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    ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 8. ๊ถŒ์„ฑํ›ˆ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘์  ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ , ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ„ ํ˜น์€ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ๋ถ„์ž ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ท ์  ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ• ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „์ž ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช… ํ˜„์ƒ์  ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•… ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ฃผ์š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋‚ดโˆ™์™ธ๋ถ€์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธํฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋ถ„์„์ด ํŠนํžˆ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ณต์ • ๋ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์นฉ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•๋“ค๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์— ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋งŒ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋” ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ๋‚ด๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๋ฏธ์„ธ์œ ์ฒด์†Œ์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ์œ ์ฒด์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์„ธ์œ ์ฒด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฆํญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฆํญ ๋ถ„์„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์‡„๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์œ ์ „์ž ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ฆํญ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์•ฝ ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ถ”์ถœ๊ณผ์ • ์—†์ด ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ฆํญ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์•ฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฆํญ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ํš๋“ ๋ฐ ์ฆํญ์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋‘” ํ›„์— ๋” ํฐ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋Œ€์‘์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์œ ์ฒดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฆํญ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฆํญ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์œ ์ฒด์†Œ์ž์—์„œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์œจ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ์ „์‚ฌ์ฒด ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.In this dissertation, a development of a low-cost and high-throughput single-cell gene expression analysis method is presented. Although the cells are fundamental building block of all living organisms, most of the studies on cell biology have only been achieved on the basis of the collective behavior of large cell populations mainly due to the challenges and limitations in analytical technologies. For this reason, some researches have longed for an improved technology enabling a reliable single-cell-level analysis and they include a study on the heterogeneity of cellular characteristics and an in-depth study on rare cells such as circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells. Single cell analysis has therefore attracted a great attention and a development of a single cell analysis method addressing important issues in the field of biological and medical sciences is required. Gene expression profiling, which measures level of cellular gene expressions, provides a picture of functional states of cells of interest, reflecting both intracellular and extracellular environments. By virtue of the capability of reporting temporal and spatial status of cellular functions, gene expression profiling is considered to be a powerful method for understanding complicated cellular behaviors depending on intrinsic cellular characteristics as well as extrinsic environmental factors. Gene expression levels may differ among individual cells in a given cell population, and therefore, gene expression analysis with a single cell resolution becomes an important concern in its applications. Here, a new methodology enabling quantification of single-cell gene expression is proposed and developed. In chapter 1, overall guidelines for dissertation are explained. Chapter 2 introduces a background and a motivation of the proposed approach utilizing a number of volume-adjusted microwells for high-throughput single-cell RT-qPCR (Reverse-Transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction). In chapter 3 and 4, two major technical challenges for achieving a microwell-based single-cell RT-qPCR system are discussed respectively. Chapter 3 demonstrates a development of the microwell-based on-chip PCR platform enabling small volume PCR. The development of small-volume on-chip PCR system includes preparation of microwell arrays, implementation of a real-time PCR equipment, and their application for the realization of small volume PCR. Chapter 4 describes the determination of single-step lysis-RT-PCR condition realized within a fixed reaction volume. The obtained RT-PCR reagent condition enables direct cell-lysis followed by RT-PCR reaction within a single microwell with fixed reaction volume. A detailed discussion on the multivolume microwell array approach is dealt with in Chapter 5. Single cell trapping and subsequent confinement assisted by volume-adjusted microwell arrays are demonstrated. The integration of real-time small-volume on-chip PCR system and one-pot lysis-RT-PCR conditions is also demonstrated. Quantification of single-cell gene expression is finally performed using the integrated single-cell RT-qPCR system. The multivolume microwell array approach is expected to serve as a quantitative analysis system for single-cell gene expression analysis with low cost and high throughput. In addition to realizing the utilization of single-cell RT-qPCR in personalized medicine applications, the microwell-based single-cell analysis system is also expected to be further improved toward single-cell whole transcriptome analysis platform in combination with