Inflammasome and Cognitive Symptoms in Human Diseases: Biological Evidence from Experimental Research

Cognitive symptoms are prevalent in the elderly and are associated with an elevated risk of developing dementia. Disease-driven changes can cause cognitive disabilities in memory, attention, and language. The inflammasome is an innate immune intracellular complex that has a critical role in the host defense system, in that it senses infectious pathogen-associated and endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns. An unbalanced or dysregulated inflammasome is associated with infectious, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to its importance in such pathological conditions, the inflammasome is an emerging drug target for human diseases. A growing number of studies have revealed links between cognitive symptoms and the inflammasome. Several studies have shown that reducing the inflammasome component mitigates cognitive symptoms in diseased states. Therefore, understanding the inflammasome regulatory mechanisms may be required for the prevention and treatment of cognitive symptoms. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current understanding of the inflammasome and its relationships with cognitive symptoms in various human diseases.ope

k-평균 개미 군집 최적화를 사용한 폐기물 수거를 위한 군집 차량 경로 문제

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 산업공학과, 2022. 8. 문일경.Waste collection is one of the essential tasks in a smart city. The internet of things (IoT) is a promising technology that offers potential solutions for transforming traditional systems. An IoT-based smart bin is a modern technology that offers real-time fill level information to a cleaning authority. However, high uncertainty associated with the smart bin's fill levels and improper operation hinder efficient waste collection. In order to tackle the uncertainty in a smart bin and improve the waste collection operation, the IoT sensor's usage must be combined with optimization procedures. In this thesis, a neighboring bin is utilized to consider the sensor range of IoT. Furthermore, we introduced two operational management approaches to define dynamic optimal routes. We combined ant colony optimization (ACO) with a k-means clustering algorithm to solve the clustered vehicle routing problem for waste collection (CluVRP-WC) on a large scale. The first experiment was conducted in a case study, and comparison results of the operational management approaches were presented. Our hybrid metaheuristic is implemented in the second experiment. CluVRP-WC is a generalization of the capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) in which smart bins are segmented into clusters by a k-means clustering algorithm. Our operational management approaches and proposed heuristic show the potential of building a smart waste collection system considering practical constraints.폐기물 수거는 스마트 시티의 필수 과제 중 하나이다. 사물 인터넷(IoT)은 기존 시스템을 변환하기 위한 잠재적인 해결책을 제공하는 유망한 기술이다. IoT 기반 스마트 폐기물통은 청소 기관에 실시간으로 폐기물 정보를 제공하는 최신 기술이다. 그러나 폐기물양의 불확실성과 부적절한 수거 방법은 효율적인 폐기물 수거를 방해한다. 스마트 폐기물통의 불확실성을 해결하고 폐기물 수거 방법을 개선하려면 IoT 센서의 사용이 적절한 운영 방법과 결합되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 동적 최적 경로를 정의하기 위해 두 가지 운영 관리 접근 방식과 인접 폐기물통 개념을 도입했다. 첫 번째 접근 방식은 실제 사례 연구에 적용하고 그 한계를 제시한다. 두 번째 접근 방식에서는 스마트 폐기물통의 불확실성을 해결하기 위해 인접 폐기물통을 사용한다. 본 실험을 위해 개미 군집 최적화와 k-평균 알고리즘을 결합하여 폐기물 수거를 위한 군집 차량 경로 문제를 해결한다.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Literature Review 5 Chapter 3 Mathematical model 9 3.1 Motivation 9 3.2 Problem description 10 3.3 Operational management approaches 12 3.3.1 Estimation based collection approach 14 3.3.2 Neighborhood based collection approach 19 Chapter 4 Hybrid metaheuristic 22 4.1 Cluster computation and optimal path design 22 4.2 K-means-Ant colony optimization 24 4.2.1 Representation 24 4.2.2 Pheromone initialization 24 4.2.3 Path construction 24 4.2.4 Pheromone evaporation 25 4.2.5 Pheromone updating 26 Chapter 5 Computational experiments 27 Chapter 6 Conclusions 35 6.1 Managerial insights 35 6.2 Future study 36 Bibliography 37 국문초록 43석

