넓은 동작 주파수를 갖는 듀티-사이클 코렉터를 포함한 클럭킹 회로 설계

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2023. 8. 김수환.In various applications, performance depends on the duty cycle of the clock. As more and more applications require higher bandwidth, the demand for HBMs in memory is also increasing in memory. Therefore, it is necessary to develop not only the HBM but also the physical layer between the controller and memory. This paper will explain the design of this physical layer. Duty cycle distortion can occur when process and voltage changes or clock signals pass through the clock buffer. Various types of duty cycle compensators have been proposed. In order to have a wide operating range, it is better to compensate using half-cycle delay line (HCDL) rather than phase interpolation duty cycle compensator. To compensate for duty distortion, the half-cycle delay line of the traditional edge combiner type DCC with counter-based HCDL requires a large area and makes DCC unsuitable for applications operating at a wide range of frequencies. The proposed counter-based HCDL reduces silicon costs by repeating delay lines while maintaining the performance of existing DCCs. In addition, FSM blocks are designed for 34 cycles of training to operate efficiently over a 65nm wide range of motion. Measurement results using CMOS technology show that the duty cycle error is less than 0.89% in the 20-80% input duty cycle range for 50-1600 MHz. DCC consumes 2.11 mW at 1.6 GHz.다양한 어플리케이션들에서는 클럭의 듀티 사이클에 의해 성능이 좌우된다. 높은 대역폭을 필요로 하는 애플리케이션이 많아짐에 따라 메모리에서도 HBM에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있습니다. 따라서, HBM 뿐만 아니라 컨트롤러와 메모리 사이의 물리 계층도 개발할 필요가 있습니다. 이 논문은 이 물리적 층의 설계를 설명할 것입니다. 듀티 사이클 왜곡은 프로세스 및 전압 변화 또는 클럭 신호가 클럭 버퍼를 통과할 때 발생할 수 있습니다. 다양한 방식의 듀티 사이클 보상기가 제안 되었습니다. 그 중에서도 넓은 동작 범위를 갖기 위해서는 위상 보간 방식의 듀티 사이클 보상기 보다는 HCDL(Half-Cycle Delay Line)를 사용하여 보상해주는게 성능에 좋습니다. 듀티 왜곡을 보상하기 위해 카운터 기반 HCDL이 있는 디지털 듀티 사이클 보정기(Digital Duty-Cycle Corrector) 종래의 에지 결합기 타입 DCC의 반주기 지연선은 넓은 면적을 필요로 하고, DCC를 넓은 범위의 주파수에서 동작하는 애플리케이션에 적합하지 않게 한다. 제안된 카운터 기반 HCDL은 기존 DCC의 성능을 유지하면서 지연선을 반복하여 실리콘 비용을 절감한다. 또한 34 사이클로 트레이닝을 진행할 수 있도록 FSM 블록을 설계하여65nm 넓은 동작 범위를 효율적으로 동작할 수 있도록 하였습니다. CMOS 기술을 사용한 측정 결과는 50-1600MHz에 대해 20-80%의 입력 듀티 사이클 범위에서 듀티 사이클 오차가 0.89% 미만임을 보여준다. DCC는 1.6GHz에서 2.11mW를 소비합니다.ABSTRACT 1 CONTENTS 3 LIST OF FIGURES 5 LIST OF TABLE 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MOTIVATION 1 1.2 HBM CONTROLLER PHY 6 1.3 DUTY-CYCLE CORRECTOR 11 1.3.1 ANALOG DCC 13 1.4 DIGITAL DCC 15 1.4.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ON DIGITAL DCC 16 1.4.2 PRIOR WORKS 18 1.5 SUMMARY 22 1.6 THESIS ORGANIZATION 24 CHAPTER 2 HBM CLOCKING SCHEME 25 2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF HBM CLOCKING SCHEME 26 2.2 CONCEPTUAL ARCHITECTURE OF HBM CONTROLLER PHY 28 CHAPTER 3 TRAINING OPERATION OF THE PROPOSED DCC WITH COUNTER-BASED HCDL 29 3 30 3.1 CONCEPTUAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE PROPOSED DCC WITH COUNTER-BASED HCDL 30 3.2 TRAINING OPERATION OF THE DCC WITH COUNTER-BASED HCDL 34 CHAPTER 4 NORMAL OPERATION OF THE PROPOSED DCC WITH COUNTER-BASED HCDL 44 4.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF THE PROPOSED DCC WITH COUNTER-BASED HCDL 45 4.2 NORMAL OPERATION OF THE PROPOSED DCC WITH COUNTER BASED HCDL 48 4.2.1 HALF-DELAY MODE 52 CHAPTER 5 ARCHITECTURE AND IMPLEMENTATION 54 5.1 OVERALL ARCHITECTURE 55 5.2 COUNTER-BASED HCDL 57 5.3 CLOCK PATH 61 5.4 EDGE COMBINER 62 CHAPTER 6 MEASUREMENTS RESULTS 65 6.1 MEASUREMENT SETUP 65 6.2 MEASUREMENT RESULT OF THE PROPOSED DCC WITH COUNTER-BASED HCDL 67 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 75 APPENDIX A HBM CONTROLLER PHY 77 A.1 CONTROLLER PHY AND DFI SPECIFICATION 78 A.2 ARCHITECTURE OF HBM CONTROLLER PHY 82 A.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF THE HBM PHYSICAL LAYER 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY 89 한글초록 94박

