215 research outputs found
ํ๊ตญ ์ฅ์ ์ธ ์คํฌ์ธ ODA ์ฌ์ ํํฉ ๋ฐ ํฅํ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์ฌ๋ฒ๋ํ ์ฒด์ก๊ต์ก๊ณผ,๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ์คํฌ์ธ ๋งค๋์ง๋จผํธ์ ๊ณต, 2023. 8. ์ด์ฉํธ.This study focuses on analyzing the current status and challenges of
Korea Sport Official Development Assistance(ODA) programs for people
with disabilities and provides recommendations for improvement. The
primary objective is to suggest the policy formulation and decision-making
process related to sport ODA, promoting disability-inclusive sport
development through ODA programs and strengthening support for people
with disabilities in developing countries. To achieve this objective, semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 10 participants
from three key groups: the donor country (Korea), ODA program participants,
and the recipient countries.
By analyzing stakeholders' perspectives and experiences, this study
sought to gain insights into the current status, goals, benefits, importance, and
development strategies of sport ODA programs.
The findings of this study reveal the following key points. Firstly,
Sport ODA for people with disabilities is perceived to have positive impacts
on both personal and social aspects, leading to lifestyle changes in developing
countries. Participation in sport enhances the mental, physical, and
psychological development of individuals with disabilities, while
engagement in sport-related social activities demonstrates improvements in
human resource skills and knowledge. Overall, sport plays a significant role
in positively influencing the health, social integration, and education of
people with disabilities in developing countries, highlighting the importance
of strengthening support for individuals with disabilities.
However, it was observed that the lack of clear policies, accountability,
transparency, human resources, and communication posed challenges to
sustaining and developing the sport ODA program for people with disabilities.
To address these challenges and improve the programs, this study
emphasizes the importance of ongoing collaboration and strengthened
partnerships between donor countries and recipient countries' stakeholders,
and suggests strategies such as establishing effective monitoring and
evaluation systems, promoting disability-inclusive approaches, increasing
awareness and education, and international collaboration and knowledge
sharing on sport ODA.
The implementation of these strategies is expected to contribute to the
development and effectiveness of Korea sport ODA programs for people with
disabilities.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์๊ตญ ์ฅ์ ์ธ ๋์ ํ๊ตญ์ ์คํฌ์ธ ๊ณต์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์
์กฐ(ODA) ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ํํฉ๊ณผ ๋์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฅ
์ ์ธ ์คํฌ์ธ ODA ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ๊ตญ์ ์คํฌ์ธ ODA ๊ด๋ จ ์ ์ฑ
์๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ ์์ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ณผ
์ ์ ์ ์ฉํ ํต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ ์ธ์ ์ ๊ณตํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฅ์ ํฌ๊ด์ ์ธ ์คํฌ์ธ ๋ฐ
์ ์ ์ด์งํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋๊ตญ ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ ๋ํ ์ง์์ ๊ฐํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ชฉ์
์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค.
์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ณต์ฌ๊ตญ(ํ๊ตญ) ์ฅ์ ์ธ ์คํฌ์ธ ODA ๋ด๋น์, ์ฅ์ ์ธ
์คํฌ์ธ ODA ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ์ฐธ์ฌ์, ์์๊ตญ ์ฅ์ ์ธ ์คํฌ์ธ ODA ๋ด๋น์๋ก
๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์ด 10๋ช
์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋ด์ ์งํํ์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฅ์ ์ธ ์คํฌ์ธ ODA ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ํฌํจํ ํ์ฌ
์ํฉ, ๋ชฉํ, ํํ, ์ค์์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ต์ ๋ํ ํฌ๊ด์ ์ธ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ์ป๊ธฐ
์ํด ์ดํด๊ด๊ณ์๋ค์ ๊ด์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์คํฌ์ธ
ODA๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋๊ตญ ์ฅ์ ์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ถ์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๊ณ , ์ด๋ก ์ธ ํด ๊ฐ์ธ ์์ค์์๋ถํฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด ์์ค๊น์ง ์๋ก์ด ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ฌ์์ ํ ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์คํฌ์ธ ์ฐธ์ฌ ํ๋์ ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ ์ ์ ์ , ์ ์ฒด์ , ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ
์ ์ด์ง์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ํ ์คํฌ์ธ ๋ฅผ ํตํ ์ฌํ ํ๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ ์ธ์ ์์์
๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ง์ ํฅ์์ ๋๋ชจํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์คํฌ์ธ ์
๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ์ฅ์ ์ธ ์ง์ ๊ฐํ์ ์ค์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ช
ํํ ์ ์ฑ
์๋ฆฝ, ์ฑ
์์ฑ, ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ, ์ธ์ ์์ ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋
์ผ์ด์
๋ถ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ODA ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ ์ง ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ด๋ ค์์ด ์
์์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค ๊ณต์ฌ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์์๊ตญ ์ดํด
๊ด๊ณ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ง์์ ์ธ ํ์
๋ฐ ํํธ๋์ญ ๊ฐํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ฉฐ, ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ
๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง ๋ฐ ํ๊ฐ ์์คํ
๊ตฌ์ถ, ์ฅ์ ํฌ์ฉ์ ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด์ง, ์ธ์ ๊ฐ ์ ๋ฐ ๊ต์ก ๊ฐํ, ์คํฌ์ธ ODA์ ๋ํ ๊ตญ์ ํ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ง์ ๊ณต์ ๋ฑ์ ์
๋ต์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ๋ต์ ์คํ์ ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ ์ํ ํ๊ตญ ์คํฌ
์ธ ๊ณต์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์์กฐ(ODA) ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ ํจ๊ณผ์ฑ ์ฆ์ง์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ ๊ฒ
์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ค.Abstract i
Acknowledgment iv
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
List of Abbreviations x
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Research Purpose 5
1.4 Significance of the Study 6
1.5 Research Questions 7
Chapter 2. Literature review 9
2.1 Official Development Assistance (ODA) 9
2.1.1 ODA Concept 9
2.1.2 Korea ODA 13
2.1.3 Sport ODA 17
2.1.4 History and the Current Status of Korea Sport ODA 19
2.1.5 Sport ODA for people with disabilities 20
2.1.6 Korea sport ODA programs 23
2.2 Sport for People with Disabilities 28
2.2.1 Sport for People with Disability 28
2.2.2 Human right for People with Disabilities 32
2.2.3 Sport participation for people with disabilities 33
2.2.4 Sport Initiation for People with Disabilities 34
2.2.5 Motivation to sustainable involvement for people with Disabilities 36
2.2.6 Constraints participation for people with disabilities 37
2.2.7 Sport participation opportunities for people with disabilities 39
2.3 Disability-Inclusive Development Cooperation 40
2.3.1 The concept of disability inclusive and disability-inclusive
development strategy 40
2.4 Sport ODA of Advanced Country 45
2.4.1 Australian Agency for International Develioment (AusAID) 45
Chapter 3. Research Method 48
3.1 Research Design 49
3.2 Data Collection 50
3.2.1 Participants 52
3.2.2 In-depth Interviews 55
3.3 Data Analysis 56
3.4 Trustworthiness 58
Chapter 4. Findings 61
4.1 Overview 61
4.2 Emerging themes 62
4.3 Research Findings 63
4.3.1. Life Changing 63
4.3.2 Challenges 69
4.3.3 Internal and external Cooperation 76
Chapter 5. Discussion and Conclusion 84
5.1. Discussion 84
5.2. Limitations & Suggestions 87
5.3. Conclusion 88
References 91
Appendix 1 101
๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ด ๋ก 105์
๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์์ 4๊ฐ ์๋ชจ๋ ์นํ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์ฝ๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ํํ์ ์ ํฉ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ํด๋๊ธ์์์ ์ ์ฉ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ํํ์๋ฌผ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2022. 8. ๊น์๊ท.๊ณ ์ฑ๋ฅ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ํ 3D ํจํค์ง ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ ํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํจ์จ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ณ ์์๋ค์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ์ญ์ ์ค์ํด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ์ ์ธ 3D ํจํค์ง ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ ๊ดํต ์ ๊ทน (TSV)์ ์ ์ธต๋ ๋ค์ด๋ค์ ๊ดํตํ๋ ๋ฐ์ด์ ํ(via hole)์ ๋์ ์ฑ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์ ํ์ฌ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ค. TSV ๊ธฐ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ฒฐํจ ์๋ ๋ฐ์ด์ ํ๋ง์ด ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ค์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ํด ๋๊ธ์ด ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ฒฐํจ ์๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ํด ๋๊ธ์ ์ํด์๋ ๋๊ธ ์ฒจ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ด ํ์์ ์ด๋ค. ์ ๊ธฐ ์ฒจ๊ฐ์ ์ค ํ๋์ธ ํํ์ ๋ ๋ฐ์ด์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํก์ฐฉํ์ฌ ๋๊ธ์ ํ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ํํ์ ์ ๋๋ฅ ์์กด ํก์ฐฉ ํน์ฑ์ ์ํด ๋ฐ์ด์์ ์
๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด์จ์ ํ์์ ์ต์ ํ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅ์์๋ ํ์์ ์ ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ ํด ๋๊ธ์์ ํํ์ ์ ์ํฅ์ ์์๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ํํ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์ฑ ๋ถ์์ด ํ์์ ์ด๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ํํ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ 3๊ฐ ์๋ฏผ ๋๋ 4๊ฐ ์๋ชจ๋ ์นํ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌํ ์นํ์ฒด๊ฐ ํํ์ ์ ๋๋ฅ ์์กด ํก์ฐฉ ํน์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ํ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์์ 3์ข
