจ์์ธํฌ ์ ๋์ ๋์์ธํฌ์ macrophage colony-stimulating factor์ RANKL์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ์ ๋ํ์๋ค. ํํธ, ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ๊ณต๋ฐฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์๋ ascorbic acid, ฮฒ-glycerophosphate, 1ฮฑ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ๋ฐฐ์ํ์๋ค. ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ํ์ฑ์ alizarin red S ์ผ์๋ฒ์ ํตํด ํ์ธํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ๋ TRAP ์ผ์๋ฒ์ ํตํด ์ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ํ๊ณ , ํต์ ์ธ ๊ฐ ์ด์ ํฌํจํ๋ ๋คํต์ธํฌ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ์ฌ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ ์ธํฌ์ ๋ถํ์ ํ์ฑ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ธ์์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐํ ์ ๋๋ real-time RT-PCR๋ก ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
๊ณจ์์ค ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ ๋์์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ Lp.PGN์ ํฌ์ฌํ์์ ๋, ๋ํด๊ณจ๊ณผ ์์ถ๊ณจ์ ์์ฃผ๊ณจ ๊ณจ๋๊ณผ ์์ฃผ๊ณจ์ ์์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค. Lp.PGN ํฌ์ฌ๋ ๋์์ ์ ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ฐ์ํ ์์ฃผ๊ณจ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ runt-related transcription factor 2 ๋ฐํ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๋์์ ์ ๋ก ์ธํด ์ฆ๊ฐํ ์์ฃผ๊ณจ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ TRAP ๋ฐํ์ ์ต์ ํ์๋ค. RANKL๋ก ์ ๋ํ ๊ณจ์์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์์์ Lp.PGN ์๊ดํฌ์ฌ ์คํ์์๋ RANKL์ ์ํด ๊ฐ์๋ ๋ํด๊ณจ ๋ด ์์ฃผ๊ณจ์ ๊ณจ๋์ด Lp.PGN ํฌ์ฌ์ ์ํด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. Calcein ํฌ์ฌ ์คํ์ ํตํด Lp.PGN ํฌ์ฌ์ ์ํ ๊ณจ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ์๊ณจ ํ์ฑ์ ํตํด์ ์ ๋๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. In vitro ์คํ์ ํตํด Lp.PGN์ด ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ๋ฏธ๋ค๋ํ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ๊ณต๋ฐฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ Lp.PGN์ด ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐํํ๋ RANKL์ ๊ฐ์์์ผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํจ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. Lp.PGN์ NOD2๋ฅผ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฑํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, NOD2๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์๋ ๊ณจ๋ค๊ณต์ฆ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ง์ฐ์ค์ Lp.PGN์ ํฌ์ฌํ์์ ๋, ์ผ์ํ์์ ๋ํ๋ ๊ณจ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ํ๋์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด ๋, Runx2์ ๋ฐํ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ TRAP ๋ฐํ ์ต์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ, Lp.PGN์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์ญํ ์ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ์ ์ํํ Lp.PGN์ ๋ณต๊ฐํฌ์ฌ๋ ์ ๋งฅํฌ์ฌ์์๋ ๋์์ ์ ์ ์ํด ๊ฐ์ํ ๋ํด๊ณจ ๋ด ์์ฃผ๊ณจ์ ๊ณจ๋์ด Lp.PGN์ ์ํด ์ฆ๊ฐ๋จ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ, Lp.PGN์ ์๊ดํฌ์ฌ๋ serum์์์ ๋์์ ์ ์ ์ํด ์ฆ๊ฐํ TNF-ฮฑ์ IL-6์ ๋ฐํ์ ๊ฐ์์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, bone marrow extracellular fluid์ RANKL/OPG ratio๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์ํด์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ํํธ, B. cereus ์ ๋์ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ(Bc.PGN)๊ณผ B. subtilis์ ๋์ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ(Bs.PGN)์ NOD1์ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฑํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, Bc.PGN์ ์ฃผ 3ํ, 4์ฃผ๋์ ์๊ดํฌ์ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์์ Bc.PGN์ ์ํด ๋ํด๊ณจ ๋ด ์์ฃผ๊ณจ ๊ณจ๋์ด ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด ๋, Bc.PGN ํฌ์ฌ์ ์ํด ์์ฃผ๊ณจ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ TRAP ๋ฐํ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํจ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ๊ณต๋ฐฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ Bc.PGN์ ์ํ ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ์ํฅ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์์ ๋, Bc.PGN์ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐํํ๋ RANKL์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์์ผ ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ๋ถํ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํจ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ, Bc.PGN์ด ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํฅ์ ์ค ์ ์๋์ง ํ์ธํ์์ ๋, Bc.PGN์ด ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ์์ฉํ์ฌ ERK ์ธ์ฐํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ๋ถํ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํจ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. Bc.PGN์ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ์ฌ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ์ ๋ถํ๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๋ก
์ด์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํตํด NOD2์ ํ์ฑํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ๋ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ด ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ ์ ๋์ ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ ์ต์ ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ณจ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋๋ก NOD1์ ํ์ฑํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ๋ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ ์กฐ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ ์ต์ ์ ํ๊ณจ์ธํฌ ๋ถํ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ณจ๋์ ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ฅ๋ด์ธ๊ท ์ด ์ ๋์ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ด NOD1๊ณผ NOD2๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ณจ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ ์ํ๋ฉฐ, NOD2๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํํ๋ ํฉํฐ๋๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ณจ์งํ ์น๋ฃ ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ ํ๊น ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก ์์ฉํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ค.Objectives
It has been suggested that gut microbiota, a bacterial community colonized in the intestine, interacts with host and influences on various physiological regulations including bone homeostasis. Peptidoglycans (PGNs) are the most abundant bacterial cell wall components and their fragments released from the gut micr5obiota can be delivered into the bone marrow and potentially affect the bone metabolism. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to elucidate the role of bacterial PGNs in the regulation of bone metabolism using in vivo and in vitro models. Under the research objective, (i) direct effect of PGN on osteoblast or osteoclast differentiation and (ii) indirect effect of PGN on host factors involved in the regulation of bone metabolism were investigated.
