Methods for establishing CRS in the Psychomotor Domain

One of current issues in evaluation is with regard to the distinctions between, and relative advantages and disadvantages of norm-referenced and criterion-referenced measurement. However, criterion-referenced measurement is more emphasized with changing the educational circumstances in which a predeterminded standard of performance is used rather than a normative standard. Criterion referenced standard(CRS) represents desired levels of performance or status on a criterion domain or attribute, and provides diagnostic information about whether status or performance is adequate. The use of CRS in testing is to categorize students into master or nonmaster based on the CRS or the cut-off score. The problems of CRS are that they are arbitrary and that the consequences of misclassifications. A variety of methods for establishing CRS have been developed. Mehtods that are applicable in the psychomotor domain of physical education are judgemental, normative, empirical, and combination methods. The judgemental mehtod is to establish CRS by the experts' opinion. The normative method is to use normative data along with the information to setting the CRS. A CRS with empirical method is to base on empirical data of predeterminded master and nonmaster. The combination method is to use the combination of the above methods. An important aspect of developing CRSs is establishing their reliability and validity. The reliability and the validity of CRS are defined as the consistency and accuracy of classification, master or nonmaster. One type of reliability of CRS is rater reliability that is the same concept of objectivity. And P and Kappa coefficients are used as the indices of the CRS reliability in test-retest apporach. The validity of CRS is evaluated based on a probability of correct decision, Phi coefficient, and a utility.이 논문은 서울대학교 사범대학 발전기금의 지원에 의해 이루어졌음

(An) assessment of water qualities in major rivers of Korea : Using water quality index proposed by U.S. NSF