์ 4๊ฐ ์๋ชจ๋ ์นํ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ํํ์ ๋ค์ ํฉ์ฑํ์๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ํด ๋๊ธ์์์ ์ํฅ์ ์ ๊ธฐํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
์ ๊ธฐํํ๋ถ์์์ ํฉ์ฑ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํํ์ ๋ค์ด ๋๋ฅ ์์กด ํก์ฐฉ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ํ๋ด์๋ค. 1๊ฐ์ ์๋ชจ๋ ์นํ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ํํ์ A1๋ ๊ฐ 2๊ฐ, 3๊ฐ์ ์๋ชจ๋ ์นํ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ํํ์ A2์ ํํ์ A3๋ณด๋ค ํ์ ํ ๋ฎ์ ํก์ฐฉ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. ํํ์ A2์ ํํ์ A3์ ํก์ฐฉ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์์ง๋ง ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก๋ฐ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ์คํ์์๋ ํํ์ A3์ด ๊ทผ์ํ๊ฒ ํฅ์๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ์์ ํํ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ-ํน์ฑ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ธ ํํ์ ์ ๋๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ์ฌ ์๋ชจ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ๋์ผํ๊ฒ ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํํ์ A๋ง์ด ์ด๋ฑ๊ฐ์ ์ฐฉ์ ๋ํ๋ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๋ชจ๋ ์นํ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฟ๋ง์ด ์๋๋ผ ํํ์ A3์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ํ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด์จ ํก์ฐฉ์ ๋์์ ์ค๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ชจ๋ ์นํ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ 3์ข
์ ํํ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํฉ์ฑํ์๊ณ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋๊ธ์์์ ํน์ฑ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.As 3D packaging technology for high-functionality electric devices has been developing, effective electric interconnecting methods are also expected. Through-silicon via (TSV) is the representative 3D integration technology connecting stacked dies through vias filled with conductive material to work as the interconnection of electric signal path. Therefore, defect-free via filling should be achieved for reliability of electronics, and copper electrodeposition has been used as filling process.
The use of organic additives is indispensable for Cu electrodeposition. Leveler is one of the organic additives which regulates rate of electrodeposition by its selective adsorption behavior on Cu surface. According to previous research, the convection dependent adsorption behavior of leveler is affected by its molecular structure, especially by the quaternary ammonium functional groups. In this thesis, structure-property relationship leveler for Cu electrodeposition was studied to develop levelers for optimized additive combination.
Three levelers having different number of quaternary ammonium groups (Lev-A1, Lev-A2, and Lev-A3) were synthesized, and their electrochemical properties on Cu electrodeposition were analyzed. Convection-dependent adsorption behavior of levelers was observed, and the property was enhanced by number of quaternary ammonium groups. In via filling test, Lev-A3 resulted in most effective filling with highest thickness ratio value and superconformal filling profile. In conclusion, three levelers having one, two, and three quaternary ammonium groups were successfully synthesized, and the influence of quaternary ammonium group on convection dependent adsorption was studied.1. Introduction 1
1.1. 3D interconnection technology 1
1.2. Cu electrodeposition 4
1.3. Organic additive system in Cu electrodeposition 8
1.4. Structure-property relationship of leveler 12
2. General procedure for electrochemical analyses 15
2.1. Electrochemical analyses of synthesized levelers 15
2.2. Via-filling test by Cu electrodeposition 17
3. Results and Discussion 18
3.1 Synthesis of Lev-A1, Lev-A2, and Lev-A3 18
3.1.1 Synthesis of Lev-A1 18
3.1.2 Synthesis of Lev-A2 19
3.1.3 Synthesis of Lev-A3 20
3.2 Electrochemical analyses 22
3.3. Via filling test 28
4. Conclusion 32
5. Experiemental 34
5.1. General procedure 34
5.2. General synthetic methods 35
5.2.1.Allylation 35
5.2.2 Epoxidation 37
5.2.3 Amination 40
5.2.4 Allylation 42
REFERENCES 45
APPENDICES 49
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 73์
๋ง์ฑ์ค์ฌ์ฅ์ก๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง๋ง๋ณ์ฆ์์ ๊ด์ญํ์น๋ฃ์ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ฐ๋ด ๋ผ๋๋น์ฃผ๋ง ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ ํ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ๊ณผํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ ๋ณํ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋์ ๋น๊ต
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ํ๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ํ์ฅ์.๋ชฉ์ : ๋ง์ฑ์ค์ฌ์ฅ์ก๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง๋ง๋ณ์ฆ์์ ์ ๋ฐ์๋์ง ๊ด์ญํ์น๋ฃ์ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ฐ๋ด ๋ผ๋๋น์ฃผ๋ง ์ฃผ์
์ ์น๋ฃ ํ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ๊ณผํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋น๊ตํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
๋์๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ: ๋ง์ฑ์ค์ฌ์ฅ์ก๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง๋ง๋ณ์ฆ์์ ์ ๋ฐ์๋์ง ๊ด์ญํ์น๋ฃ์ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ฐ๋ด ๋ผ๋๋น์ฃผ๋ง ์ฃผ์