Methods
Insoluble PGNs from various Lactobacillus spp. and Bacillus spp. were purified by sequential treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate, DNase, RNase, trypsin, trichloroacetic acid, and acetone. Soluble PGNs were prepared by treatment of the purified PGNs with mutanolysin. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 or NOD2 activation by PGNs was determined by reporter gene assay. Mice were intragastrically given phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or insoluble PGN by oral gavage technique three times weekly for four weeks. In a separate experiment, mice were intraperitoneally or intravenously given PBS or insoluble PGN once weekly for four weeks. Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis mouse model and receptor activator of nuclear factor-ฮบB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoporosis mouse model were prepared for in vivo studies. Estrogen deficiency was confirmed by measuring body weight, uterus weight, and level of 17ฮฒ-estradiol in the serum. Bone morphometric parameters (trabecular bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, and trabecular thickness) of femur and lumbar were analyzed by X-ray microcomputated tomography. Differentiation of osteoblast and osteoclast in vivo was determined by immunofluorescence staining of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, respectively. Calcein AM was intraperitoneally injected to the mice to observe new bone formation and the related parameters were measured by using OsteoMeasure software. The levels of RANKL, osteoprotegerin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-ฮฑ in bone marrow extracellular fluid or that of P1NP, TNF-ฮฑ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1ฮฒ in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mRNA expressions of osteoclast or osteoblast differentiation markers were determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Osteoblast precursors were isolated from calvariae of one-day mice. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were prepared by incubation of bone marrow cells with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and committed osteoclast precursors were prepared by incubation of BMMs with M-CSF and RANKL. To observe direct effect of PGN, calvarial osteoblast precursors were stimulated with soluble PGNs in the presence of ฮฒ-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid. Osteoblast differentiation and function were determined by alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red S staining, respectively. BMMs or committed osteoclast precursors were stimulated with PGNs in the presence of M-CSF and/or RANKL. BMMs co-cultured with osteoblasts were stimulated with soluble PGNs in the presence of ฮฒ-glycerophosphate, ascorbic acid, and 1ฮฑ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Results
Intragastric administration of insoluble L. plantarum PGN (Lp.PGN) increased trabecular bone volume and trabecular number in both femurs and lumbar vertebrae in OVX-induced osteoporosis mouse model. When the effect of PGNs from various Lactobacillus spp. on trabecular bone was further examined, insoluble PGNs isolated from L. casei, L. delbrueckii, L. rhamnosus GG, L. agilis, L. ruminis, and L. saerimneri increased femoral trabecular bone volume and trabecular number in OVX-induced osteoporosis mouse model. Runx2 immunofluorescence or TRAP straing of paraffin sections of femur showed increased Runx2-positive and decreased TRAP-positive areas on bone surfaces in OVX mice supplemented with Lp.PGN compared to the OVX control mice. In addition, calcein double labeling demonstrated that supplementation of Lp.PGN induced new bone formation. Intraperitoneal or intravenous administration of insoluble or soluble Lp.PGN increased femoral trabecular bone volume and trabecular number in OVX-induced osteoporosis mouse model. In addition, in vitro osteoblast differentiation assay demonstrated that soluble Lp.PGN directly induced osteoblast mineralization. On the other hand, soluble Lp.PGN attenuated osteoclast differentiation in BMM/osteoblast co-culture system. Reporter gene assay demonstrated that Lp.PGN preferentially activates NOD2, but not NOD1, and that soluble Lp.PGN more potently activates NOD2 signaling than insoluble Lp.PGN does. Intragastric administration of Lp.PGN in NOD2-deficient OVX mice did not exhibit trabecular bone mass changes, while that in wild-type OVX mice increased bone mass. Moreover, Runx2-positive areas were not increased and TRAP-positive areas were not decreased by supplementation with Lp.PGN in NOD2-deficient mice. Moreover, RANKL/OPG ratio was significantly decreased in bone marrow extracellular fluid and the levels of TNF-ฮฑ and IL-6 were decreased in serum from OVX mice supplemented with Lp.PGN in comparison with that from OVX control mice. In contrast to the Lp.PGN, B. cereus PGN (Bc.PGN) and B. subtilis PGN (Bs.PGN) preferentially activated NOD1. Intragastric administration of Bc.PGN or Bs.PGN decreased trabecular bone volume and/or trabecular number. TRAP strained paraffin sections of femur showed increased TRAP-positive areas on bone surfaces. In addition, Bc.PGN increased osteoclast differentiation from BMMs co-cultured with osteoblasts. In vitro osteoclast differentiation demonstrated that Bc.PGN directly increases the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts from committed osteoclast precursors. Bc.PGN induced phosphorylation of ERK and specific inhibition of ERK signaling attenuated Bc.PGN-induced osteoclast differentiation.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrates that NOD2-activaing PGN inhibits bone loss in osteoporosis condition through increasing osteoblast differentiation and decreasing osteoclast differentiation, whereas NOD1-activating PGN induces bone destruction. These results suggest that gut microbiota-derived PGN fragments could be involved in the regulation of bone metabolism through NOD1 and NOD2 siganlings and that the NOD2 ligands could be used as postbiotics for treatment of bone diseases.Chapter I. Introduction 1
1. Bone remodeling 1
2. Osteoclast differentiation 3
3. Osteoblast differentiation 4
4. Osteoporosis 8
5. Gut microbiota and bone regulation 10
6. Probiotics and bone regulation 11
6.1. Modification of gut microbiota 11
6.2. Enhancement of intestinal barrier function 12
6.3. Modulation of immune system 13
7. Peptidoglycan (PGN) 15
7.1. Structure of PGN 15
7.2. PGN degrading enzymes and cleavage sites 17
7.3. PGN detection by NOD proteins 19
8. Objective of the present study 20
Chapter II. Materials and Methods 21
1. Materials 21
2. Preparation of PGN 21
2.1. Bacterial strains and culture condition 21
2.2. Purification of PGN 22
3. In vivo mouse model 23
4. Preparation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts 24
4.1. Preparation of osteoclast and osteoclast differentiation 24
4.2. Preparation of osteoblast and osteoblast differentiation 25
5. Bone morphometric analysis using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) 26
6. Histological analysis 26
7. Calcein double labeling 27
8. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (Real-time RT-PCR) 27
9. Transient transfection and reporter gene assay 29
10. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 29
11. Western blot analysis 30
12. Immunofluorescence staining 30
13. Statistical analysis 31
Chapter III. Results 32
1. Intragastric administration of Lp.PGN attenuates bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency 32
2. Intragastric administration of PGNs isolated from Lactobacillus spp. regulate trabecular bone volume decreased by estrogen deficiency 38
3. Intragastric administration of Lp.PGN induces Runx2 decreased by OVX-induced estrogen deficiency 40
4. Intragastric administration of Lp.PGN decreases osteoclasts increased by OVX-induced estrogen deficiency 42
5. NOD2 signaling is essential for increase of trabecular bone volume by Lp.PGN 44
6. Intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of Lp.PGN increases trabecular bone volume in OVX-induced osteoporosis mouse model 48
7. Lp.PGN directly induces osteoblast mineralization though NOD2 in vitro 51
8. Lp.PGN indirectly decreases osteoclast differentiation via osteoblasts 54
9. Intragastric administration of Lp.PGN decreases TNF-ฮฑ, IL-6, and RANKL production 56
10. Intragastric administration of Lp.PGN increases trabecular bone volumes in RANKL-induced osteoporosis mouse model 60
11. NOD1-activating Bc.PGN and Bs.PGN induce bone destruction 66
12. Bc.PGN induces osteoclast differentiation by direct and indirect mechanisms 69
13. Bc.PGN directly inhibits osteoblast differentiation in vitro 76
Chapter IV. Discussion 78
Chapter V. References 86
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก 99Docto
Heat and Flow Balance Analysis and Optimization of Engine Power Pack Cooling System
Cooling system of engine power pack is designed to remove heat from the engine and various power pack components efficiently and to offer an optimum operating temperature for the power pack. Cooling system is a thermal flow network that connects engine, turbocharger intercooler, radiator, and oil coolers and these are linked in a serial or parallel circuits. The coolant temperature at each component device in this closed circuit cooling system is determined according to the ambient temperature and engine RPM. Because the thermal state of one component provides the boundary condition of the next component in the circuit, the heat and flow balance analysis of the cooling circuit is necessary to optimize the cooling system performance for various operating conditions and running conditions of the vehicle. In this study, heat and flow balance analysis of 1500 hp diesel engine cooling system has been conducted utilizing Flowmaster2 code. The cooling system in this study is characterized by two parallel circuits of high temperature and low temperature coolant.