Measurements of X-ray imaging performance of granular phosphors with direct-coupled CMOS sensors

For Gd2O2S:Tb granular phosphor screens having a wide range of mass thicknesses, we have investigated the fundamental imaging performance in terms of modulation-transfer function (MTF), noise-power spectrum (NPS) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). As an optical photon readout device, a CMOS photodiode array with a pitch of 48 mum was used. Under the representative radiation quality, RQA 5, recommended by the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission, Report 1267), the MTF was measured using a slanted-slit method to avoid aliasing and the NPS was determined by two-dimensional (2D) Fourier analysis of white images. The DQE was assessed from the measured MTF, NPS and the estimated photon fluence. Figure-of-merit (FOM) curves are presented to describe the tradeoff between the X-ray sensitivity and spatial resolution of screens as a function of mass thickness. This study will be useful for the selection guidance of Gd2O2S:Tb phosphors for the relevant imaging tasks of digital radiographyope

A Study on the Operational Planning of Block Transporter considering Block/Transporter Ratio

Shipbuilding projects are usually completed through a lot of block assembly processes. As an individual block in process is moved to the plant for the next process, a block transporter is the main equipment for transporting a lot of blocks according to the process. The efficient operation of the block transporter, which the shipyard holds or leases, is a very important factor in the overall schedule for the completion of the planned shipbuilding project. This paper proposes a problem on the operational planning of block transporters based on the 0-1 integer programming model for transporter scheduling considering block/transporter ratio. The author reviews and reports the result of the computational experiments by applying case examples generated according to the block/transporter ratio. The results of this study might contribute to resolve the problem of efficient operation of the block transporter considering block/transporter ratio in the actual shipyard.제 1 장 서 론 1.1 연구의 배경 1 1.2 연구의 목적 및 범위 2 제 2 장 선행 연구 2.1 조선공정에서의 블록트랜스포터 운영계획 4 2.2 블록트랜스포터 운영 관련 선행 연구 검토 6 2.3 집합패킹모형 관련 선행 연구 검토 8 제 3 장 블록트랜스포터의 최적일정계획 모형 3.1 블록 트랜스포터의 일정계획 문제의 개요 10 3.2 집합패킹 모형을 이용한 블록트랜스포터의 일정계획 최적화 모형 12 제 4 장 계산 실험 4.1 계산실험 개요 15 4.2 최적화 모형을 이용한 실험 – B/T Ratio 12의 경우 17 4.2 최적화 모형을 이용한 실험 – B/T Ratio 10의 경우 27 4.3 최적화 모형을 이용한 실험 – B/T Ratio 8의 경우 33 제 5 장 결 론 및 향후 과제 5.1 연구 결론 40 5.2 향후 과제 41 참고문헌 44Maste

