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    ํ•œ๊ตญ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ODA ์‚ฌ์—… ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ,๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ง€๋จผํŠธ์ „๊ณต, 2023. 8. ์ด์šฉํ˜ธ.This study focuses on analyzing the current status and challenges of Korea Sport Official Development Assistance(ODA) programs for people with disabilities and provides recommendations for improvement. The primary objective is to suggest the policy formulation and decision-making process related to sport ODA, promoting disability-inclusive sport development through ODA programs and strengthening support for people with disabilities in developing countries. To achieve this objective, semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 10 participants from three key groups: the donor country (Korea), ODA program participants, and the recipient countries. By analyzing stakeholders' perspectives and experiences, this study sought to gain insights into the current status, goals, benefits, importance, and development strategies of sport ODA programs. The findings of this study reveal the following key points. Firstly, Sport ODA for people with disabilities is perceived to have positive impacts on both personal and social aspects, leading to lifestyle changes in developing countries. Participation in sport enhances the mental, physical, and psychological development of individuals with disabilities, while engagement in sport-related social activities demonstrates improvements in human resource skills and knowledge. Overall, sport plays a significant role in positively influencing the health, social integration, and education of people with disabilities in developing countries, highlighting the importance of strengthening support for individuals with disabilities. However, it was observed that the lack of clear policies, accountability, transparency, human resources, and communication posed challenges to sustaining and developing the sport ODA program for people with disabilities. To address these challenges and improve the programs, this study emphasizes the importance of ongoing collaboration and strengthened partnerships between donor countries and recipient countries' stakeholders, and suggests strategies such as establishing effective monitoring and evaluation systems, promoting disability-inclusive approaches, increasing awareness and education, and international collaboration and knowledge sharing on sport ODA. The implementation of these strategies is expected to contribute to the development and effectiveness of Korea sport ODA programs for people with disabilities.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ณต์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์› ์กฐ(ODA) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋„์ „๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ ์• ์ธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ODA ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ODA ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ ์ •์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ œ์–ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์žฅ์•  ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋ฐœ ์ „์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋„๊ตญ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉ์  ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์—ฌ๊ตญ(ํ•œ๊ตญ) ์žฅ์• ์ธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ODA ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž, ์žฅ์• ์ธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ODA ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž, ์ˆ˜์›๊ตญ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ODA ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ด 10๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žฅ์• ์ธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ODA ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ํ˜œํƒ, ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ODA๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋„๊ตญ ์žฅ์• ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ถ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธ ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ˆ˜์ค€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Œ์„ ํ™• ์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์ , ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ์ธ์  ์ž์›์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ์ง€์› ๊ฐ•ํ™”์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ, ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ, ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ, ์ธ์  ์ž์› ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ODA ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต์—ฌ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์›๊ตญ ์ดํ•ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ˜‘์—… ๋ฐ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•, ์žฅ์•  ํฌ์šฉ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ด‰์ง„, ์ธ์‹ ๊ฐœ ์„  ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก ๊ฐ•ํ™”, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ODA์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ง€์‹ ๊ณต์œ  ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ „ ๋žต์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๋žต์˜ ์‹คํ–‰์€ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์Šคํฌ ์ธ  ๊ณต์  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์กฐ(ODA) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์ฆ์ง„์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.Abstract i Acknowledgment iv Table of Contents vi List of Tables ix List of Abbreviations x Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Problem Statement 3 1.3 Research Purpose 5 1.4 Significance of the Study 6 1.5 Research Questions 7 Chapter 2. Literature review 9 2.1 Official Development Assistance (ODA) 9 2.1.1 ODA Concept 9 2.1.2 Korea ODA 13 2.1.3 Sport ODA 17 2.1.4 History and the Current Status of Korea Sport ODA 19 2.1.5 Sport ODA for people with disabilities 20 2.1.6 Korea sport ODA programs 23 2.2 Sport for People with Disabilities 28 2.2.1 Sport for People with Disability 28 2.2.2 Human right for People with Disabilities 32 2.2.3 Sport participation for people with disabilities 33 2.2.4 Sport Initiation for People with Disabilities 34 2.2.5 Motivation to sustainable involvement for people with Disabilities 36 2.2.6 Constraints participation for people with disabilities 37 2.2.7 Sport participation opportunities for people with disabilities 39 2.3 Disability-Inclusive Development Cooperation 40 2.3.1 The concept of disability inclusive and disability-inclusive development strategy 40 2.4 Sport ODA of Advanced Country 45 2.4.1 Australian Agency for International Develioment (AusAID) 45 Chapter 3. Research Method 48 3.1 Research Design 49 3.2 Data Collection 50 3.2.1 Participants 52 3.2.2 In-depth Interviews 55 3.3 Data Analysis 56 3.4 Trustworthiness 58 Chapter 4. Findings 61 4.1 Overview 61 4.2 Emerging themes 62 4.3 Research Findings 63 4.3.1. Life Changing 63 4.3.2 Challenges 69 4.3.3 Internal and external Cooperation 76 Chapter 5. Discussion and Conclusion 84 5.1. Discussion 84 5.2. Limitations & Suggestions 87 5.3. Conclusion 88 References 91 Appendix 1 101 ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ ๋ก 105์„

    ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์˜ 4๊ฐ€ ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ์น˜ํ™˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด๋„๊ธˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2022. 8. ๊น€์˜๊ทœ.๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ 3D ํŒจํ‚ค์ง• ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์†Œ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์—ญ์‹œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ 3D ํŒจํ‚ค์ง• ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ธ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ด€ํ†ต ์ „๊ทน (TSV)์€ ์ ์ธต๋œ ๋‹ค์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์•„ ํ™€(via hole)์„ ๋„์ „์„ฑ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. TSV ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐํ•จ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์•„ ํ•„๋ง์ด ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ•จ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋„๊ธˆ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์•„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํก์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„๊ธˆ์˜ ํ™˜์› ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ์˜์กด ํก์ฐฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐ”์ด์•„์˜ ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ํ™˜์›์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”์ด์•„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™˜์›์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ์—์„œ ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” 3๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฏผ ๋˜๋Š” 4๊ฐ€ ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ์น˜ํ™˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์น˜ํ™˜์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ์˜์กด ํก์ฐฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์˜ 3์ข…์˜ 4๊ฐ€ ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ์น˜ํ™˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ์˜์กด ํก์ฐฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ์น˜ํ™˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ A1๋Š” ๊ฐ 2๊ฐœ, 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ์น˜ํ™˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ A2์™€ ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ A3๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํก์ฐฉ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ A2์™€ ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ A3์˜ ํก์ฐฉ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด์•„ ์ฑ„์›€ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ A3์ด ๊ทผ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€ ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ-ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ‰ํƒ„์ œA๋งŒ์ด ์ดˆ๋“ฑ๊ฐ์ „์ฐฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ์น˜ํ™˜์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ A3์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด์˜จ ํก์ฐฉ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ์น˜ํ™˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” 3์ข…์˜ ํ‰ํƒ„์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋„๊ธˆ์—์„œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.As 3D packaging technology for high-functionality electric devices has been developing, effective electric interconnecting methods are also expected. Through-silicon via (TSV) is the representative 3D integration technology connecting stacked dies through vias filled with conductive material to work as the interconnection of electric signal path. Therefore, defect-free via filling should be achieved for reliability of electronics, and copper electrodeposition has been used as filling process. The use of organic additives is indispensable for Cu electrodeposition. Leveler is one of the organic additives which regulates rate of electrodeposition by its selective adsorption behavior on Cu surface. According to previous research, the convection dependent adsorption behavior of leveler is affected by its molecular structure, especially by the quaternary ammonium functional groups. In this thesis, structure-property relationship leveler for Cu electrodeposition was studied to develop levelers for optimized additive combination. Three levelers having different number of quaternary ammonium groups (Lev-A1, Lev-A2, and Lev-A3) were synthesized, and their electrochemical properties on Cu electrodeposition were analyzed. Convection-dependent adsorption behavior of levelers was observed, and the property was enhanced by number of quaternary ammonium groups. In via filling test, Lev-A3 resulted in most effective filling with highest thickness ratio value and superconformal filling profile. In conclusion, three levelers having one, two, and three quaternary ammonium groups were successfully synthesized, and the influence of quaternary ammonium group on convection dependent adsorption was studied.1. Introduction 1 1.1. 3D interconnection technology 1 1.2. Cu electrodeposition 4 1.3. Organic additive system in Cu electrodeposition 8 1.4. Structure-property relationship of leveler 12 2. General procedure for electrochemical analyses 15 2.1. Electrochemical analyses of synthesized levelers 15 2.2. Via-filling test by Cu electrodeposition 17 3. Results and Discussion 18 3.1 Synthesis of Lev-A1, Lev-A2, and Lev-A3 18 3.1.1 Synthesis of Lev-A1 18 3.1.2 Synthesis of Lev-A2 19 3.1.3 Synthesis of Lev-A3 20 3.2 Electrochemical analyses 22 3.3. Via filling test 28 4. Conclusion 32 5. Experiemental 34 5.1. General procedure 34 5.2. General synthetic methods 35 5.2.1.Allylation 35 5.2.2 Epoxidation 37 5.2.3 Amination 40 5.2.4 Allylation 42 REFERENCES 45 APPENDICES 49 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 73์„

    ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์žฅ์•ก๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง๋ง‰๋ณ‘์ฆ์—์„œ ๊ด‘์—ญํ•™์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ฐ•๋‚ด ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋น„์ฃผ๋ง™ ์ฃผ์ž…์ˆ  ์ „ํ›„์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ๊ณผํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๋น„๊ต

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ํ—ˆ์žฅ์›.๋ชฉ์ : ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์žฅ์•ก๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง๋ง‰๋ณ‘์ฆ์—์„œ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด‘์—ญํ•™์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ฐ•๋‚ด ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋น„์ฃผ๋ง™ ์ฃผ์ž…์ˆ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ๊ณผํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์žฅ์•ก๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง๋ง‰๋ณ‘์ฆ์—์„œ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด‘์—ญํ•™์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ฐ•๋‚ด ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋น„์ฃผ๋ง™ ์ฃผ์ž…์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋Œ€์กฐ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒ 3๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์— ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ˜ธ์ „์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์ œ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ›„ ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ, ์ƒ์šฉ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋„์‚ฌ์ด์•„๋‹Œ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ๊ณผํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด‘์—ญํ•™์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ง‰ํ•˜์•ก์ด ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋น„์ฃผ๋ง™ ์ฃผ์ž…์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ตฐ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ์ด ํ˜ธ์ „์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์šฉ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ด‘์—ญํ•™์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋น„์ฃผ๋ง™ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„์— ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ๊ณผํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ปธ๋‹ค(p๏ผœ0.001). ๊ด‘์—ญํ•™์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ผ์ฐจ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ตฌ์ œ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ๊ณผํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค(p=0.427). ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋น„์ฃผ๋ง™ ์ฃผ์ž…์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ตฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ „๋œ 5์•ˆ์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ 8์•ˆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ๊ณผํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(p=0.005). ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ธ๋„์‚ฌ์ด์•„๋‹Œ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์—์„œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ๊ณผํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์žฅ์•ก๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง๋ง‰๋ณ‘์ฆ์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ๊ณผํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ด‘์—ญํ•™์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ฐ•๋‚ด ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋น„์ฃผ๋ง™ ์ฃผ์ž…์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ๊ณผํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์žฅ์•ก๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง๋ง‰๋ณ‘์ฆ์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 II. ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ 2 2. ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2 3. ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ๊ณผํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 3 4. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 4 III. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 4 IV. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7 V. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 10 Abstract 13Maste

    Scoring System to Stratify Malignancy Risks for Mammographic Microcalcifications Based on Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System 5th Edition Descriptors