์ ์ ๋ฌด์์๋์กฐ์ํ์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ์น๋ฃ 3๊ฐ์ ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ์ฌ, ํธ์ ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์ ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์๋ค. ์ฌํ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก, ์์ฉ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ๋ถ์ ์ํํธ์จ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ธ๋์ฌ์ด์๋๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํ๊ด์กฐ์์์ ์น๋ฃ ์ ํ ๋ณ๋ณ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ๊ณผํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํํ์ฌ ๋น๊ตํ์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์ ๋ฐ์๋์ง ๊ด์ญํ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๊ตฐ์ ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ๋ง๋งํ์ก์ด ์์ค๋์์ผ๋, ๋ผ๋๋น์ฃผ๋ง ์ฃผ์
์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ตฐ์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ง์ด ํธ์ ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
์์ฉ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ๋ถ์ ์ํํธ์จ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ด์ญํ์น๋ฃ ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ผ๋๋น์ฃผ๋ง ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํ์ฌ, ์น๋ฃ ํ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ๊ณผํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ปธ๋ค(p๏ผ0.001). ๊ด์ญํ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๊ตฐ์์ ์ผ์ฐจ์น๋ฃ์ ๊ตฌ์ ์น๋ฃ ๊ฐ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ๊ณผํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ ๋ณํ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์์๋ค(p=0.427). ๋ผ๋๋น์ฃผ๋ง ์ฃผ์
์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ตฐ ๋ด์์๋ ํธ์ ๋ 5์์ด ์น๋ฃ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์์๋ 8์์ ๋นํด ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ๊ณผํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค(p=0.005).
๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ธ๋์ฌ์ด์๋๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํ๊ด์กฐ์์์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ๊ณผํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํํ๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ, ๋ง์ฑ์ค์ฌ์ฅ์ก๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง๋ง๋ณ์ฆ์์ ์น๋ฃ ํจ๊ณผ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ๊ณผํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฐ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ด์ญํ์น๋ฃ๊ฐ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ฐ๋ด ๋ผ๋๋น์ฃผ๋ง ์ฃผ์
์ ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ๊ณผํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ์ ์ค์ด๋ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ง์ฑ์ค์ฌ์ฅ์ก๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง๋ง๋ณ์ฆ์์ ์น๋ฃ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ ์ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๋ค.I. ์๋ก 1
II. ๋์๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 1
1. ๋์ ํ์๊ตฐ 2
2. ์น๋ฃ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 2
3. ์น๋ฃ ํจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ๊ณผํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ์ ๋ณํ์ ํ๊ฐ 3
4. ํต๊ณ ๋ถ์ 4
III. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 4
IV. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7
V. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 10
Abstract 13Maste
Scoring System to Stratify Malignancy Risks for Mammographic Microcalcifications Based on Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System 5th Edition Descriptors
OBJECTIVE:
To develop a scoring system stratifying the malignancy risk of mammographic microcalcifications using the 5th edition of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS).
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
One hundred ninety-four lesions with microcalcifications for which surgical excision was performed were independently reviewed by two radiologists according to the 5th edition of BI-RADS. Each category's positive predictive value (PPV) was calculated and a scoring system was developed using multivariate logistic regression. The scores for benign and malignant lesions or BI-RADS categories were compared using an independent t test or by ANOVA. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was assessed to determine the discriminatory ability of the scoring system. Our scoring system was validated using an external dataset.
RESULTS:
After excision, 69 lesions were malignant (36%). The PPV of BI-RADS descriptors and categories for calcification showed significant differences. Using the developed scoring system, mean scores for benign and malignant lesions or BI-RADS categories were significantly different (p < 0.001). The AUROC of our scoring system was 0.874 (95% confidence interval, 0.840-0.909) and the PPV of each BI-RADS category determined by the scoring system was as follows: category 3 (0%), 4A (6.8%), 4B (19.0%), 4C (68.2%), and 5 (100%). The validation set showed an AUROC of 0.905 and PPVs of 0%, 8.3%, 11.9%, 68.3%, and 94.7% for categories 3, 4A, 4B, 4C, and 5, respectively.