The major component models such as engine, three-flow-path radiator and turbocharger intercooler as well as thermostat were constructed from the basic component models provided by the Flowmaster2 code. The completed cooling system model was first tested and adjusted against the design specifications of each component of the cooling system until the amounts of deviations of the calculated flow and heat balance lie within the accepted design margins of the power pack components. Then the model was used to simulate thermal behavior of the cooling system under various ambient temperatures in the range of 44oC to -32oC, which are the upper and the lower design temperatures of the power pack. In cool ambient temperature condition in which the thermostat is likely to operate, a converged steady-state solution was successfully obtained by a transient calculation of such multi-component, multi-circuit cooling system. The calculated coolant pump suction pressure in each case was examined to discuss the occurrence of cavitation in the pump.Abstract
์ฌ์ฉ๊ธฐํธ
ํ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ
๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋ชฉ์ฐจ
์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก .................................................1
1.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ .........................................1
1.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ........................................2
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ...............................3
2.1 ๋๊ฐ์์คํ
...........................................3
2.1.1 ๋์ ค์์ง ๋๊ฐ์์คํ
................4
2.1.2 ๋๊ฐ์์คํ
์ ์ต์ ํ ๋ฐฉ์ ..........5
2.2 Flowmaster2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฌ๋ก ...............5
2.2.1 ๋น์์ถ์ฑ ๋จ์์ ๋ ....................6
2.2.2 ์์ถ์ฑ ๋จ์์ ๋ .......................7
2.2.3 ์ ์ ์์คํ
.................7
2.3 ์ด๊ตํ๊ธฐ์ ์ค๊ณ .........................8
2.4 ์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ์์ฝ ........................9
์ 3 ์ฅ ํ์ํฉ ๋๊ฐ๊ณ ์ดํํ ํด์ ...................................16
3.1 Flowmaster2 ๊ฐ์ ...............................16
3.2 Flowmaster2 ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ชจ๋ธ ........................16
3.3 ์ฃผ์๊ตฌ์ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ .........................18
3.3.1 ์ด๊ตํ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ ...............................18
3.3.2 ์จ๋ชจ์คํฏ ๋ชจ๋ธ ............................19
3.3.3 ์์ง ๋ชจ๋ธ ....................................21
3.4 ํ์ํฉ ๋์ ค ์์ง ๋๊ฐ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ ....................22
3.5 ํ์ํฉ ๋๊ฐ๊ณ ์
๋ ฅ ์๋ฃ .............23
3.5.1 ํํ ์ฑ๋ฅ ๊ณก์ .................................24
3.5.2 ์ด๊ตํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ฉ๋ ........................25
3.5.3 ์ค๊ณ ์ฌ์ ..................................26
์ 4 ์ฅ ํ์ํฉ ๋๊ฐ๊ณ ์ดํํ ํด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ .............36
4.1 ์ ๋ก ............................................36
4.2 ํด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ .......................................37
4.2.1 ์ ๋ ํํ ํด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ...............................37
4.2.2 ์ด์ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ณ ํด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ...........................38
4.2.3 ํํ์ ์บ๋นํ
์ด์
.................................42
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก ................................................61
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ ..............................63
๋ถ๋ก ...........................................6
์ ์์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๊ฒฝํ๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ - ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ, ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก -
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ํ๊ณผํ๋ํ ์๋๊ฐ์กฑํ๊ณผ,2019. 8. ์ด๊ฐ์ด.The present study focused on the importance of preschoolers social competence and the effects of smart-media (smartphones, tablet PCs) use on preschoolers social competence development. Preschoolers smart-media use was examined with three factors: preschoolers smart-media use time, parents media literacy level and parents smart-media mediation level. The following research questions were addressed:
1. How are preschoolers social competence (interpersonal skills, self-management skills, academic skills) and smart-media use time? Are there gender differences among these variables?
2. How are parents media literacy(functional literacy, critical literacy) level and smart-media mediation(active mediation, restrictive mediation) level?
3. How is the structural relationships among preschoolers smart-media use time, parents media literacy level, parents smart-media mediation level and preschoolers social competence?
Subjects included 139 father-mother dyads of five-years-old preschool children and 23 teachers from child-care centers and kindergartens. Questionnaires were used to measure preschoolers social competence, smart-media use time, parents media literacy and smart-media mediation. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0. Statistical methods adopted for data analysis were descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearsons correlation, structural equation modeling and bootstrapping.
The major findings of this study are as follows:
First, there were no significant differences in childrens social competence and smart-media use time according to gender.
Second, parents critical literacy level was higher than functional literacy level and there were no statistical differences in media literacy between fathers and mothers. Also, there were no significant differences between parents active mediation and their restrictive mediation. Mothers active mediation level and restrictive mediation level were significantly higher than those of fathers.
Third, parents media literacy had significant effects on their smart-media mediation. Parents with higher media literacy levels showed higher levels of smart-media mediation. Parents media literacy had indirect effects on preschoolers smart-media use time through parents smart-media mediation.
Fourth, preschoolers smart-media use time had a significant effect on their social competence. Children with longer smart-media usage time showed lower social competence. Parents smart-media mediation affected preschoolers social competence indirectly through preschoolers smart-media use time.
The present study investigated the structural relationship among five-years-olds social competence, smart-media use time, parents media literacy and smart-media mediation. Also, the current study confirmed that preschoolers smart-media use time and parents smart-media mediation affected preschoolers social competence. The findings of this study highlighted the importance of parental roles in mediating and regulating use of smart-media to promote preschoolers healthy social development.์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ TV ๋ฑ์ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋์ด์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ฏธ๋์ด์ ํน์ฑ์ด ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฝ์ด ์์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๊ฒฝํ์ด 5์ธ ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌ์ ์ด๋ ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋์ง ์์๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ค์๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ ์์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ, ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์, ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ ๋ณ์ธ์ ์์์ ์์ธํ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด๋ค ๋ณ์ธ๊ณผ ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ถ์ ํ๋ถํฐ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋์ด ์ํํ๋ ์ ์์ ๊ฑด๊ฐํ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ์ ๋๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ ์ญํ ์ ๋ํ ์์ฌ์ ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ค์ ํ์๋ค.