Multimodality therapy in uterine sarcoma

Uterine sarcomas have been known for the poor prognosis and high mortality rate. In addition, since uterine sarcomas are a rare group and heterogenous group of tumors with many pathologic subtypes, it is difficult to define optimal management in patients with uterine sarcoma. Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy have been considered as the cornerstone of treatment for patients with uterine sarcoma, although the efficacy of adnexectomy or lymphadenectomy is still controversial in several subtypes. Also, the role of adjuvant therapy including chemotherapy or radiotherapy remains unclear, although many studies support a possible benefit in terms of progression-free interval or pelvic control. In advanced uterine sarcoma, through the clinical trial, doxorubicin for leimyosarcoma and ifosfamide alone or with combination cisplatin for mixed mesodermal sarcoma represent reasonable therapeutic options. Recently gemcitabine combined with docetaxel has shown promising results for patients with leiomyosarcoma and there are currently some ongoing randomized clinical trials through the Gynecology Oncology Group. In conclusions, multi-institution, randomized clinical trials by histological stratification or accounting to the difference in natural history are more needed actively in patients with uterine sarcoma.ope

Expression pattern of Aromatase Cytochrome P450 in Adenomyosis

Objective: To determine whether local estrogen production takes place in adenomyosis and in normal endometrium. Methods: The study included 23 cases of adenomyosis and 17 cases of normal uterine endometrium obtained through hysterectomy or curettage at Kangnam Cha Hospital. The frozen tissue specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry using P450 arom. Results: P450 arom was immunolocalized exclusively in the cytoplasm of glandular cells of adenomyotic tissue. However, no apparent staining was observed in stromal cells. Aromatase was expressed in the ectopic glands (82.6%), but also in the eutopic endometrium of patients with adenomyosis (23.5%). In the case of normal endometrium, P450arom was not detected. Conclusion: These results suggest that the aromatase activity is correlated to the pathophysiology of adenomyosis.ope

Leiomyoma of the female urethra and bladder: 5 cases and review of the Literature

Objective: Leiomyomas of the bladder and urethra in women is very rare. We present five cases of histologically proven the female urethral and bladder leiomyomas identified over a 15-years period at our institution, together with review of the literature focused on the symptom and proper management. Methods: Five women pathologically confirmed bladder or urethral leiomyoma were reviewed by the medical record, retrospectively. Results: One patient with bladder leiomyoma was asymptomatic, but four patients with urethral leiomyoma had a palpable mass on physical examination. The leiomyomas posited laterally were less symptomatic than other leiomyomas posited medially, and the symptoms were especially obstructive ones. All of them were removed by excision, and any complication or recurrence was not occurred. Conclusion: Leiomyomas of the bladder and urethra are rare and associated with variable symptoms depending on their locations and sizes. It is not necessary immediate operation except to excessive bleeding or acute complete obstruction. Complete excision followed by histological examination is the most reliable means of distinguishing leiomyoma from other more common and usually malignant tumors of the genitourinary tract.ope