한미 지적재산권 협정 (1986)의 배경, 과정 및 결과에 관한 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 국제대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과, 2016. 2. 박태균.This study examined the process by which the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) became a central issue in the international trading system, from the initial stages of the Cold War, through détente to the mid-1980s, when the Cold War system began to collapse. This study tried to reinterpret the Cold War from the perspective of the evolving international trading system, paying attention to how technological development, competition and control affected the Cold War system, and what role the IPR system came to play in the process. The study proposes a mechanism that assumes a dynamic relationship between the discourse and institutionalization. At key historical moments, discourses are institutionalized, through domestic and international political processes, as policies and legal texts to be implemented subsequently. If the practices that result from the implementation accumulate sufficiently, a new perception about the reality emerges, leading to new sets of discourses. For the purpose of this analysis, historical documents that summarize the perception of the policymakers are thought to embody the major discourse of the time. This study selected discourses that were important in shaping the history of IP during the Cold War including the discourse of containment (mid-1940s ~ mid-1960s), détente (mid-1960s ~ mid-1970s), discourse on economic security (late 1970s ~ early 1980s), international competitiveness discourse (early 1980s ~ ), and the Intellectual Property discourse (mid-1980s ~ ). Each discourse, as embodied in these historical documents, will be analyzed, paying attention to the historical background of their formation, and their impact on subsequent institutions and practices. During the containment period, the US government sponsored the rapid accumulation of intellectual capital. During détente, intellectual property (IP) became a diplomatic resource that precipitated the economic exchanges between the East and West, and led to the recognition of the economic and security value of knowledge. As East-West trade during détente intensified, new discourses began to emerge. The denial approach argued that the duality of technology, especially advanced technology, might result in increased security and economic capability of the Soviet Union, posing a long-term threat to Western security. It further argued that the Wests superior economic and technological power needed to be used as a leverage to bring about changes in the international behavior of the Soviet Union. On the other hand, the laissez-faire approach argued that the newly emerging techno-economic space in East-West relations need to be expanded, and should be governed by market-based approaches. Until then, IPRs were more of a bargaining chip that promoted the exchanges and dissemination of technology in the US due to the enforcement of strong anti-trust laws. Internationally, active international technology transfer occurred within the Free World, due to US post-war diplomacy aimed at reconstructing the economies of its allies and establishing technological infrastructure. As a result, Japan and East Asian NICs experienced a rapid catch-up of technological capacities, which began to be pronounced from the mid-1970s. The international competitiveness of Western industry began to decline relative to Japan, and Western economies began to strengthen the international competitiveness of their industries by changing trade and technology policies, including IPR-related policies. The year 1979 became the turning point whereby discussion of economic issues became the dominant discourse in America. As Japan arose as a fierce competitor to US industry from the late 1970s in consumer electronics and advanced technology goods, the economic issue dominated the 1980 US presidential election. President Reagan regarded international competitiveness as a high priority in his administration. Lively discussion about competitiveness ensued, and in 1985, the Young Commission Report was published after an extensive discussion among policy makers and opinion leaders in various fields. As the reports subtitle Global Competition: The New Reality suggests, the report redefined the new reality of the international