ใ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ 1ใ5์ธ ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ(๋์ธ๊ด๊ณ๊ธฐ์ , ์๊ธฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ , ํ์ต๊ธฐ์ )๊ณผ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ์ ์์์ ์ด๋ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ๋ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋๊ฐ?
ใ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ 2ใ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์(๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์, ๋นํ์ ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์)์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ(์ ๊ทน์ ์ค์ฌ, ์ ํ์ ์ค์ฌ)์ ์์์ ์ด๋ ํ๊ฐ?
ใ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ 3ใ์ ์์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ, ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์, ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ์ ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ์ด๋ ํ๊ฐ?
์ด์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ์น์๊ณผ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ง์ ์ฌ์ ์ค์ธ 5์ธ ์ ์์ ๋ถ๋ชจ 139์๊ณผ ๊ต์ฌ 23๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ง๋ฌธ์ง๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ์์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ, ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์, ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ์ ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ์ ์ธก์ ํ์๋ค. ์์ง๋ ์๋ฃ๋ SPSS 22.0 ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ๊ณผ AMOS 22.0 ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์ ํต๊ณ๋ถ์, t๊ฒ์ , Pearson์ ์ ๋ฅ ์๊ด๋ถ์, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฐฉ์ ์๋ชจํ ๋ถ์, ๋ถํธ์คํธ๋ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ค์ํ์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์์ฝํ๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฒซ์งธ, ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ์ ์์์์ ์ฑ๋ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋ํ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์์์ญ์์ ์ฌ์์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋จ์๋ณด๋ค ๋์์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์ง๋ ์์๋ค. ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ๋ํ ์ฌ์๊ฐ ๋จ์๋ณด๋ค ๋ค์ ๋์์ง๋ง ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋ํ๋์ง ์์๋ค.
๋์งธ, ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์๋ ๋น๊ต์ ๋์ ์์ค์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์์ ๋นํด ๋นํ์ ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์์ ์ ์๊ฐ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ์ผ๋, ์๋ฒ์ง์ ์ด๋จธ๋ ๊ฐ์๋ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์ ์ ์์ ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ์๋
์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ์ค์ฌ๋ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ค์ฌ์ ์ ํ์ ์ค์ฌ ๋ชจ๋ ๋น์ทํ ์์ค์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๋นํด ์ด๋จธ๋์ ์ค์ฌ ์ ์๊ฐ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
์
์งธ, ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์๋ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ์ ์ ์ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค. ์ฆ, ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์๊ฐ ๋์์๋ก ๋ถ๋ชจ๊ฐ ์๋
์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ ์์ค์ด ๋์๋ค. ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์๋ ์ ์์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น์ง ์์์ง๋ง, ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค.
๋ท์งธ, ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ์ ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌ์ ์ ์ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ ์๊ฐ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด๋ฅผ ์ค๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์๋ก ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์์ค์ด ๋ฎ์์ก๋ค. ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ๋ ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น์ง ์์์ง๋ง, ์ ์์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ์ ํตํด ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค.
์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด 5์ธ ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ, ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ, ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์, ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์์๊ณผ ์ด๋ค ๋ณ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ ์์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ 5์ธ ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌ์ ์ง, ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์นจ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ์๊ธฐ ์๋
์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ค์ฌํ๊ณ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ์ญํ ์ด ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ฑ ๋ฐ๋ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ ์์์ ๋ฐํ๋ค.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก
โ
. ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐ 1
โ
ก. ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 9
1. ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ 9
1) ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋
9
2) ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ 12
2. ์ ์์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๊ฒฝํ 14
1) ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ 15
2) ์ ์์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ ๋ณ์ธ 17
3. ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ, ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์,์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ, ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ 21
โ
ข. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ ์ฉ์ด์ ์ ์ 25
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ 25
2. ์ฉ์ด์ ์ ์ 26
1) ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ 26
2) ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ 27
3) ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์ 27
4) ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ 28
โ
ฃ. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฐจ 29
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ 29
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋๊ตฌ 35
1) ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ 35
2) ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ, ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์, ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด์ค์ฌ์ ๊ดํ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ฉ ์ง๋ฌธ์ง 36
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฐจ 39
1) ์๋น์กฐ์ฌ 39
2) ๋ณธ ์กฐ์ฌ 39
4. ์๋ฃ๋ถ์ 40
โ
ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํด์ 42
1. ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ์ ์์ 42
1) ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ์ ์์ 42
2) ์ ์์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ์ ์์ 43
2. ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์, ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ์ ์์ 45
1) ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์์ ์์ 45
2) ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ์ ์์ 46
3. ์ ์์ ์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ, ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์,์ค๋งํธ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ค์ฌ์ ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ 49
โ
ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ฐ ๋
ผ์ 56
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 61
๋ถ๋ก 77
Abstract 87Maste
๊ฒฐํผ์ด์ฃผ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ดํผ๊ณผ ์ถ์ ๋ง์กฑ๋: ์ฌํ์ ์ง์ง์ ์กฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ฌํํ๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ๊น์ํธ.This study was performed to identify the effect of divorce on perceived life satisfaction of marriage migrant women residing in Korea. In addition, the moderating effects to these relations with variables that represent social support from Korean friends, same ethnicity friends, co-ethnic friends and lack of social support were tested for. Further, the protective effect of social support received from these social groups for the divorced group of marriage migrants is compared to its effect on the still married group. Data
from the 2012 National Multicultural Family Survey was used for analysis. The results of study were as follows. Experience of divorce correlated negatively with perceived life satisfaction of marriage migrant women. Social support from Korean friends, same nationality friends and co-ethnic friends are associated positively with levels of perceived life satisfaction for both the married and divorced while lack of social support is associated negatively with levels of perceived life satisfaction for both groups. These effects are greater for the divorced marriage migrant women. Further, social support received from Korean friends and co-ethnic friends weaken the negative effect of divorce on perceived life satisfaction for the divorced, while lack of social support strengthens the negative effect. Social support from same ethnicity friends did not have a statistically significant moderating effect to life satisfaction for the divorced.Introduction 1
The Present Study 3
Literature Review and Theoretical Background 5
LifeSatisfaction 5
Defining Life Satisfaction 5
Life Satisfaction for Marriage Migrant Women in Korea 8
Divorce, Life Stisfaction and Marriage Migrant Women(Is Divorce a Negative Event?) 11
Social Support 16
Defining Social Support 16
Social Support and Life Satisfaction for Marriage Migrant Women in korea 18
The Alleviating Role of Social Support for the Divorced 22
Social Support Groups for Marriage Migrant Women 24
Finding New Belongingness Through Social Support of Koreans 24
Finding Familiar Roots Through Social Support of Same Ethnicity Group 26
Research Framework 27
Research Questions and Hypotheses 28
Data and Method 29
Data 29
Method 30
Results 32
Descriptive Characteristics of Divorced Marriage Migrant Women (Married/Divorced) 32
Effect of Divorce on Marriage Migrant Women 35
Roles of Social Support for Divorced Marriage Migrant Women 38
Discussion and Conclusion 43
References 51
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก 66Maste
A Study on Structural Strength Evaluation of Out-Rigger Davit for Lifeboat
์ต๊ทผ ํด์์ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํด์์์์ ์์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ ๋ก, ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํด์ํ๋ํธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ค๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๊ฐํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ํนํ ๊ตฌ๋ช
์ค๋น์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์์กด๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ค๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ํด์ ์ฅ๋น๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์๊ฒฉํ๋ค.