CONCLUSION:
A scoring system based on BI-RADS morphology and distribution descriptors could be used to stratify the malignancy risk of mammographic microcalcifications.ope
A Study on the Impacts and Countermeasures of the Korean Shipping Industry Crisis in Ocean-Going Shipping Companies
๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ํด์ด์ฐ์
์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ค์ ์ฝ 14๋
์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ ์ฃผ์ ํด์ด์๊ธฐ ์ํฉ์ ์์ธ๊ณผ ์๊ธฐ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ํด์ด์ฐ์
์์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฌผ๋๋ ๊ฐ์์ ์ด์์ ํ๋ฝ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฌ๋ฌด๊ตฌ์กฐ์
ํ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ , ํด์ด์๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋์๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ์ค์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋์์ฌ๋ก์ ๋ถ์์ ํตํ์ฌ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ ํด์ด์๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋๋นํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์์ฝํ๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฒซ์งธ๋ก ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ํด์ด์๊ธฐ์ ์์ธ๊ณผ ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋์์ ์๊ธฐ๋ณ๋ก ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ํด์ด์
๊ณ๋ 1945๋
์ ํด๋ฐฉ๊ณผ 6.25์ ์ ์ดํ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ฅ๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ์ํํ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ์ง์ํด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 1973๋
์ 1์ฐจ ์์ ํ๋๊ณผ 1979๋
์ 2์ฐจ ์์ ํ๋์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ณ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์นจ์ฒด์ ๋น ์ ธ ๋ค๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ , ์ธ๊ณํด์ด์
๊ณ๋ ๊ทน์ฌํ ์ฅ๊ธฐํด์ด๋ถํฉ์ผ๋ก ๋์
ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ๋ง์ ํด์ด๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ์๋ ฅํ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ํ์ ์ง๋ฉดํ๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ , ํด์ด์ฐ์
์ ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋์ฐํ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ ๋ถ๋ 1983๋
ํด์ด์ฐ์
ํฉ๋ฆฌํ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋จํํ์ฌ ํด์ด์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๊ณ ํด์ด์
๊ณ๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ดํญ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌํ์ด๋ธ์ฑ์ ํตํ ์ฌ๋ฌด๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฑ์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ํด์ด์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
1990๋
๋ ๋ค์ด์ ํด์ด๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ์ ๋ ํ์ถฉ์ ํตํด ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํญ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ํด๋๊ฐ๋ ํํธ, ํ๊ตญ ์์ ๋์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ ๊ฐํ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ์ง ํด์ด์ ๋๋ฅผ ์๋ฐ๋ผ ๋์
ํ๋ฉด์ ํด์ด์ฐ์
์ ๊ณ ๋ ์ฑ์ฅ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ ์ด๋ค์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 1997๋
์ธํ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ก ํด์ด์ฐ์
์ ๋๋ค์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ํด์ด์๊ธฐ์ ์ง๋ฉดํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ์์์ ํญ๋ก ํฉ๋ฆฌํ์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์๋น์ค๊ฐํ ๋ฐ ์
๋ฌดํจ์จ์ฑ ์ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํตํ ์๊ธฐ ๊ทน๋ณต์ ์ํด ์๊ตฌ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ธ์๋ ํด์ด๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ์ ๋ถ์ IMF ์ง์ ๊ธ์ต ์ ์ฒญ๊ณผ ์ง์ ๊ธ์ต ์ ์ฒญ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์
๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ถ์ โ๋ถ์ฑ๋น์จ 200%โ ๋น์จ์ ๋ง์ถ๋ผ๋ ์๊ตฌ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋งค๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ณ ์ก์ง์ฑ
์ ๋จํํจ์ผ๋ก ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ์๋ค.
์ดํ 2004๋
์ธ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ํธํฉ์ ํ์
์ด ๊ฐํ๋ฅธ ์ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์ด์ค๋ ํด์ด์
๊ณ๋ 2008๋
9์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ํด์ด์
๊ณ๊ฐ ์ฐ์ ๋์ฐํ๋ ์ฌ์ ์ต๋์ ํด์ด์๊ธฐ์ ๋ด์ฐฉํ์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ ๋ถ๋ ใํด์ด์ฐ์
๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ๊ฐํ ๋ฐฉ์ใ์ ๋ฐํ์ ์ด์ด ใํด์ด์ฐ์
๋ํฅ ๋ฐ ๋์๋ฐฉ์ใ์ ์ ์ฑ
๋ฐํ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ํด์ด๊ธฐ์
์ ์ง์ํ์๊ณ , ํด์ด๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ์ ์๊ฐ์, ์ฅ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ , ์๋น์ค์ถ์ ๋ฐ ์ดํญ๋น ์ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์
๋ฌด ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ณ ๋ฑ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
๋์งธ๋ก ํด์ด์๊ธฐ์ ๋์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ํด์ด์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ํด์ด์ฐ์
๊ฐ ๋ถ์ผ์ ํด์ด๊ธฐ์
์ด ๋๋นํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ํด์ด๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ธก๋ ฅ ์ ๊ณ ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ข
ํฉ ์ธก์ ์งํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ํด์ด๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ธก๋ ฅ ์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก๋ ์ด์ ๊น์ง์ ์ธ๊ณGDP ์ฑ์ฅ๋ฅ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๋ง์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ ํ๊ท๋ถ์๋ชจํ์ด๋ ์ด์์ง์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์๊ณ์ด ๋ถ์๋ชจํ์ด ์๋ ์์คํ
๋ค์ด๋ด๋ฏน์ค ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ํ์๊ณ , ํด์ด๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์์ธก ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์์ฑ์ด ํ์์ฑ๋ ์ ์ธํ์๋ค. ํด์ด์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์์ ๋์ ๋์ฒ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก๋ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ณด ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ง๋ จ๊ณผ ํด์ด๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ณ ๊ตฌ์ถ์ ํ์์ฑ๊ณผ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ํ
์คํธ ๋ฑ์ ํตํ ์๊ธฐ๋์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ ํฅ์์ ํ์์ฑ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ํด์ด์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์์ ์ ๋ฌด์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ด ์ ๋ถ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ ์ผ๊ด์ ์ธ ํด์ด์ ์ฑ
์ ์๋ฆฝ์ ํ์์ฑ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค.Shipping cycle formed during the development process of Korea shipping industry can be classified into 3 periods. That cycle interval is about 14 years.