political economy from the point of view of a market-based approach. Domestically, the US began to enact various policies to strengthen industrial competitiveness. Internationally, Japan and East Asian NICs began to be pressured to refrain from dumping their products in the American market, further open up their markets, and play a more productive role in US-initiated discussions in the international arena. These discussions were published in various reports and policy announcements from around 1985. In addition to the publication of the Young Commission report and the announcement of the Plaza Accord, the establishment and implementation of American trade strategy was a notable step forward. According to the new strategy, the US government would launch a new negotiation round within the GATT framework with an aim to forge a new multilateral trading system. Protection of American IPRs, which it regarded as the source of American competitiveness, would be included as a high priority agenda item. According to the plan, America would pursue negotiations bilaterally, and multilaterally, to promote IPRs in the global trading system. The US-ROK IPR Agreement, which began in earnest with the initiation of the Section 301 investigation of Korean IPRs by the USTR, was an important stepping stone in the US effort to strengthen IPRs in the global trading system. The following section will examine the international competitiveness discourse and its institutionalization in the US and in the global trading system. The process of negotiations that led to the conclusion of the US-ROK IPR Agreement has been analyzed using the framework of the two-level game, characterized by the intergovernmental negotiation (Level I), the governments negotiation with domestic political actors (Level II), and the exchange of influences between international actors and domestic actors (Reverberation). The negotiation process was analyzed using the ESTN two countries model that examines how the competing discourses converge in the final agreement, and how the process interacts with the domestic politics of Korea. The bilateral IPR negotiations reached a turning point when the USTRs Section 301 case was initiated in November 1985. Therefore, the study understood the negotiation process moves on to Phase 2, after the 301 investigation was launched. Phase 1 commenced from 1981 to October 1985, when US requests for increased Korean protection of IPRs, including the rights for computer software, copyrights and process patents, began to be made more systematically. During this period, the Korean government was reluctant to respond with concrete action due to huge domestic political costs. Phase 2 was from November 1985 to July 1986, a period that began with the initiation of USTRs investigation of unfair trade practices under Section 301, until the final conclusion of the US-ROK IPR Agreement. The domestic political, economic and legal impact of the Agreement and the international consequences were examined. Shortly after the US-ROK IPR Agreement was reached, GATTs 8th Round of multilateral trade negotiation, i.e. the Uruguay Round was initiated in Punta del Este, Uruguay. IPR issue was included as the GATT agenda. In the subsequent seven and a half years of multilateral negotiations, the Korean governments position was significantly affected by its domestic legal infrastructure induced by the US-ROK IPR Agreement. The conclusion US-ROK IPR Agreement had the following effects on the IPR negotiation during the GATT Uruguay Round. First, the US-ROK IPR Agreement was the first instance of an international agreement on IPRs concluded in the context of trade dispute involving unfair trade practices. As such, it became a touchstone for establishing the IPRs relationship with trade. Second, the Agreement showed the US commitment toward the IPR issue by suggesting that it would be willing to initiate the Section 301 process if necessary. An agreement to improve protection of patented and copyrighted works would attempt to lengthen patent terms, increase the patent protection for such goods as chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds, and extend copyright protection to computer software. In addition, it would create a dispute settlement mechanism to litigate contentious bilateral issues. This multilateral approach would supplement bilateral efforts by