์์๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ ๋๋น์ ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํด์ํ๋ํธ์ ์ค์น๋์ด ๊ตฌ๋ช
์ ์ ์ง์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ฐ๋ฆญ์ ์ผ์ข
์ด๋ฉฐ ํฌ๊ฒ ํ๋ ์๋ถ, ์์น๋ถ, ์์ด์ด๋กํ๋ถ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค. ๋น์์ํฉ ๋ฐ์ ์, ์์๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ ๋๋น์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋น๊ณผ๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ธ๋ก ๋์ถํ์ฌ ๊ณ ์ ๋์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ์์ ๊ธด๊ธ ํ์ถ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ํน์ฑ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์์ ํ์ฌ ์ค๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ ์์ด ์ด๋ ค์ฐ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ๊ตญ์ฐํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์ง ์์ ์ค์ ์ด๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์์๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ ๋๋น์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์์ ์ฑ์ ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ๋๋น์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฐ ์ ์ฐจ๋ ๋ชจ๋ LSA(International Life-Saving Appliance) code์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ๋ฉฐ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ฉํ์๋ค.
์ฐ์ ์ ํ์์๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์ฐ ํด์์ ํตํด ๋๋น ํ๋ ์์ ํ๊ฐํ์๊ณ ์ด ๋ LSA code์ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ DOD-STD-1399/301์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ ํด์ ์ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์๋ ํ์ค์ ์ ์ฉํ์๋ค. ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ LSA code์ AISC standard์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ๋ค.
๋๋น ํ๋ ์์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ๋ณผํธ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ ์ค๊ณ ์์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ์ ํตํด ํ๊ฐ๋์๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ค์ LSA code์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ๋ค.
์์น๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ๊ทธ๋ฐ์ ๋ถ์ํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ LSA code์ AGMA standard ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ค๊ณ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ํ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
์์๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ ๋๋น์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ์์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์์ ์ฑ์ ์
์ฆํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ํ๋์๋ค. ํ๊ฐ๋ LSA code, AISC standard, AGMA standard์ ์ผ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ค๊ณ ์์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ๋ค. ํ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํด๋น ์์๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋๋น์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ํจ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.1. ์๋ก 1
1.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1
1.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ ๋ด์ฉ 2
2. ์ ํ์์ํด์์ ์ด์ฉํ ํ๋ ์ ๊ฐ๋์ค๊ณ ํ๊ฐ 6
2.1 ์ ํํด์์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฐจ 9
2.2 ์ ์ ๋ด๋ ฅํ์ค ์ํ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ ์ฉํ ๊ตฌ์กฐํด์ 10
2.2.1 ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ฑด 10
2.2.2 ํด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 13
2.3 ์๋ํ์ค ์ํ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ ์ฉํ ๊ตฌ์กฐํด์ 17
2.3.1 ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ฑด 17
2.3.2 ํด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 20
2.4 ์ ์ฒด ์ด๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์๋ ํ์ค์ ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ตฌ์กฐํด์ 25
2.4.1 ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ฑด 27
2.4.2 ํด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29
2.5 ํ๋ ์ ๋ณผํธ๋ถ ๊ฐ๋์ค๊ณ ํ๊ฐ 34
3. ์์น๋ถ ๋ฐ ์์ด์ด๋กํ ๊ฐ๋์ค๊ณ ํ๊ฐ 38
3.1 ์์น๋ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ 38
3.1.1 ๊ธฐ์ด๋ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ 39
3.1.2 ๋๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ 46
3.2 ์์ด์ด๋กํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ 48
3.2.1 Pendant eye ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ 49
3.2.2 Sheave pin ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ 52
3.2.3 Suspension link ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ 54
4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก 56
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 58Maste
ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋ํ ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฏธ์ ์ฌํ๊ณผ(๋ฏธ์ ์ฌํ์ ๊ณต), 2020. 8. ์ฅ์ง์ฑ.๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์์ข
(่
ๅฎ, ์ฌ์ 1674-1720)๋ ๋จ์ธ(ๅไบบ) ๊ด๋ฃ๋ค์ ์ฐํ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋ด๊ธด ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋(ๆฌๅคง้่่ๅฎดๆๅ)ใ(1690)์ ์ ์ ๊ณผ์ ๊ณผ ์ํ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์๋๋ฅผ ์์ธํ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํด๋ณด๋ ค๋ ์๋์ด๋ค. ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ๋ 1689๋
๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ตญ(ๅทฑๅทณๆๅฑ)์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ณ์ ๋ณต๊ทํ ๋จ์ธ์ ์์ ๊ถ๋์ด(ๆฌๅคง้, 1612-1699)์ด ๋น๋ ๊ธฐ๋ก์๋น์(่่ๆๅ ไธ)์ด์๋ ๋จ์ธ ๋ชฉ๋ด์ (็ฆไพๅ, 1617-1704), ์ด๊ด์ง(ๆ่งๅพต, 1618-1695), ์ค์ ์(ๅณๆบ็ทฏ, 1616-1692)์ ํจ๊ป ๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐ์ ์ด์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ตญ์ ์์ข
์ด ๋จ์ธ๊ณ ํฌ๋น ์ฅ์จ(็ฆงๅฌช ๅผตๆฐ, 1659-1701)๊ฐ ๋ณ์ ์๋ค์ ์์๋ก ์ ํธ(ๅฎ่)ํ๋ ์ฌ์์ ๋ฐ๋ํ ์์ธ(่ฅฟไบบ)์ ๋๋์ ์ผ๋ก ํด์ถ์ํค๊ณ ๋ฐ๋๋ก ๋จ์ธ์ ๋ฑ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ค.
ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ๋ ๋จ์ธ์ ํ์ค์ ๋ชจ์ต๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญํ์ ๋นํ์ค์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๊ฐ ํผ์ฌ๋ ๋
ํนํ ์ํ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์์ ํ๊ณ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ํ์ ๋
ํนํ ์๊ฐ์ ํน์ง์ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๋ถ์ํ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ๋ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ตญ ์ดํ ์ผ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ํ๋ฅธ ๋ค ์ ์๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋จ์ธ์ ์ง๊ถ๊ธฐ๋
ํํ์ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ์ํ์ ๋จ์ธ์ ์ง๊ถ๊ธฐ๋
ํํ๋ก ์ดํดํ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋ ์ํ์ด ๋ฐ์๋ ํน์ ํ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ํฉ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ๊ณ ์ํ ์ ์๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ฐจ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์๋ํ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐ์ด ์์ธ์ ์ฑ
๋ด๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ ํ ์ฐ๊ด์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ์๋ค. ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ 4๋ช
์ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ ๋ค์ ์ธ์ ์ฑ
๋ก๋๊ฐ(ๅ็ฆฎ้ฝ็ฃ)์ ๋น์๊ด(ๅ ไธๅฎ)์ผ๋ก์ 1690๋
6์์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ ์ฑ
๋ก๋ฅผ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๊ดํ ์ดํ ๊ธฐ๋ก์(่่ๆ)์ ์
์ฌํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ถ๋์ด์ ๋น์ ๊ณต์์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ ์ ์ด์ฒญํ์ฌ ์์ ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ(็งๅฎถ)์์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ ๋ค์ด ๊ณต์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ํ์๊ณผ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋ผ ์ ์๋ ์์ง์ ์ธ ํ์์๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋๋ ์ ์กฐ(ๅฎฃ็ฅ, ์ฌ์ 1567-1608)๋ ์ดํ๋ถํฐ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ค์ธต์ ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ง๋๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ๋ ์ธ์๋ฅผ ๋ณดํํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ถ๋์ด๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ ๋ค์ด ์์ข
์ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ์๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ดํดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฃผ๋ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ค. ์์ธ๋ฌ ๋ณธ ์ํ์๋ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐ์ ๋์ํ ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ค์ ํ๋ฌ(้กฏ้)ํ ์์ ๋ค์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ์ฌ 17์ธ๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ ๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ(้้ฅ) ์์์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํํธ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ์ ๋
ํนํ ์๊ฐ์ ํน์ง์ ์ดํดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด 17์ธ๊ธฐ ๊ณ๋ณ(ๅฅๅฑ) ์ ์ ์์์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ์๋ค. ๊ถ๋์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐ์ ์ธ์ ์ฑ
๋ด์ด๋ผ๋ ์์ค ํ์ฌ์ ์ฐ๊ด๋๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ก์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ ๊ณ๋ณ ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ํ์ด ๋ฐ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ๋ ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ๊ณ๋ณ์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ง๊ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋
ํนํ ํํ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ ์ง๋๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋๋ ๋ณดํต ์ถ(่ปธ)์ด๋ ์ฒฉ(ๅธ)๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋น๊ต์ ์์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฐํ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ ์๋ตํ๊ฒ ํํํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ณํ์ด๋ผ๋ ํฐ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฑ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋น์ ๊ณ๋ณ ์ ์ ๊ดํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅผ ํ์๊ฐ ์์๋ค. 17์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณ๋ณ์ ๊ณํ๋์ ๋ณธ์ง์ธ ํ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ณด๋ค ์ฐ์ํ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ณ ์ฌ์ธ๋ฌผํ(ๆ
ไบไบบ็ฉ็ต)์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ํ๊ฐ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฃผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ํน์ง์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณ๋ณ ์ ์ ๊ดํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ ๊ณ๋ณ์๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ณ ์ฌ์ธ๋ฌผํ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ์ํ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์ค์๋ถ์ ํ์ค์ ํ์ฌ ์ฅ๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ๋ถ์ ๋นํ์ค์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณ๋ณ์ ํ์ฌ๋์ ๊ฐ์ํ์ ํด๋น๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ์ ์ฐจ์ฉ๋ ๊ณ ์ฌ์ธ๋ฌผํ๋ ๊ณฝ๋ถ์ํ๋ฝ๋(้ญๆฑพ้ฝ่กๆจๅ)์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ๋ ํ๋ฉด ์์ ์๋ฒฝ(็ณๅฃ), ์์ด(็้ฒ), ํญํฌ, ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฑ์ ์์๋ก์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ฅํ์ฌ ์ ๊ฒฝ(ไปๅข)์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฐฉํ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ง๋ช
๊ธฐ(ๆฉๆๆ) ์๋ฆผ๋(ๅๆๅ)๋ณด๋ค๋ ๊ณฝ๋ถ์ํ๋ฝ๋์์ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์ทจ๋๋ค. ๋ํ ์ํ ์ ์กฐ์ ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋
(ไปๅฅณ)์ ์ด์ง์ ์ธ ์กฐํฉ์ ๋ฏ์ฆ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ผ์ผ์ผ ์ด๊ณณ์ ์ ๋นํ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๋์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์์ด์์ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐ์ ์์ข
์ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ตญ๋ก(ๅ่) ๊ถ๋์ด์ ๋ง๋
์ ๊ถ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์ฌ์๋ค. ์์ธ๋ฌ ์ด๋ฒ ์ฐํ์๋ ๊ทธ ์์๋ค์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ์ฌ ๋๋๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด์ ํฉ์ ์ ๋ํฐ์ด ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์๋ ๋น๋๋ผ์ ๊ตฌ๊ตญ ์์
๊ณฝ์์(้ญๅญๅ, 697-781)๊ฐ ๋๋ฆฐ ๋ง๋
์ ์ํ(ๆฆฎ่ฏ)๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ ๋ก ํ ๊ณฝ๋ถ์ํ๋ฝ๋๊ฐ ๋ณธ ํ์ฌ์ ์ทจ์ง์ ์ ํฉํ ํ์ ๋ก ์ ํ๋์๋ค.