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    OBJECTIVE: To develop a scoring system stratifying the malignancy risk of mammographic microcalcifications using the 5th edition of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred ninety-four lesions with microcalcifications for which surgical excision was performed were independently reviewed by two radiologists according to the 5th edition of BI-RADS. Each category's positive predictive value (PPV) was calculated and a scoring system was developed using multivariate logistic regression. The scores for benign and malignant lesions or BI-RADS categories were compared using an independent t test or by ANOVA. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was assessed to determine the discriminatory ability of the scoring system. Our scoring system was validated using an external dataset. RESULTS: After excision, 69 lesions were malignant (36%). The PPV of BI-RADS descriptors and categories for calcification showed significant differences. Using the developed scoring system, mean scores for benign and malignant lesions or BI-RADS categories were significantly different (p < 0.001). The AUROC of our scoring system was 0.874 (95% confidence interval, 0.840-0.909) and the PPV of each BI-RADS category determined by the scoring system was as follows: category 3 (0%), 4A (6.8%), 4B (19.0%), 4C (68.2%), and 5 (100%). The validation set showed an AUROC of 0.905 and PPVs of 0%, 8.3%, 11.9%, 68.3%, and 94.7% for categories 3, 4A, 4B, 4C, and 5, respectively. CONCLUSION: A scoring system based on BI-RADS morphology and distribution descriptors could be used to stratify the malignancy risk of mammographic microcalcifications.ope

    A Study on the Impacts and Countermeasures of the Korean Shipping Industry Crisis in Ocean-Going Shipping Companies