the US to improve protection in these areas. For the US, the strategy in successfully concluding the US-ROK IPR Agreement, namely, the bilateral negotiation in the context of Section 301 investigation would become a model for the subsequent negotiations with developing countries, either bilaterally, or in multilateral fora. Third, by strengthening Korean protection of IPR, the Agreement changed Koreas negotiating strategy in the Uruguay Round TRIPs negotiation. Korea played a more active role in mediating the developed and developing countries in the formation of the IPR regime. Such efforts tried to reconcile the conflicting positions along the North-South divide, making the negotiation process more multipolar and multilateral. In conclusion, it can be argued that the US-ROK IPR Agreement was a case in which the US utilized Koreas international status as the model for developing countries in its efforts to strengthen IPRs in the multilateral trading system. From the ROK point of view, the US-ROK IPR negotiations were a process by which it sought to minimize the political and economic costs of the Agreement, while fulfilling the role expected of it as a trading nation and adapting to the changing global system for IPR protection. In the history of global trading system in the latter half of the 20th century, the rise and establishment of IPRs was the central feature of the changing technological and trade environment and went hand-in-hand with the evolving economic and security landscape of the Cold War. The discourse concerning IPRs gradually replaced the Cold War ideological competition as the new ideology and principle of the era of globalization.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Questions 3 1.2 Review of Previous Studies 6 1.3 Materials, Theoretical Framework, and Periodization 14 1.3.1 Historical Approach 14 1.3.2 Theoretical Approach 16 1.3.3 Structure of the Study 24 2. Knowledge as Property and the Rise of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) Issue 31 2.1 Accumulation of Intellectual Property (IP) 32 2.1.1 Discourse of Containment and the Control of Technology 33 2.1.2 Domestic and International Spillover Effect of IP 40 2.1.3 IPRs during Cold War I 47 2.2 Changing Attitude toward IP during Dtente 51 2.2.1 Changing Security Perception and the Rise of Market-based Approach 54 2.2.2 Technology as Diplomatic Resource 63 2.2.3 Rise of Economic Security Discourse 70 2.3 International Competitiveness and IP 78 2.3.1 New Reality: Technological Catch-up and Patent Disputes 83 2.3.2 Discourses on International Competitiveness and IPR 92 2.3.3 Strengthening the IPRs 103 3. From ROK-US Textile Agreement to ROK-US IPR Agreement 109 3.1 Dtente and the ROK-US Textile Dispute (1969-1971) 109 3.2 Koreas Technological Development and IPR 114 3.2.1 Nixons Doctrine and Koreas HCI Industrialization 115 3.2.2 Accumulation of Korean IP and IPR system 119 3.3 Competition of Economy-Security-Technology Discourses between the US and ROK 126 3.3.1 Differences in Perception on Security and Economic Situation 126 3.3.2 Discourses of Fair Trade and Mutual Market Opening 133 4. ROK-US IPR Negotiation 136 4.1 Two-Level Game Structure of ROK-US IPR Agreement 139 4.1.1 Domestic Level of the US: Three-pronged Strategy 140 4.1.2 Domestic Level of the ROK: Strong State Contentious Society 147 4.1.3 Korean Governments Structure of Decision-making 156 4.2 ROK-US IPR Negotiation: Phase 1 (1981-1985.10) 162 4.2.1 The Beginning of ROK-US IPR Negotiation 162 4.2.2 Koreas Domestic Politics and the ROK-US IPR Negotiation 165 4.2.3 Rupture of the Negotiation Phase 1 168 4.3 ROK-US IPR Negotiation: Phase 2 (1985.11-1986.7.21) 170 4.3.1 Initiation of Section 301 Investigation on Korean IPR 171 4.3.2 Korean Response to the Section 301 Investigation 176 4.3.3 Reorganization of Korean Negotiation Team (1986. 1.21) 179 5. ROK-US IPR Agreement and the Uruguay Round 183 5.1 Conclusion of the ROK-US IPR Agreement 183 5.2 Domestic Consequences 189 5.2.1 Political Impact 189 5.2.2 Economic Impact 193 5.3 Initiation of the GATT Uruguay Round IPR Negotiation 195 5.3.1 Discussion of IPR in the GATT 195 5.3.2 Negotiating the TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of IPRs) 200 5.3.3 Koreas International Role and the TRIPS Negotiation 203 6. Conclusion 210 Appendix 1 218 Appendix 2 226 References 230 Abstract (Korean) 250Docto