ํ์๋ ๊ณฝ์์๋ผ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ๋๊ฐ ๊ตญ์์ด ์ง์ ์ถฉ์ ์ ์นํํ ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์์ข
์ด ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ ์ ์์ ์ฃผ๋ํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์์ข
์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ์ง๋ํ์ฌ ์ฃผ๋ก ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณตํ์ฑ์(ๅทฅ็ญๅฝฉ่ฒ) ํํ์ ๊ณ ์ฌ์ธ๋ฌผํ๋ฅผ ์ ์น์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉํ์๋ ๊ตญ์์ด์๋ค. ํนํ ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ๋ ๊ณ ์ฌ์ธ๋ฌผํ์ ๋จ์ธ์ ํ์ค์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ต์ด ์ง์ ์ ์ฉ๋์ด ๊ถ๋์ด์ด ๋ง์น ๊ณฝ์์์ ํ์ (็พ่บซ)๊ณผ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๋
ํนํ ํ์์ ์ํ์ด๋ค. ๋น์ ๋จ์ธ์ด ์๋ ฅ(่ชๅ)์ด ์๋ ์์ข
์ ๋
๋จ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ํด ๋ณต๊ถ๋์ด ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋์ง ๋ชปํ ์๊ทน์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด์์์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ์์ข
์ ์ง์์ ํ์
์ด ๋ฐ์๋์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค. ์์ข
์ 1691๋
์ ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋จ์ธ์ ํ์ํ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก 1690๋
์๋ ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋จ์ธ์ ๋ํ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์์ข
์ ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ธ์๋ฅผ ๋ณดํํ ๋จ์ธ์ ์ถฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณตํํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ธ์์ ๋ํ ๋ง์ธ์ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋จ์ธ์ ์ง๊ถ๊ธฐ๋
ํํ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ธ์์ ์
์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ ค๋ ๋ชฉ์ ์๋ ์์ข
์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ํ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ํ์ ์ ์์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ๋ ์ดํ 18์ธ๊ธฐ ์ธ์์ฑ
๋ก๊ณ๋ณ(ไธๅญๅ็ฆฎๅฅๅฑ)์ด ๊ธธ์์ ํ์ ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋๋ ๋ฐ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ ์์๋ ๋ฏธ์ ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ ์ ์๋ค.This study explores the production as well as the intentions behind the composition of Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun (1690), an eight-fold screen currently in the Seoul National University Museum. This painting illustrates the banquet organized by Gwon Daeun (1612-1699), who returned to politics after the Gisa hwanguk (the political purge of the Westerners in the gisa year) in 1689 and celebrated his entry into the Office of the Elder Statesmen or the Honorary Elders Assembly (Giroso) together with other members of the Southerners (Namin) Mok Naeseon (1617-1704), Yi Gwanjing (1618-1695) and O Jeongwi (1616-1692). The Gisa hwanguk is the reversal of the political situation related to the conflict between the Southerners and the Westerners caused by the latter opposing that the son of Lady Jang was designated as heir apparent. As a result, the Westerners were dismissed from office in large scale and replaced by the Southerners, which lead to a drastic shift of power among the political factions at court. The Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun has received attention because realistic elements are mixed with unrealistic elements in this one picture. Previous research, however, did not examine the unusual characteristics of the painting sufficiently. Therefore, this study aims to thoroughly analyze and interpret the visual elements in the screen to distinguish itself from past research.
Close examination of the relationship between Gwon Daeuns banquet and the investiture of the crown prince will reveal that Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun was a politically motivated painting. The four main figures depicted in the painting had served in the Temporary Office for the Investiture of the Crown Prince (Seja chaekrye dogam). After the ceremony was successfully held in the sixth month of 1690, all of them entered the Giroso. To celebrate this occasion, Gwon Daeun invited his fellow officials to a banquet at his private estate and commissioned the screen painting. Therefore, the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun shows that the elders enjoyed the support of King Sukjong (r. 1674-1720) owing to their assistance in designating the crown prince. Besides, the painting also displays the prestige of powerful and influential families (munbeol) whose lineage gained importance among the ruling yangban (officials and degree-holders or hereditary aristocrats) class in Joseon Korea after the 17th century. It is interesting to note that the elders are depicted along with their children in the screen, showing the power of the prestigious families.
Apart from that, this study examines the ways in which commemorative folding screens (gyebyeong) were produced during the 17th century to analyze the visual characteristics of the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun. The reasons for its peculiar composition and format are found in the process of creating the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun as a commemorative folding screen. The Gathering of the Elder Statesmen is a theme that was typically depicted in album or hanging scroll format. In album leaves and hanging scrolls, the banquet scene is depicted rudimentarily, only occupying part of the composition. But since the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun was executed on a folding screen, a new approach was required to fill a much larger canvas. One characteristic of the commemorative screens of the 17th century is that they illustrate more than the essence of the event. Instead of merely documenting the actual happenings, they often feature a landscape or a Chinese story as the main subject. In correspondence with this practice, the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun exhibits some elements of a Chinese narrative painting. The center of the screen, on the other hand, displays the scene of the actual event and follows the tradition of paintings featuring the Gathering of Elder Statesmen.
It seems that the narrative in this screen refers to the theme Birthday Celebration for General Guo Ziyi. Previously, the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun was compared to garden estate paintings of the late Ming period. but the stone walls, waterfall, auspicious clouds, and other propitious motifs correspond to similar elements in paintings of the Birthday Celebration for General Guo Ziyi. The depicted banquet in the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun is designed to praise the political authority of Gwon Daeun, who received trust and support from the king. In addition to that, the painting glorifies the prestige of other elder statesmen who participate in the event together with their children. In this regard, the birthday celebration for Guo Ziyi (697-781), the military hero of the Tang dynasty who spent his later life in prosperity and happiness, was chosen as a suitable theme for Gwon Daeuns situation. Given that the painting touches upon political issues embedded in the screen, King Sukjong seems to have been deeply involved in the production of the Gathering of the Elder Statesmen in Honor of Gwon Daeun, offering ample support for the Southerners. The screen serves to highlight the kings patronage in visual terms.โ
. ์๋ก 1
โ
ก. ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ์ ์ฌ๊ฒํ 6
1. ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ์ ํน์ง 6
2. ๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐ ๋ฐ ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๊ฒํ 16
โ
ข. 17์ธ๊ธฐ ๊ณ๋ณ์ ์ ์ ์์ 25
1. ์์ค ํ์ฌ์ ๋จ์ธ์ ๊ธฐ๋
ํํ 25
2. 17์ธ๊ธฐ ๊ณ๋ณ์ ๊ณ ์ฌ์ธ๋ฌผํ์ ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ 37
โ
ฃ. ใ๊ถ๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฐํ๋ใ์ ์์ข
์ ํ์ 49
1. ๊ณฝ๋ถ์ํ๋ฝ๋์ ์ฐจ์ฉ 49
2. ์์ข
์ด ์ฃผ๋ํ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 61
โ
ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก 72
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 74
๋ํ๋ชฉ๋ก 81
๋ํ 84
Abstract 104Maste
Shape Memory Polyurethane Foam for Thermal Insulation
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ฌ๋ฃ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2014. 2. ์ค์ฌ๋ฅ.Foam materials are widely used as insulators, because they have a structure stability as well as a low thermal conductivity. In order to manufacture an efficient insulation material, shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) foam was prepared and its thermal conductivity was measured. The relation between thermal conductivity and microstructure of the foam was studied. The experimental thermal conductivities of the SMPU foam specimens were compared to theoretical thermal conductivities of those.
SMPU was synthesized by using prepolymerization method. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) was used to examine the transition temperature (T_tr) of SMPU. SMPU foams were obtained by the salt leaching method and prepared with respect to particle size of salts in order to control the pore size of the SMPU foam. Hybrid foam was fabricated by mixing two different sizes of NaCl particles and functionally gradient foam was also manufactured by laminating layers of three different sizes of NaCl particles. The thermal conductivity, mechanical property, shape memory properties were characterized and thermal resistance of various specimens were also calculated to investigate adiabatic properties.