환경관리학과/석사[한글]하천수중의 BOD, 부유물질, 용존산소량 또는 대장균군 수 등의 함유량이 많고 적은것만으로는 오염정도가 적절히 설명 될 수 없다. 따라서 가능한한 수질조사 항목을 모두 포함한 간단한 함축된 지수로 나타낼 필요성이 요구된다. 근래에 우리나라 주요하천은 날로 오염도가 증가하고 있어 그 이용성과 생태계 보존과 관련되어 수질오염도의 재평가가 이루어 져야 할 것이다. 이에 본 연구는 주요하천의 수질 오염도를 미국NSF가 제시한 수질평가 방법을 이용하여 평가하여 보았다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 북한강 수계의 의암호는 수질평가지수가 평균 67.6으로 비교적 오염도가 높게 평가되었다. 이는 춘천시에서 배출되는 생활하수와 공장폐수로 오염되고 있기 때문이다. 남한강 수계의 충주댐, 여주는 수질평가지수가 평균 66.9, 67.4로 충주시와 여주 상류의 지천에서 유입시키는 오염물질로 오염되고 있다. 팔당하류는 구의 지점에서 하류로 갈수록 수질평가지수가 평균 구의가 68.0, 뚝도 65.8 ,보광 54.9, 인도교 52.9, 제2한강교 47.0, 행주 36.0, 전류 34.9로 점차 오염도가 높아지는 것으로 평가되었다. 이는 지천인 중량천, 안양천을 비롯하여 그 연안에 산재하여 있 는 군소 지천에서 유입시키는 오염물질로 오염이 되고 있기 때문이다. 2. 낙동강 수계의 왜관, 고령교, 대암, 적포교는 수질평가지수가 평균 66.5, 51.0, 64.0, 67.5이었다. 이들의 원인을 보면 왜관은 구미시의 생활하수 및 공장폐수를 유입시키기 때문이며, 고령교, 대암, 적포교는 대구시에서 금호강을 통하여 생활하수 및 공장폐수를 다량 유입시키므로 오염되고 있다. 3. 금강은 전구간이 수질평가지수가 평균 73.8이상으로 비교적 양호한 수질을 나타내고 있다. 이것은 금강유역에서 유입되는 오염물 질량에 비하여 유수량이 많은 관계로 비교적 양호한 수질을 유지하고 있다. 4. 영산강은 수질평가지수가 평균 69.9이하로서, 평상시 유수량이 적은 때문이다. 특히 벽진의 수질평가지수가 평균 44.2로 그 오염도가 높았다. 이것은 광주시에서 배출되는 생활하수 및 공장폐수로 오염되기 때문이다. 5. 섬진강은 전구간이 수질평가지수가 평균 80.4이상으로 양호하게 나타났다. 그것을 연안이 대부분 농경지로서 농업 배수 외에는 없기 때문이다. 6. 만경강은 수질평가지수가 평균 53.7로 오염도가 비교적 높았다. 이것은 평상시의 유량도 적을 뿐만 아니라 전주시, 이리시에서 배출되는 다량의 오염물질로 오염되기 때문이다. 이상의 수질평가지수로 보아 주요공단 및 도시 부근의 하천은 수질오염도가 높으므로 이에 대한 적정한 수질관리가 요구된다. 또한 앞으로 더욱 우리나라의 실정 즉, 용도, 생태계 보건 등을 위한 평가지수 개발에 대한 연구가 요구된다. [영문]Major Rivers of Korea were assessed by a method using Water Quality Index proposed by U.S. NSF in 1970. That water qualities of the major rivers mere measured by Korea National Environmental Protection Institute from 1982 to 1983, and were applied to Water Quality Index. The results are as follows. 1. In north Han River watershed, WQI of Euiam Lake which is polluted by domestic and industrial wastewaters discharged from chuncheon City Shows 67.6. In South Han River watershed WQIs of Chungju Dam and Yeoju show 66.9 and 67.9 respectively. At lower stream of Paldang, WQIs of Gueui, Dugdo, Bogwang, Indogyo, 2nd Han River bridge, Haengju and Jeonryu show 68.0, 65.8, 54.9, 52.9, 47.0. 36.0 and 34.9, respectively. The more down stream the more polluted, because it is polluted by the pollutants inflowed froms Jungryang-stream, Anyang-stream and other small streams. 2. In Nagdong River watershed WQI of Waegwan which is polluted by domestic and Industrial waste waters discharged from Gumi City shows 66.5. WQIs of Goryeonggyo, Daeam and Jeogpogyo which are polluted through Geumho River by large amounts of domestic and industrial wastewaters discharged from Daegu City show 51.0, 64.0 and 67.5 respectively. The whole section of Geum River maintains a good water quality because of large quantities of rater compared with amounts of inflowed pollutants, and its WQI shows 73.8. WQI of Yeongsan River shorts 69.9, and especially that of Byeogjin shorts 44.2 because of being polluted by domestic and industrial wastewater discharged from Gwangju City. The whole section of Seomjin River maintains a quite good Quality because of not being polluted by any pollutants except agricultural drainage, and its WQI shows more than 80.4. Since there os a small quantity of water in Mangyeong River and it is polluted by a lot of pollutants discharged from Jeongju City and Iri City, its WQI shows 53.7. Above the results of assessment by using water quality Index, it can be said that major industrial complex and Urban areas are more polluted than the other areas. Proper water quality management should be necessary in these areas. And it can be recommended to apply water quality index such as NSFWQI in order for assessment of water qualities.restrictio

이기적인 사용자를 고려한 P2P 시스템 설계 및 분석

Thesis(doctors) --서울대학교 대학원 :전기. 컴퓨터공학부, 2009.2.Docto

Applications and outcomes of hemodialysis using continuous renal replacement therapy machine in dogs : a review of six cases

Thesis(master`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :수의학과 수의내과학전공,2006.Maste

Adiaspiromycosis of an Apodemus agrarius captured wild rodent in Korea

Adiaspiromycosis is caused by pulmonary infection with Emmonsia. Inhalated spores of Emmonsia cause asymptomatic infection to necrogranulomatous pneumonia, depending on the burden of adiaspore and host immunity. For disease monitoring of wild rodents captured on Jeju Island in Korea, we examined the lung tissue of wild rodents histopathologically. Spores composed of thick three-layered walls were found following histopathological examination and were diagnosed as adiaspiromycosis. Adiaspiromycosis has been found in mammals in many parts of the world. To our knowledge, this is the first report of adiaspiromycosis of an Apodemus agrarius captured in Korea.N