Comparison of anti-gamma hemoglobin antibody and CD71 antibodies in isolation of fetal nucleated erythrocytes from maternal blood

Objective: In an attempt to further maximize the potential of genetic analysis from fetal cells isolation, fetal nucleated red blood cell (FNRBC) recovery with direct anti-gamma hemoglobin staining after density gradient and depletion was compared with three different whole blood magnetic separations (1-step and 2-step ferrofluid, 2-step Dynal beads). Methods: In model systems such as quantitatively defined spikes of fetal into adult blood, as well as blood samples after surgical termination procedures, fetal cell yield and purity through the results of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) were calculated. Results: The yield of total number of cells with a XY signal after FISH was the highest on direct anti-gamma hemoglobin staining. After normalizing the results of each experiment to the corresponding result from anti-gamma hemoglobin staining (1), ratio is 0.42 in 1-step ferrofluid, 0.33 in 2-step ferrofluid, and 0.76 in 2-step dynal beads. The fetal cell purity is clearly better in direct anti-gamma hemoglobin staining than those of the magnetic separations from whole blood. The median ratio is 56.3% in anti-gamma hemoglobin staining, 7.7% in 1-step ferrofluid, 6.5% in 2-step ferrofluid, and 31.4% in 2-step dynal beads. Conclusion: This study shows that the direct anti-gamma staining is the best fetal cell recovery system and it is very useful to isolate fetal nucleated red blood cells as a non-invasive genetic source.ope

A Case of Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor of the Fallopian Tube

Malignant mixed mullerain tumors (MMMT) are rare neoplasms of the female genital tract that histolotically consist of malignant epithelial and stromal components, arising in the endometirum, followed in decreasing order by the vagina, cervix, and ovary. Tubal origin is extremely rare and accounts for less than 4% of all MMMTs. Most of the patients present with nonspecific abdominal pain or abnormal vaginal bleeding. Nonspecific findings on imaging studies also make exact preoperative diagnosis very difficult, mostly mistaken as ovarian malignancies. The primary goal of treatment is removal of tumor mass by cytoreductive surgery. Postoperatively, chemotherapy or radiotherapy is added, but prognosis is very poor. The best form of postoperative adjuvant therapy is not yet established due to the rarity of this disease entity. We report a case of a malignant mixed mullerian tumor of the fallopian tube that we have experienced recently with a brief review of the literature.ope

Effect of anemia on disease free survival of cervical cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy

Objective: Many studies suggested the negative impact of anemia on cervical cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy. However during the past several years, concurrent chemoradiotherapy was recognized as the standard therapy of locally advanced cervical cancer. The purpose of study was to evaluate the effect of anemia on disease free survival in cervical cancer patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Methods: 116 patients were selected, who were diagnosed as cervical cancer at Yonsei University Medical Center from October 1998 to June 2003 and treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Medical record was retrospectively reviewed for patient characteristics, hemoglobin, hematocrit and disease free survival. Disease free survival was analysed by univariate analysis, multivariate analysis and Kaplan-Meier method. Patients with hemoglobin value under 10 g/dL, hematocrit value under 30% were considered anemic. Results: After mean follow up duration of 27 months, among 116 patients, 26 patients experienced recurrence or progression and 10 of these patients died. Univariate and multivariate analysis reveals that stage (P=0.00, P=0.03), lesion size (P=0.01, P=0.01) and the 6th cycle hematocrit (P=0.01, P=0.01) were determinants of disease free survival. Conclusion: In cervical cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy, initial hemoglobin level was not related to the prognosis. However the higher stage, greater lesion size, and lower level of 6th cycle hematocrit were related to the poor prognosis.ope