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    ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ•ด์šด์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘์— ์•ฝ 14๋…„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ•ด์šด์‚ฐ์—…์—์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฌผ๋™๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์šด์ž„์˜ ํ•˜๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ตฌ์กฐ์•…ํ™”์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ•ด์šด์—…๊ณ„๋Š” 1945๋…„์˜ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ณผ 6.25์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ˆœํƒ„ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ง€์†ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1973๋…„ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„์œ ํŒŒ๋™๊ณผ 1979๋…„์˜ 2์ฐจ ์„์œ ํŒŒ๋™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์นจ์ฒด์— ๋น ์ ธ ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ•ด์šด์—…๊ณ„๋„ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐํ•ด์šด๋ถˆํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ด์šด๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ์ž๋ ฅํšŒ์ƒ ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์ƒํƒœ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ•ด์šด์‚ฐ์—… ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋„์‚ฐํ•  ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 1983๋…„ ํ•ด์šด์‚ฐ์—…ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™” ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ•ด์šด์—…๊ณ„๋„ ๊ตญ์ ์„ ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๋™์šดํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌํŒŒ์ด๋‚ธ์‹ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ํ•ด์šด๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ์„ ๋Œ€ ํ™•์ถฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๊ธฐ์„  ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ ์ง„ ํ•ด์šด์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ด์šด์‚ฐ์—…์€ ๊ณ ๋„ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1997๋…„ ์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์šด์‚ฐ์—…์€ ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํ•ญ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”์™€ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ•ํ™” ๋ฐ ์—…๋ฌดํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ„๊ธฐ ๊ทน๋ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๊ตฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€๋˜ ํ•ด์šด๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ IMF ์ง€์› ๊ธˆ์œต ์‹ ์ฒญ๊ณผ ์ง€์› ๊ธˆ์œต ์‹ ์ฒญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ • ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ โ€œ๋ถ€์ฑ„๋น„์œจ 200%โ€ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋ผ๋Š” ์š”๊ตฌ์— ์„ ๋ฐ•๋งค๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ ์œก์ง€์ฑ…์„ ๋‹จํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 2004๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ˜ธํ™ฉ์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด์˜ค๋˜ ํ•ด์šด์—…๊ณ„๋Š” 2008๋…„ 9์›” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์šด์—…๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ด‰์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ใ€Œํ•ด์šด์‚ฐ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ™” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆใ€์˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์— ์ด์–ด ใ€Œํ•ด์šด์‚ฐ์—… ๋™ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆใ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์šด๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ•ด์šด๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ์„ ์†๊ฐ์†Œ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์„ , ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ถ•์†Œ ๋ฐ ์šดํ•ญ๋น„ ์ ˆ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์—…๋ฌด ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์˜ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ•ด์šด์‚ฐ์—… ๊ฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ํ•ด์šด๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์šด๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ์ œ๊ณ ์™€ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ์ธก์ • ์ง€ํ‘œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์šด๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ ์ œ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„GDP ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ „๋ง์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ ์šด์ž„์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚ด๋ฏน์Šค ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ•ด์šด๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์–‘์„ฑ์ด ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๋„ ์ œ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์„ ๋ฐ•ํ™•๋ณด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ จ๊ณผ ํ•ด์šด๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‘ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํ•ด์šด์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Shipping cycle formed during the development process of Korea shipping industry can be classified into 3 periods. That cycle interval is about 14 years. This paper was investigated the causes and effects of the shipping crisis caused by the deteriorating of financial structure on the decrease of freight and traffic volume. In addition, this studies is to prepare a shipping crisis through the analysis of shipping companies' and the government's response. This paper summarizes are as follows. First, it is examined by the cause of shipping crisis and the response of shipping companies and the government throughout each period. The cause of the shipping recession in 1980s is the 1st oil crisis of 1973 and 2st oil shock of 1979. The cause of the shipping crisis in 1990s is the currency crisis of 1997. The cause of the shipping crisis in 2000s is the Global Financial crisis in September 2008. Korea government was supported of the shipping companies by "Shipping Industry Rationalization", "Restructuring and Strengthening the Competitiveness of Shipping Industries'. Shipping companies reduced the operating cost by route rationalization and co-operation between national shipping companies. Second this studies were proposed to countermeasures of the korean shipping crisis. It were proposed to the enhancing of forecasting of shipping cycle and the development of crisis measures before the shipping crisis. And It were proposed to the reasonable reserving of merchant ship and the shipping company's risk management system after the shipping crisis. In addition It were proposed to the government's long-term and consistent shipping policy.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 2.1 ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ 6 2.2 ํ•ด์šด๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 8 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ 13 3.1 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•ด์šด๋ถˆํ™ฉ 13 3.1.1 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•ด์šด์‹œํ™ฉ 13 3.1.2 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•ด์šด๋ถˆํ™ฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 14 3.1.3 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•ด์šด๋ถˆํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ 20 3.1.4 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•ด์šด๋ถˆํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ H์„ ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 26 3.2 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐ 28 3.2.1 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•ด์šด์‹œํ™ฉ 28 3.2.2 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ 29 3.2.3 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ 37 3.2.4 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ H์„ ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 38 3.3 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ 43 3.3.1 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•ด์šด์‹œํ™ฉ 43 3.3.2 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ 45 3.3.3 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ 49 3.3.4 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ H์„ ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 52 3.4 ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์‘ 55 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 57 4.1 ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ „ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 57 4.2 ํ•ด์šด์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 62 4.3 ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํ•ด์šด์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ 66 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  68 5.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 68 5.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 70 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 7

    Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ฮณ-aminobutyric acid๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐœํšจ ์ฒœ๋งˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์–‘ํ•™๊ณผ, 2013. 8. ์ง€๊ทผ์–ต.์ฒœ๋งˆ๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ฒœ์—ฐ์•ฝ์ดˆ๋กœ์จ ์‹ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋”˜, ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์งˆ์•Œ์ฝœ, ๋ฐ”๋‹๋ฆฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํŽ˜๋†€ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฐœ์ž‘, ๋‘ํ†ต, ๊ฐ„์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์งˆํ™˜์— ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ˜ˆ์••์กฐ์ ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋†€ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์งˆ์•Œ์ฝœ์€ ๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์†์ƒ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋งˆ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ถ€ํ‹ฐ๋ฅด์‚ฐ (GABA)์€ ์ค‘์ถ”์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ์–ต์ œ์  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์จ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ™œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ญ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์•• ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GABA์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์†Œ์Šค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ GABA๋ฅผ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ GABA ํ•จ์œ  ๋ฐœํšจ ์‹ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100 (L. brevis GABA 100)์€ GABA๋ฅผ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒœ๋งˆ๋ฅผ L. brevis GABA 100์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํšจ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํ˜ˆ์••์กฐ์ ˆ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ GABA๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœํšจ ์ฒœ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํšจํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ GABA ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์  ๋ฐฐ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค: ์ดˆ๊ธฐ pH 6.5, ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ 3%, ์ฒœ๋งˆ ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ถ„ 10%, ํšจ๋ชจ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ 0.5%. GABA์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ L. brevis GABA 100์„ Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4์™€ ๊ณต๋™ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 50 L ๋ฐœํšจ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒœ๋งˆ๋ฅผ scale-up ๋ฐœํšจ ํ›„, ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜์–‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ (์œ ๋ฆฌ๋‹น, ์œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฐ, ์œ ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ)๊ณผ ํŽ˜๋†€ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ HPLC ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฐ๊ณผ GABA๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฒœ๋งˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํด๋ฆฌํŽ˜๋†€ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋”˜์€ ๊ทธ ์•„๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์งˆ์•Œ์ฝœ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, GABA๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐœํšจ ์ฒœ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•• ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์งˆํ™˜์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์‹ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE) is a traditional herbal medicine used for the prevention of cerebrovascular disease and regulation of blood pressure. The ฮณ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to be beneficial for preventing neurological disorders and hypertension. The objective of this study was the development of fermented GE products containing high levels of GABA. Optimal medium conditions for the production of GABA during fermentation were as follows: initial pH 6.5, 3% L-monosodium glutamate, 10% GE powder, and 0.5% yeast extract. The production of GABA was further enhanced by the co-culture of Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100 (L. brevis GABA 100) with Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 (B. bifidum BGN4). Several nutritional materials and phenol compounds of the fermented GE were analyzed by HPLC. During fermentation, high amounts of organic acids and GABA were produced while the gastrodin (GAS), the main polyphenol compound of GE, was completely converted to 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA). The fermented GE product with GABA was successfully produced by optimizing the fermentation conditions. These findings suggest an opportunity to develop functional GE products with GABA.Abstract โ…ฐ Contents โ…ฒ List of Figures โ…ด List of Tables โ…ต List of Abbreviations โ…ถ INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 4 2.1. Bacterial strains and viable cell counts 4 2.2. Reagents and sample 5 2.3. Scale-up fermentation for the production of GABA 6 2.4. Qualitative analysis of GABA and L-monosodium glutamate by thin layer chromatography (TLC) 7 2.5. Determination of valuable nutrients and phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 8 RESULTSAND DISCUSSION 11 3.1. Bacterial cell growth and GABA production during GE fermentation 11 3.2. Effect of co-culture of L. brevis GABA 100 with B. bifidum BGN4 on the production of GABA 14 3.3. Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of GABA 19 3.4. Scale-up production of the fermented GE 22 3.5. The assessment of glutamate and GABA in the scale-up fermentation of GE 26 3.6. The assessment of gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in the scale-up fermentation of GE 29 CONCLUSION 31 REFERENCES 32 KOREAN ABSTRACT 39Maste

    Troponin-Positive Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries and Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries: Definition, Etiologies, and Role of CT and MR Imaging

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    In approximately 10% of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), angiography does not reveal an obstructive coronary stenosis. This is known as myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA), which has complex and multifactorial causes. However, this term can be confusing and open to dual interpretation, because MINOCA is also used to describe patients with acute myocardial injury caused by ischemia-related myocardial necrosis. Therefore, with regards to this specific context of MINOCA, the generic term for MINOCA should be replaced with troponin-positive with non-obstructive coronary arteries (TpNOCA). The causes of TpNOCA can be subcategorized into epicardial coronary (causes of MINOCA), myocardial, and extracardiac disorders. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can confirm MI and differentiate various myocardial causes, while cardiac computed tomography is useful to diagnose the extracardiac causes.ope