This paper was investigated the causes and effects of the shipping crisis caused by the deteriorating of financial structure on the decrease of freight and traffic volume.
In addition, this studies is to prepare a shipping crisis through the analysis of shipping companies' and the government's response. This paper summarizes are as follows.
First, it is examined by the cause of shipping crisis and the response of shipping companies and the government throughout each period.
The cause of the shipping recession in 1980s is the 1st oil crisis of 1973 and 2st oil shock of 1979.
The cause of the shipping crisis in 1990s is the currency crisis of 1997.
The cause of the shipping crisis in 2000s is the Global Financial crisis in September 2008.
Korea government was supported of the shipping companies by "Shipping Industry Rationalization", "Restructuring and Strengthening the Competitiveness of Shipping Industries'. Shipping companies reduced the operating cost by route rationalization and co-operation between national shipping companies.
Second this studies were proposed to countermeasures of the korean shipping crisis.
It were proposed to the enhancing of forecasting of shipping cycle and the development of crisis measures before the shipping crisis. And It were proposed to the reasonable reserving of merchant ship and the shipping company's risk management system after the shipping crisis. In addition It were proposed to the government's long-term and consistent shipping policy.์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
1.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ์์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ 1
1.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ์ 3
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6
2.1 ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ ํํ 6
2.2 ํด์ด๊ธฐ์
์ ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ 8
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ํด์ด์๊ธฐ ์ํฉ 13
3.1 1980๋
๋ ํด์ด๋ถํฉ 13
3.1.1 1980๋
๋ ํด์ด์ํฉ 13
3.1.2 1980๋
๋ ํด์ด๋ถํฉ์ ์ํฅ 14
3.1.3 1980๋
๋ ํด์ด๋ถํฉ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋์ 20
3.1.4 1980๋
๋ ํด์ด๋ถํฉ์ ๋ํ H์ ์ฌ์ ๋์ ์ฌ๋ก 26
3.2 1990๋
๋ ์ธํ์๊ธฐ 28
3.2.1 1990๋
๋ ํด์ด์ํฉ 28
3.2.2 1990๋
๋ ์ธํ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ 29
3.2.3 1990๋
๋ ์ธํ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋์ 37
3.2.4 1990๋
๋ ์ธํ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ H์ ์ฌ์ ๋์ ์ฌ๋ก 38
3.3 2000๋
๋ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ 43
3.3.1 2000๋
๋ ํด์ด์ํฉ 43
3.3.2 2000๋
๋ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ 45
3.3.3 2000๋
๋ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋์ 49
3.3.4 2000๋
๋ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ H์ ์ฌ์ ๋์ ์ฌ๋ก 52
3.4 ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ํด์ด์๊ธฐ์ ์์ธ๊ณผ ๋์ 55
์ 4 ์ฅ ํด์ด์๊ธฐ์ ๋์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์ 57
4.1 ํด์ด์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋๋น ๋ฐฉ์ 57
4.2 ํด์ด์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ ํ ๋์ฒ ๋ฐฉ์ 62
4.3 ์ ๋ถ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ ์ผ๊ด์ ์ธ ํด์ด์ ์ฑ
์๋ฆฝ 66
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 68
5.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ฝ 68
5.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ฐ ํฅํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํฅ 70
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 7
Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ฮณ-aminobutyric acid๋ฅผ ํจ์ ํ ๋ฐํจ ์ฒ๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฐ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ํ์์ํ๊ณผ, 2013. 8. ์ง๊ทผ์ต.์ฒ๋ง๋ ์์์์ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ์ฒ์ฐ์ฝ์ด๋ก์จ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์คํธ๋ก๋, ํ์ด๋๋ก์๋ฒค์ง์์ฝ, ๋ฐ๋๋ฆฐ ๋ฑ์ ํ๋ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ํจ์ ํ์ฌ, ๋ฐ์, ๋ํต, ๊ฐ์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ ์งํ์ ์๋ฐฉ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ํ์์กฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๋ฐ ์๋ค. ํ๋ ํํฉ๋ฌผ ์ค ํ์ด๋๋ก์๋ฒค์ง์์ฝ์ ๋ํ๊ด ์์์ ์ฝํ์์ผฐ๊ณ , ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ณดํธ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ์์๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ง-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ๋ถํฐ๋ฅด์ฐ (GABA)์ ์ค์ถ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ต์ ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฌ ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก์จ, ๋ค์ํ ์๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ ํญ ๊ณ ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. GABA์ ์๋ฆฌํ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด, ๊ธ๋ฃจํ์ฐ์ ์์ค๋ก ํ์ฌ GABA๋ฅผ ์ํฉ์ฑ ํ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ฐ๊ท ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ์งํ๋์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ GABA ํจ์ ๋ฐํจ ์ํ๋ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค.
Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100 (L. brevis GABA 100)์ GABA๋ฅผ ์ํฉ์ฑ ํ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ฐ๊ท ์ด๋ค. ์ฒ๋ง๋ฅผ L. brevis GABA 100์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํจ์ํด์ผ๋ก์จ, ํ์์กฐ์ ๋ฐ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ณดํธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฅ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธฐ๋ํ์๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ท ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋์ ์์ค์ GABA๋ฅผ ํจ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐํจ ์ฒ๋ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋๋ฐ ์์๋ค.
๋ฐํจํ๋ ๋์ GABA ์์ฐ์ ์ํ ์ต์ ๋ฐฐ์ง ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค: ์ด๊ธฐ pH 6.5, ๊ธ๋ฃจํ์ฐ๋ํธ๋ฅจ 3%, ์ฒ๋ง ๊ณ ํ๋ถ 10%, ํจ๋ชจ์ถ์ถ๋ฌผ 0.5%. GABA์ ์์ฐ์ L. brevis GABA 100์ Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4์ ๊ณต๋ ๋ฐฐ์ํ์ ๋ ํฅ์๋์๋ค. 50 L ๋ฐํจ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฒ๋ง๋ฅผ scale-up ๋ฐํจ ํ, ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ์์ ๋ฌผ์ง (์ ๋ฆฌ๋น, ์ ๊ธฐ์ฐ, ์ ๋ฆฌ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ฐ)๊ณผ ํ๋ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ HPLC ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋์ ์์ค์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฐ๊ณผ GABA๊ฐ ์์ฑ๋์์์ ํ์ธ ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ฒ๋ง์ ์ฃผ์ ํด๋ฆฌํ๋ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ธ ๊ฐ์คํธ๋ก๋์ ๊ทธ ์๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ ํํ์ธ ํ์ด๋๋ก์๋ฒค์ง์์ฝ๋ก ์์ ํ ์ ํ๋์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก, GABA๋ฅผ ํจ์ ํ ๋ฐํจ ์ฒ๋ง๊ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ต์ ํ์ ์ํด์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฐ๋์๊ณ , ์ด๋ ํ์ ์กฐ์ ๋ฐ ์ ๊ฒฝ์งํ์๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉ ๋ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE) is a traditional herbal medicine used for the prevention of cerebrovascular disease and regulation of blood pressure. The ฮณ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to be beneficial for preventing neurological disorders and hypertension. The objective of this study was the development of fermented GE products containing high levels of GABA. Optimal medium conditions for the production of GABA during fermentation were as follows: initial pH 6.5, 3% L-monosodium glutamate, 10% GE powder, and 0.5% yeast extract. The production of GABA was further enhanced by the co-culture of Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100 (L. brevis GABA 100) with Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 (B. bifidum BGN4). Several nutritional materials and phenol compounds of the fermented GE were analyzed by HPLC. During fermentation, high amounts of organic acids and GABA were produced while the gastrodin (GAS), the main polyphenol compound of GE, was completely converted to 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA). The fermented GE product with GABA was successfully produced by optimizing the fermentation conditions. These findings suggest an opportunity to develop functional GE products with GABA.Abstract โ
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Contents โ
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List of Figures โ
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List of Tables โ
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List of Abbreviations โ
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INTRODUCTION 1
MATERIALS AND METHODS 4
2.1. Bacterial strains and viable cell counts 4
2.2. Reagents and sample 5
2.3. Scale-up fermentation for the production of GABA 6
2.4. Qualitative analysis of GABA and L-monosodium glutamate by thin layer chromatography (TLC) 7
2.5. Determination of valuable nutrients and phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 8
RESULTSAND DISCUSSION 11
3.1. Bacterial cell growth and GABA production during GE fermentation 11
3.2. Effect of co-culture of L. brevis GABA 100 with B. bifidum BGN4 on the production of GABA 14
3.3. Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of GABA 19
3.4. Scale-up production of the fermented GE 22
3.5. The assessment of glutamate and GABA in the scale-up fermentation of GE 26
3.6. The assessment of gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in the scale-up fermentation of GE 29
CONCLUSION 31
REFERENCES 32
KOREAN ABSTRACT 39Maste
Troponin-Positive Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries and Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries: Definition, Etiologies, and Role of CT and MR Imaging
In approximately 10% of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), angiography does not reveal an obstructive coronary stenosis. This is known as myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA), which has complex and multifactorial causes. However, this term can be confusing and open to dual interpretation, because MINOCA is also used to describe patients with acute myocardial injury caused by ischemia-related myocardial necrosis. Therefore, with regards to this specific context of MINOCA, the generic term for MINOCA should be replaced with troponin-positive with non-obstructive coronary arteries (TpNOCA). The causes of TpNOCA can be subcategorized into epicardial coronary (causes of MINOCA), myocardial, and extracardiac disorders. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can confirm MI and differentiate various myocardial causes, while cardiac computed tomography is useful to diagnose the extracardiac causes.ope