Transfusion-related acute lung injury; clinical perspectives

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) was introduced in 1983 to describe a clinical syndrome seen within 6 h of a plasma-containing blood products transfusion. TRALI is a rare transfusion complication; however, the FDA has suggested that TRALI is the leading cause of transfusion-related mortality. Understanding the pathogenesis of TRALI will facilitate adopting preventive strategies, such as deferring high plasma volume female product donors. This review outlines the clinical features, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of TRALI.ope

Development of a new TSPO targeting ligand for tumor theranosis

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 융합과학기술대학원 응용바이오공학과, 2021.8. 김상은.전이체 단백질(the translocator protein 18 kDa, TSPO)의 과발현은 퇴행성 뇌질환과 관련된 신경염증뿐만 아니라 뇌, 간, 유방, 그리고 전립선 암 등에서도 관찰되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 TSPO를 표적 한 종양의 핵의학적 진단과 치료가 가능한 테라노시스 물질로서 2-(4-chloro)phenyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine 유사체(CB259)에 대한 합성 연구와 방사성동위원소 표지 연구를 수행하였다. 전구체 CB259는 4-((N,N-hydroxycarbonyl-2-picolylamino)methyl) aniline 화합물과 CB86 화합물을 thiourea결합으로 연결하여 합성하였다. 최종 방사성동위원소가 표지 된 테라노시스의 기준 물질로서, 비방사성동위원소 레늄이 도입된 Re-CB259는 (Net4)2[ReBr3(CO)3]와 CB259를 dimethylformamide에 녹여 70 oC에서 1시간 동안 교반 후 HPLC 분리 정제를 통해 59.5% 수율로 합성하였다. 얻어진 Re-CB259의 TSPO에 대한 결합친화도 평가는 C6 교모세포에서 분리된 membrane 단백질에서 [3H]PK11195와 경쟁결합을 통해 측정하여, 결합친화도(Ki) = 32.1±9.9 nM 값임을 확인하였다. 단일광자방출단층촬영 영상을 제공하는 테크네슘-99m의 CB259 표지는 [99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+와 CB259를 dimethylformamide에 녹인 후, 70도에서 30분 동안 교반 시켜 수행하였다. 목적한 99mTc-CB259는 표지 화합물에서 tC18 Sep-Pak 카트리지로 간단하게 정제한 후에 HPLC 정제를 통해 분리 할 수 있었으며 이때 얻어진 방사화학적 수율은 21.6% (non-decay corrected)이고 방사화학적 순도는 99% 이상이었다. 기준 물질로 합성한 Re-CB259과 99mTc-CB259을 HPLC에 동시 주입한 후 분석함으로써, 동위원소만이 다른 최종 목적 화합물 99mTc-CB259임을 확인 하였으며, 이때 관찰된 Re-CB259과 99mTc-CB259의 HPLC 컬럼 머무름 시간은 각각 17분과 19분이었다. 99mTc-CB259의 지방친화도(Distribution-coefficient, Log D) 측정은 n-옥탄올과 인산 완충액(pH 7.4) 용매 간 용해도 차이를 이용해 측정되었으며 그 값은 1.47±0.12 (n=3)이다. 시험관 내의 안정성 실험은 사람혈청에서 37 oC 4시간동안 수행되었으며 결과적으로 높은 안정성(99% 이상)을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서는 종양의 TSPO에 결합 가능한 테라노시스로서, TSPO에 높은 결합친화도를 가지면서 matched pair 방사성동위원소 (99mTc & 188Re)를 표지 할 수 있는 새로운 TSPO 결합 리간드인 CB259를 개발하였다.Introduction: Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), which is located on the outer membrane of mitochondria, has been reported to overexpress in various cancer cells, including brain, breast, colon, prostate and ovarian cancers, as well as in astrocytomas and hepatocellular. Therefore, TSPO could be an attractive target for imaging and therapy of TSPO-rich cancer. In this work, we designed and synthesized an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine analog (CB259) for radiolabeling. The 99mTc-labeled form can be a diagnostic tool and, on the other hand, the 188Re-labeled form can be a therapeutic agent for TSPO-rich cancer diagnosis and treatment, respectively. Methods: The TSPO ligand CB259 was prepared by thiourea ligation of the 4-((N,N-hydroxycarbonyl-2-picolylamino)methyl)aniline moiety to CB86. Compound Re-CB259 was prepared by a coordination of CB259 with (NEt4)2[185/187ReBr3(CO)3] in dimethylformamide at 70 oC for 1 h, followed by HPLC purification. Binding affinity of Re-CB259 for TSPO was measured by displacement of [3H]PK 11195 in the isolated membrane protein from C6 glioma cells. The radiosynthesis of 99mTc-CB259 was conducted in dimethylformamide (350 μL) contains CB259 (0.5 mg, 0.7 μmol) and [99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ at 70 oC for 30 min. 99mTc-CB259 was isolated from the obtained mixture by HPLC purification. Log D of 99mTc-CB259 was determined in the mixture of n-octanol and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) by shaking vial method. In vitro stability test of 99mTc-CB259 performed in human serum at 37 oC for 4 h. Results: Re-CB259 was prepared with 59.5% yield and its binding affinity (Ki) was 32.1±9.9 nM for TSPO. The radiolabeled form, 99mTc-CB259 was successfully synthesized with 27.6 % radiochemical yield (non-decay corrected) in high radiochemical purity (>99%). The identification of 99mTc-CB259 was confirmed by HPLC co-injection with Re-CB259 as followed the observed HPLC retention time was 17 min for 99mTc-CB259 and 19 min for Re-CB259. 99mTc-CB259 showed high in vitro stability (>99%), and 1.47±0.12 Log D value (n=3). Conclusion: We successfully synthesized and characterized a new TSPO-binding ligand, CB259 for radiolabeling with the matched pair 99mTc/188Re.초 록 1 목 차 4 표 목차 6 그림 목차 7 SCHEME 목차 8 제 1 장 서 론 9 제 1 절 전이체 단백질 18 kDa (TSPO) 9 제 2 절 테라노스틱 특징과 장점 12 제 3 절 기존 화합물의 특징과 한계점 13 제 4 절 연구의 목적 14 제 2 장 실험 재료와 방법 16 제 1 절 Synthesis of CB259 18 제 2 절 Synthesis of CB258 24 제 3 절 Synthesis of NCS-CB86 30 제 4 절 Synthesis of Re-CB259, 99mTc-CB259 35 제 5 절 Log D Determination 37 제 6 절 In Vitro Cell-Binding Assays 37 제 3 장 결 론 39 제 1 절 CB258 39 제 2 절 CB259 43 제 4 장 맺 음 말 56 제 5 장 부 록 57 제 1 절 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR data 57 제 2 절 HRMS data of CB259 and Re-CB259 73 참고문헌 74 Abstract 78석