the use of DNA microarray technology and DNA sequencing technologies.Contents Abstract ๏ผ‘ Contents ๏ผ” List of Figures ๏ผ— List of Tables ๏ผ‘๏ผ“ Chapter 1 Introduction ๏ผ‘๏ผ” Chapter 2 Background and Motivation ๏ผ‘๏ผ— 2.1 Why Single Cell Matters ๏ผ‘๏ผ˜ 2.2 Single Cell Analysis Methods ๏ผ‘๏ผ™ 2.3 Quantitative Gene Expression Analysis ๏ผ’๏ผ‘ 2.4 Main Concept: A Multivolume Microwell Array ๏ผ’๏ผ” Chapter 3 Small Volume On-Chip PCR ๏ผ’๏ผ• 3.1 Microwell Array Preparation ๏ผ’๏ผ– 3.1.1 Design ๏ผ’๏ผ– 3.1.2 Fabrication ๏ผ’๏ผ— 3.1.3 Liquid Loading and Microwell Sealing ๏ผ’๏ผ˜ 3.1.4 Investigation of Microwell Isolation ๏ผ“๏ผ 3.2 Experimental Setup and Data Analysis ๏ผ“๏ผ“ 3.2.1 Real-Time On-Chip PCR System ๏ผ“๏ผ“ 3.2.2 Data Analysis ๏ผ“๏ผ– 3.3 PCR in small scale ๏ผ“๏ผ™ 3.3.1 Model PCR Selection ๏ผ“๏ผ™ 3.3.2 Small Volume Considerations ๏ผ”๏ผ 3.3.3 On-Chip PCR Validation ๏ผ”๏ผ” Chapter 4 One-Pot Lysis-RT-PCR ๏ผ”๏ผ– 4.1 Considerations for True One-Pot Lysis-RT-PCR ๏ผ”๏ผ— 4.2 Determination of Cell-Lysis Condition ๏ผ”๏ผ™ 4.2.1 Thermal Lysis ๏ผ•๏ผ 4.2.2 Chemical Lysis ๏ผ•๏ผ’ 4.2.3 Thermostable Reverse Transcriptase ๏ผ•๏ผ” 4.3 One-Pot Lysis-RT-PCR Using Cell Samples ๏ผ•๏ผ• 4.3.1 Ribonuclease Inhibitors ๏ผ•๏ผ• 4.3.2 Direct Lysis-RT-PCR from Cells ๏ผ•๏ผ™ 4.3.3 Validation of One-Pot Lysis-RT-PCR ๏ผ–๏ผ” Chapter 5 Single-Cell RT-qPCR ๏ผ–๏ผ– 5.1 Multivolume Microwell Array ๏ผ–๏ผ— 5.1.1 Strategy ๏ผ–๏ผ˜ 5.1.2 Volume Considerations ๏ผ–๏ผ™ 5.2 Single-Cell Loading and Isolation ๏ผ—๏ผ‘ 5.2.1 Experimental Preparation ๏ผ—๏ผ‘ 5.2.2 Single Cell Trapping ๏ผ—๏ผ’ 5.2.3 Microwell Assembly ๏ผ—๏ผ™ 5.3 Single-Cell RT-qPCR ๏ผ˜๏ผ‘ 5.3.1 PCR Conditions for an Assembled Microwell Array ๏ผ˜๏ผ‘ 5.3.2 Standard Curve Analysis ๏ผ˜๏ผ• 5.3.3 Single-Cell Gene Quantification ๏ผ˜๏ผ˜ 5.4 Future Work: Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis ๏ผ™๏ผ‘ Chapter 6 ๏ผ™๏ผ• Bibliography ๏ผ™๏ผ˜ Abstract in Korean ๏ผ‘๏ผ‘๏ผDocto

    ๋ฐ˜์ž๋™ ์ฐจํŠธ ์–ด๋…ธํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2020. 2. ์„œ์ง„์šฑ.๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจํŠธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์…‹์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์›๋ณธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจํŠธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋…ธํ…Œ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ž๋™ ์™„์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ž๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์–ด๋…ธํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ Autotator๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ฐจํŠธ์˜ ํƒ€์ž…์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Autotator๋Š” ์ฐจํŠธ์˜ ํƒ€์ž… ์ง€์ •, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์ƒ์ž ์ง€์ •, ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์ˆซ์ž ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ง€์ • ์–ด๋…ธํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๋™ ์™„์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์–ด๋…ธํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Manually labeling chart images by marking a large number of visual elements is a laborious and repetitive process. Furthermore, for building a quality dataset, relevant metadata and underlying raw values should be annotated. We present Autotator, a semi-automatic annotating system that automatically provides suggestions for extracting data from chart images. Regardless of the type or appearance of charts, via Autotator, users can extract data from them. Besides Autotator supports user-defined annotation tasks such as labeling chart types, marking bounding boxes, and answering a question with a numeric format. To evaluate the performance and usability of the system, we measured the performance of suggestion models and conducted a pilot study. From our results, we present the usability of the Autotator and discuss considerations for effective annotation.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 2. ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 5 2.1 ์ฐจํŠธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์‘์šฉ 5 2.2 ์–ด๋…ธํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 6 3. Autotator ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 8 3.1 ์›Œํฌํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ 8 3.2 ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ 10 3.2.1 ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฑ„๋„ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 11 3.2.2 ์˜ค๋ธŒ์ ํŠธ ๋””ํ…์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 11 3.2.3 ์ƒ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํœด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ณด์™„ 12 3.2.4 ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ทœ์น™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ 13 3.2.5 ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋งํ‚น 13 3.2.6 ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ •๋ ฌ 14 3.3 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 15 3.3.1 ์ธํ„ฐ๋ ‰์…˜ ์‹œํ€€์Šค 15 3.3.2 ์ž๋™ ์™„์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 16 3.4 ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ์–ด๋…ธํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ์ž‘์—… ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 18 4. ํšจ์šฉ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์‹คํ—˜ 20 4.1 ์ž๋™ ์™„์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜ 21 4.2 ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์‹คํ—˜ 22 4.2.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋””์ž์ธ 22 4.2.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ณผ์ • 22 4.2.3 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 23 4.2.4 ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐ ์ •์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 25 5. ๋…ผ์˜ 28 5.1 ์ž๋™ ์™„์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ Autotator ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์žฌ๊ณ  28 5.2 ์ฐจํŠธ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 32 5.3 ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 32 6. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  34 ์˜๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 39Maste
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