A convolutional deep learning model for improving mammographic breast-microcalcification diagnosis
This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) in classifying breast microcalcification in screening mammograms. To this end, 1579 mammographic images were collected retrospectively from patients exhibiting suspicious microcalcification in screening mammograms between July 2007 and December 2019. Five pre-trained DCNN models and an ensemble model were used to classify the microcalcifications as either malignant or benign. Approximately one million images from the ImageNet database had been used to train the five DCNN models. Herein, 1121 mammographic images were used for individual model fine-tuning, 198 for validation, and 260 for testing. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) was used to confirm the validity of the DCNN models in highlighting the microcalcification regions most critical for determining the final class. The ensemble model yielded the best AUC (0.856). The DenseNet-201 model achieved the best sensitivity (82.47%) and negative predictive value (NPV; 86.92%). The ResNet-101 model yielded the best accuracy (81.54%), specificity (91.41%), and positive predictive value (PPV; 81.82%). The high PPV and specificity achieved by the ResNet-101 model, in particular, demonstrated the model effectiveness in microcalcification diagnosis, which, in turn, may considerably help reduce unnecessary biopsies.ope
Factors Influencing the Background Parenchymal Enhancement in Follow-Up Breast MRI after Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy
Purpose : To investigate factors influencing the evaluation of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) at follow-up breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after adjuvant endocrine therapy.
Materials and Methods: One hundred twelve women with breast cancer and MRI of the contralateral unaffected breast before and after endocrine therapy were identified. Two readers in consensus performed blinded side-by-side comparison of BPE (minimal, mild, moderate, and marked) before and after therapy with categorical scales. Age, body mass index, menopausal status, treatment regimen (selective estrogen receptor modulator or aromatase inhibitor), chemotherapy, follow-up duration, BPE at baseline MRI, MRI field strength before and after therapy, and recurrence were analyzed for their influences on decreased BPE.
Results : Younger age, premenopausal status, treatment with selective estrogen receptor modulator, MRI field strength, and moderate or marked baseline BPE were significantly associated with decreased BPE. In multivariate analysis, MRI field strength and baseline BPE showed a significant association.
Conclusion: MRI field strength and baseline BPE before and after therapy were associated with decreased BPE at post-therapy, follow-up MRI.ope
Comparison of hormonal receptor and HER2 status between ultrasound-guided 14-gauge core needle biopsy and surgery in breast cancer patients
PURPOSE:
To evaluate the concordance of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) statuses between ultrasound (US)-guided 14-gauge core needle biopsy (CNB) and surgery and to analyze whether the clinicopathological and imaging features including those from mammography and ultrasonography can predict the concordance in breast cancer patients.
METHODS:
The concordance of receptor status between CNB and surgery was assessed for 55 breast cancers in 55 women who underwent CNB before treatment. The clinicopathological and imaging features and the concordance rates were compared between the non-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (non-NAC) group and the NAC group according to the initial treatment. The concordance rates were analyzed according to the clinicopathological and imaging features, by using the chi-square or Fisher exact test and McNemar test for the categorical and the independent t-test for continuous variables.
RESULTS:
Among 55 women, 22 women (40%) were part of the non-NAC group and 33 women (60%) were part of the NAC group. The concordance rates were 0.86-1.00 in the non-NAC group and 0.76-0.88 in the NAC group. In all three receptors, the difference in the concordance rate between the two groups was not significant. In the NAC group, the absence of axillary lymph node metastasis (1.00, P=0.02) and visibility of cancer on mammography (0.93, P=0.04) showed the higher concordance of the HER2 status.
CONCLUSION:
Concordance of the receptor status between surgery and US-guided 14-gauge CNB was feasible in breast cancer patients. The absence of axillary lymph node metastasis after NAC and the visibility of cancer on mammography prior to NAC may be helpful for predicting the concordance of HER2 in breast cancer patients.ope
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