Establishment of a novel malignant Brenner tumer cell Line

Objective: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal disease among gynecologic malignancies. Although many efforts have been made to explore the mechanisms involved in its development, the genetic events in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer are still unclear. We characterized a cell line (designated OHK) established from a malignant Brenner tumor cell. Methods: The cells were obtained during the operation of a 43-year-old Korean woman with ovarian cancer. The OHK cells continuously propagated in vitro over a period of about 36 months and, to date, have undergone over 200 passages, without being infected by either Mycoplasma or any bacteria. We measured the doubling time of OHK cells. To investigate the tumorigenecity of OHK, cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the back of nude mice. Several tumor markers were analyzed using culture media and lysates of cytosol. Morphology and ultrastructure were analyzed by phase-contrast microscopy and electron microscopy. OHK was also analyzed for gene mutation, the typing of human leukocyte antigen and Flow cytometric cell cycle analysis and DNA index. Results: They proliferated in a monolayered sheet showing a pavement-like arrangement without suppression by intercellular contacts. They also formed epithelial cell lining in shapes of polymorphism and polygons. Doubling time was 38.4 hour which was relatively slow compared to other cancer cells. Microscopic view revealed intranuclear infoldings which are typical in malignant Brenner tumors. The OHK cells secreted significantly high level of CA 125 into the culture medium. A 215th codon at exon 4 of p53 was mutated to C/C in OHK. BRCA 1 was a wild type and polymorphisms were detected in exons 2, 10, 11, 14 and 17 of BRCA 2. The cells showed aneuploidy with DNA index of 1.589 measured by flow cytometry. When transplanted into nude mice, OHK cells successfully induced tumor which was histopathologically resembled malignant Brenner tumor. Conclusion: These results strongly suggest that OHK is a typical cell line of malignant Brenner tumor. This may provide a useful cellular resource for studying the pathogenesis of malignant Brenner tumor.ope

Robot-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy: initial experience in Korea

Hysterectomy is one of the most common non-pregnancy-associated surgical techniques in the field of gynecology. Over the years, this laparoscopic approach has evolved to include both subtotal and total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Robot-assisted technology may attenuate the learning curve for complex laparoscopic procedures, leveling the playing field between conventional laparotomy practitioners and laparoscopists. The advantages of robotics, such as motion scaling, three-dimensional visualization, and articulated instrumentation, enables complex surgical procedures to be performed with greater dexterity, more quickly, and more easily by many surgeons. We have experienced a case of patient with carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix treated by robotic surgery. We report the first case treated by robotic total laparoscopic hysterectomy with a brief review of literature.ope

Squamous cell carcinoma arising from mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: A clinicopathologic analysis

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinicopathologic characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma arising from ovarian mature cystic teratoma and to determine whether SCC Ag and CA 125 are useful serum markers for diagnosing this tumor. Methods: From January 1990 to December 2005, 1266 patients diagnosed with ovarian mature cystic teratoma were reviewed. Of the 1266 patients, 8 patients which had squamous cell carcinoma arising from mature cystic teratoma were evaluated in this study. A retrospective analysis of clinicopathologic characteristics and disease-free survival rate was performed. Results: The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma arising from ovarian mature cystic teratoma was 0.7% (8/1266). The mean age of the patients was 47.3 years (range, 32-72 years). Five patients (62.5%) had clinical FIGO stage I disease and three patients (37.5%) had stage III disease. The mean tumor diameter was 13.3㎝. The mean SCC Ag level was 0.3 ng/mL which was normal and the mean CA 125 was slightly increased to 68.5 U/mL. The mean disease free survival was 58.4 months and 2-year disease-free survival was 62.5% (5/8). Out of 8 patients, one patient died and one out of 7 patients who survived had recurrence. Age, clinical FIGO stage, grade, residual tumor, postoperative treatment were not significant prognostic factor for disease- free survival. Conclusion: The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma arising from ovarian mature cystic teratoma in our institute was lower and survival rate was relatively higher compared to previous studies. SCC Ag and CA 125 were not helpful tumor markers in diagnosing squamous cell carcinoma arising from ovarian mature cystic teratoma. Age, grade, residual tumor, postoperative treatment were not significant prognostic factor for disease-free survival.ope