SMPU foam has advantages of space occupancy and wearability because it can be fixed to thin shape at room temperature. When SMPU foam recovers to its original thickness at above T_tr, the thermal resistance is increased. SMPU foam is expected to be used in insulation field as an intelligent adiabatic material.ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Polyurethane foam
1.2. Shape memory polyurethane
1.2.1. Advantage of Shape Memory Polymer (SMP)
1.2.2. Structure and mechanism of SMPU
1.3. Heat transfer in foam material
1.4. Objective of this study
II. EXPERIMENTS
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of the specimen
2.2.1. Synthesis of SMPU
2.2.2. SMPU film
2.2.3. SMPU foam
2.3. Measurements and characterization
2.3.1. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
2.3.2. Particle Size Analysis
2.3.3. Morphological Analysis
2.3.4. Porosity
2.3.5. Thermal Conductivity Measurements
2.3.6. Shape memory effect
2.3.7. Mechanical property
โ
ข. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Morphological properties
3.1.1. Particle sizes of NaCl
3.1.2. SEM images of SMPU foam
3.1.3. Porosity of SMPU foam
3.2. Thermal properties
3.2.1. DSC results
3.2.2. Thermal conductivity
3.2.3. Thermal resistance
3.3. Shape memory effect of SMPU foam
3.3.1. Shape recovery and fixity
3.3.2. Shape memory repeatability
3.4. Mechanical properties
3.5. Analytic modeling
3.5.1. Heat transfer theory of SMPU foam
3.5.2. Prediction of thermal conductivity of SMPU foam
โ
ค. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
KOREAN ABSTRACTMaste
ํต๊ณ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ ์ํ ํด์๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ธฐ๊ณํญ๊ณต๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2013. 2. ์ค๋ณ๋.As the importance of virtual testing has been increased for cost-effective product design and design evaluation, researchers focus on studying validation and verification (V&V) to increase the computational model predictability. Model validation process can make the computational model accurately through the model calibration and validity check processhowever, in some cases, unacknowledged uncertainties such as lack of knowledge and human mistakes still exist and decrease the predictability of the model. To overcome this challenge, this thesis presents a model refinement framework for statistical model validation. This framework consists of the three steps1) invalidity analysis, 2) invalidity reasoning tree (IRT) and 3) invalidity sensitivity study. Invalidity analysis seeks possible causes for invalidity. Then, the IRT determines a parametric form of refinement candidates from the possible causes and invalidity sensitivity analysis finally checks the effect of the candidates quantitatively. Model calibration and validity check are followed to ensure good model predictability. The proposed method is demonstrated with the TFT-LCD fracture of a smartphone.Abstract i
Contents ii
List of Tables iv
List of Figures v
Nomenclature vi
Abbreviations viii
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Literature Review 3
2.1 Model Uncertainties 3
2.2 Model Validation 5
2.2.1 Statistical Model Calibration 7
2.2.2 Validity Check 8
Chapter 3. Model Refinement Framework 11
3.1 Invalidity Analysis 12
3.2 Invalidity Reasoning Tree (IRT) 15
3.3 Invalidity Sensitivity Analysis 18
Chapter 4. Case Study : LCD Fracture Problem of Smart Phone 19
4.1 Model Calibration and Validity Check 20
4.2 Model Refinement 24
Chapter 5. Conclusions 30
Bibliography 31
๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ด๋ก 35
Acknowledgement 37Maste
Modem Joseon's Accommodation of Western Music, Seen form Activity of Japanese Secondary School Music Teachers
This study, building on the general belief that western music was accommodated through changga (song based on western music) and music education in the modern Joseon, aims to reveal activity of Japanese teachers in schools who sought to develop and improve changga and music education, and to show how western music was introduced to Joseon through their activity. Six curriculum revisions has done between 1906 in which Joseon started modern education and 1945. At beginning, music education made much account of Changga education, later on how to use musical instruments, and music theory were introduced. Especially with Korea-Japan Annexation in 1910 as a start, this process was accelerated. Changga education in Japanese style was directory introduced to music education in Joseon. Changga which is symbol of Japanese style western music played important role to generalize Japanese style western music in Joseon.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ ๊ทผ๋์กฐ์ ์ ์์์์
์ ์์ฉ์ ์์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์์
๊ต์์ ํ๋์ด ์ด๋ ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ์๋๊ฐ์ ๋ํด ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทผ๋ ์กฐ์ ์ ์์
๊ณ์ ์์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ณํ ์ค ํ๋๋ ์์์์
์ ๋์
์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์กฐ์ ์์์ ์์์์
์ ์์ฉ๋ฃจํธ๋ ํฌ๊ฒ 3๊ฐ์ง๋ก, ์ ๊ต์ฌ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ค์ด์จ ์ฐฌ์ก๊ฐ, ๊ทผ๋๊ต์ก์ ์์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ๊ต๊ต์ก์ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฑํ๋ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ, ์์
๊ต์ก, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ตฌํ๊ตญ์ ๋ถ์ ์ํด ์ ์ค๋ ๊ตฌํ๊ตญ์ ๋ถ์ ์ํด ์ ์ค๋ ๊ตฐ์
๋๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ ์ ์์์์
๋ณด๊ธ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํด ๋ณผ ๋๋ ๊ณต๊ต์ก์ผ๋ก์จ ์์ฉ๋ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ๊ต์ก, ์กฐ์ ์ ์ผ์ ์ ๋ฌธ ์์
๊ต์ก๊ธฐ๊ด์ด์๋ ์ดํ์ฌ์์ ๋ฌธํ๊ต ์์
๊ณผ ์กธ์
์๋ค์ ํ๋, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฑ ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ์ ์์
ํ๊ต์ ์ ํํ ์๋ฆฌํธ ์์
๊ฐ๋ค์ ํ๋์ด ํฐ ์ํฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ง๋ค. ๋ํ ์ ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ธ์ ์ ๋ฌ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ์ถ์๊ธฐ(๋ ์ฝ๋)์ ๋ผ๋์ค ๋ฑ์ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์์์์
์ ์กฐ์ ์ ์ญ์ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ ํ๋์๋ค
Opinions and Perceptions on Allowing Nursing Students Practice among Inpatients at a University Hospital
Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the patients perspectives on nursing students clinical practices in the wards, and to investigate their willingness for allowing students to practice on them. Methods: This was a descriptive study. 116 inpatients were recruited from the S University Hospital. A 60-item questionnaire was applied to collect the data. The participants were 19 years and older with sound judgement, and were not in special or intensive care units. Data analysis was done in SPSS/WIN 22.0 using descriptive statistics, Fishers exact test, and the ANOVA test. the participant answered to questionnaire from April 29th 2016 to May 10th. Results: 40 participants (34.5%) stated they would allow students practice, while 72 (61.2%) said they would allow only under staff supervision. 5 participants (4.3%) stated they would not allow whatsoever. The 3 most allowed were emotional support, oral care, and vital signs measurement while the 3 least allowed were gastric feeding, intravenous catheterization, and urinary catheterization. Conclusion: Patients were more inclined to allow students to practice on them when a member of the medical team was present. A fair number of participants said they would be more inclined to allow students practice if they felt the student was competent; hence, reinforcing simulation sessions is vital in enhancing students competency and ultimately practice allowance
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