    A convolutional deep learning model for improving mammographic breast-microcalcification diagnosis

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    This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) in classifying breast microcalcification in screening mammograms. To this end, 1579 mammographic images were collected retrospectively from patients exhibiting suspicious microcalcification in screening mammograms between July 2007 and December 2019. Five pre-trained DCNN models and an ensemble model were used to classify the microcalcifications as either malignant or benign. Approximately one million images from the ImageNet database had been used to train the five DCNN models. Herein, 1121 mammographic images were used for individual model fine-tuning, 198 for validation, and 260 for testing. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) was used to confirm the validity of the DCNN models in highlighting the microcalcification regions most critical for determining the final class. The ensemble model yielded the best AUC (0.856). The DenseNet-201 model achieved the best sensitivity (82.47%) and negative predictive value (NPV; 86.92%). The ResNet-101 model yielded the best accuracy (81.54%), specificity (91.41%), and positive predictive value (PPV; 81.82%). The high PPV and specificity achieved by the ResNet-101 model, in particular, demonstrated the model effectiveness in microcalcification diagnosis, which, in turn, may considerably help reduce unnecessary biopsies.ope

    Factors Influencing the Background Parenchymal Enhancement in Follow-Up Breast MRI after Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy

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    Purpose : To investigate factors influencing the evaluation of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) at follow-up breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after adjuvant endocrine therapy. Materials and Methods: One hundred twelve women with breast cancer and MRI of the contralateral unaffected breast before and after endocrine therapy were identified. Two readers in consensus performed blinded side-by-side comparison of BPE (minimal, mild, moderate, and marked) before and after therapy with categorical scales. Age, body mass index, menopausal status, treatment regimen (selective estrogen receptor modulator or aromatase inhibitor), chemotherapy, follow-up duration, BPE at baseline MRI, MRI field strength before and after therapy, and recurrence were analyzed for their influences on decreased BPE. Results : Younger age, premenopausal status, treatment with selective estrogen receptor modulator, MRI field strength, and moderate or marked baseline BPE were significantly associated with decreased BPE. In multivariate analysis, MRI field strength and baseline BPE showed a significant association. Conclusion: MRI field strength and baseline BPE before and after therapy were associated with decreased BPE at post-therapy, follow-up MRI.ope

    Comparison of hormonal receptor and HER2 status between ultrasound-guided 14-gauge core needle biopsy and surgery in breast cancer patients

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    PURPOSE: To evaluate the concordance of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) statuses between ultrasound (US)-guided 14-gauge core needle biopsy (CNB) and surgery and to analyze whether the clinicopathological and imaging features including those from mammography and ultrasonography can predict the concordance in breast cancer patients. METHODS: The concordance of receptor status between CNB and surgery was assessed for 55 breast cancers in 55 women who underwent CNB before treatment. The clinicopathological and imaging features and the concordance rates were compared between the non-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (non-NAC) group and the NAC group according to the initial treatment. The concordance rates were analyzed according to the clinicopathological and imaging features, by using the chi-square or Fisher exact test and McNemar test for the categorical and the independent t-test for continuous variables. RESULTS: Among 55 women, 22 women (40%) were part of the non-NAC group and 33 women (60%) were part of the NAC group. The concordance rates were 0.86-1.00 in the non-NAC group and 0.76-0.88 in the NAC group. In all three receptors, the difference in the concordance rate between the two groups was not significant. In the NAC group, the absence of axillary lymph node metastasis (1.00, P=0.02) and visibility of cancer on mammography (0.93, P=0.04) showed the higher concordance of the HER2 status. CONCLUSION: Concordance of the receptor status between surgery and US-guided 14-gauge CNB was feasible in breast cancer patients. The absence of axillary lymph node metastasis after NAC and the visibility of cancer on mammography prior to NAC may be helpful for predicting the concordance of HER2 in breast cancer patients.ope
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