Breathing-Associated Facial Region Segmentation for Thermal Camera-Based Indirect Breathing Monitoring

(Objective)Breathing can be measured in a non-contact method using a thermal camera. The objective of this study investigates non-contact breathing measurements using thermal cameras, which have previously been limited to measuring the nostril only from the front where it is clearly visible. The previous method is challenging to use for other angles and frontal views, where the nostril is not well-represented. In this paper, we defined a new region called the breathing-associated-facial-region (BAFR) that reflects the physiological characteristics of breathing, and extract breathing signals from views of 45 and 90 degrees, including the frontal view where the nostril is not clearly visible. (Methods) Experiments were conducted on fifteen healthy subjects in different views, including frontal with and without nostril, 45-degree, and 90-degree views. A thermal camera (A655sc model, FLIR systems) was used for non-contact measurement, and biopac (MP150, Biopac-systems-Inc) was used as a chest breathing reference. (Results) The results showed that the proposed algorithm could extract stable breathing signals at various angles and views, achieving an average breathing cycle accuracy of 90.9% when applied compared to 65.6% without proposed algorithm. The average correlation value increases from 0.587 to 0.885. (Conclusion)The proposed algorithm can be monitored in a variety of environments and extract the BAFR at diverse angles and views. (Clinical Impact)The proposed algorithm shows the feasibility of non-contact breathing reliable monitoring that versatile and accurate than previous methods. The proposed algorithm could be used to monitor breathing in various clinical environments, including isolated wards, operation rooms, and intensive care units with high infection risks.ope

2015 Korean Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care 제 4부: 심정지 후 통합 치료

ope

Awareness and Perspectives among Asian Anesthesiologists on Postoperative Delirium: A Multinational Survey

Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common perioperative complication. Although POD is preventable in up to 40% of patients, it is frequently overlooked. The objective of the survey is to determine the level of knowledge and clinical practices related to POD among anesthesiologists in different Asian countries. A questionnaire of 22 questions was designed by members of the Asian focus group for the study of POD, and it was sent to anesthesiologists in Singapore, Thailand, and South Korea from 1 April 2019 through 17 September 2019. In total, 531 anesthesiologists (Singapore: 224, Thailand: 124, Korea: 183) responded to the survey. Half the respondents estimated the incidence of POD to be 11-30% and believed that it typically occurs in the first 48 h after surgery. Among eight important postoperative complications, POD was ranked fifth. While 51.4% did not perform any test for POD, only 13.7% monitored the depth of anesthesia in all their patients. However, 83.8% preferred depth of anesthesia monitoring if they underwent surgery themselves. The results suggest that Asian anesthesiologists underestimate the incidence and relevance of POD. Because it increases perioperative mortality and morbidity, there is an urgent need to educate anesthesiologists regarding the recognition, prevention, detection, and management of POD.ope