Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate와 hydroxyethyl methacrylate가 대식세포의 분극에 미치는 영향

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :치의학대학원 치의과학과,2019. 8. 양형철.The effects of dental resin monomers, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), on the polarization of a human monocyte cell line (THP-1) were evaluated. THP-1 cells were treated with resin monomers at non-cytotoxic concentrations for 48 h and were analyzed for CD86 and CD206 expressions using flow cytometry. The cells were stimulated for polarization in the presence of resin monomers (co-treatment), or after treatment with monomers (pre-treatment). CD86 and CD206 mRNA in co-treated cells were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The release of TNF-α and TGF-β by pre-treated and co-treated cells was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Morphological changes of macrophages during polarization were observed using bright-field microscopy. One-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. TEGDMA (1 mmol/L) and HEMA (2 mmol/L) did not induce CD86 and CD206 expressions in THP-1 cells but rather inhibited their expressions in the co-treated cells. The inhibitory effects also appeared at the transcription level. However, the expression of surface markers was not affected by pre-treatment with resin monomers. The release of TNF-α and TGF-β by M1- and M2-stimulated cells, respectively, was suppressed by co-treatment (P<0.05). Microscopic studies revealed that co-treatment with resin monomers suppressed polarization-associated morphological changes such as cell volume increase. In conclusion, TEGDMA and HEMA inhibited macrophage polarization to both M1 and M2 at the transcription level, and the inhibitory effects disappeared upon the removal of resin monomers from the cell culture.희석용 레진 모노머인 triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)와 친수성 레진 모노머인 hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)는 치과용 충전재와 상아질 접착제 등에 빈번히 사용되며, 불완전한 중합으로 인해 미반응 모노머가 구강 환경에 용출되어 염증반응 및 면역반응을 유도할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 TEGDMA와 HEMA가 사람 대식세포 세포주인 THP-1의 분극에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. THP-1 세포를 세포독성이 나타나지 않은 농도에서 레진 모노머로 48시간 동안 처리한 후, M1과 M2 마커인 CD86과 CD206의 발현을 flow cytometry로 분석하였다. 대식세포의 분극에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여, 레진 모노머 처리는 대식세포 분극유도물질과 동시에, 혹은 레진 모노머로 전처리하여 M1, M2 분극화를 유도하였다. 분극화 정도는 qPCR에 의한 CD86, CD206의 mRNA 정량과 TNF-α 및 TGF-β의 효소면역측정 분석으로 관찰하였다. 또한, 분극화에 의한 세포 형태변화를 현미경 하에서 관찰하였다. 통계분석은 일원분산분석을 사용하였다. TEGDMA (1 mmol/L)와 HEMA (2 mmol/L)는 THP-1 세포에서 CD86 및 CD206 발현을 유도하지 않았고, 오히려 분극화 유도물질의 동시처리에서 CD86과 CD206의 발현을 억제하였다. 발현 억제 효과는 mRNA의 전사 단계에서 나타났다. 또한, 레진 모노머는 M1, M2 유도 세포의 TNF-α 및 TGF-β 생성을 저해하였으며, 분극과 동반하는 세포 형태의 변화도 레진 모노머에 의해 억제되었다. 그러나, 레진 모노머의 전처리에 의한 일시적인 접촉은 분극화 유도물질에 의한 CD86과 CD206의 발현에 영향을 주지 않았다. 즉, 레진 모노머의 분극화 억제는 가역적으로 판단된다. 결론적으로, TEGDMA와 HEMA는 대식세포의 M1, M2 분극을 전사 단계에서 저해하였으며, 저해 효과는 세포배양액에서 레진 모노머의 제거와 함께 소실된다.I. Introduction ··················································· 1 II. Literature Review ·········································· 5 III. Materials and Methods ·······························11 IV. Results ····················································· 15 V. Discussion ·················································· 29 VI. Conclusions ··············································· 33 References ······················································ 34 국문초록 ························································ 42Docto

간호사의 임상경력단계에 따른 경력개발제도 인식과 전문직 자아개념, 임파워먼트와의 관계

ope

Factors Affecting the Perception of Importance and Practice of Patient Safety Management among Hospital Employees in Korea

Purpose: The study was undertaken to identify factors affecting perception of the importance and practice of patient safety management (PSM) among hospital employees in Korea. Methods: This study was conducted using a descriptive design and a self-report questionnaire. Two hundred and eighty employees were recruited from three hospitals using a convenience sampling method. Measures were perception of the importance, practice, and characteristics of PSM. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including t test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and multiple regression. Results: Factors affecting perception of the importance of PSM were whether hospital employees were in contact with patients while on duty, weekly working hours, education on PSM, and perceived adequacy of PSM system construction. Factors affecting the practice of PSM were perceived adequacy of work load, perceived adequacy of PSM system construction and perception of its importance. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate a need for developing strategies to improve perception of the importance and practice of PSM among all hospital employees, and provide a reference for future experimental studies.ope

The Relationship among Nurses' Perception of Super-leadership, Self-leadership and Organizational Commitment

Purpose: This study was designed to assess the level of super-leadership and self-leadership, identify correlations among variables and identify the factors influencing organizational commitment of clinical nurses. Methods: Participants were 217 nurses working in four hospitals located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Scheffe. test, Pearson Correlation, and Multiple Regression. Results: The most influential factor for organizational commitment was super-leadership ( β=.28 β=.28 , p β=.16 β=.16 , p=.007), the number of unit nurses ( β=.18 β=.18 , p=.003), self-leadership ( β=.17 β=.17 , p=.008), and the number of patients being under 10 ( β=.12 β=.12 , p=.046). These factors accounted for 23% of the variance in organizational commitment (F=13.46, pope

Development of the Korean Nursing Profession with Changes in its Legal Basis

Background: To identify howthe self-regulation and specialization of nursing have changed with nursing-related legislation, the Medical Service Act in South Korea and factors influencing these changes. Method: We conducted a systematic analysis of nursing-related legislation and a literature review to identify how the nursing profession has developed with legislative changes. Results: We identified four main categories of change innursing self-regulation, along with the background leading to these changes and their subsequent impact on the policies of nursing education and practice. Those four categories were “nursing licensure,”“scope of nursing practice,”“self-regulation by professional nursing association,” and “accreditation of nursing education programs.” Conclusion: Our summary of the notable revisions in the Medical Service Act and various bylaws can help to identify their socioeconomic, cultural, and environment impacts on nursing professionals’ advancement.ope

일본 애니메이션 '귀멸의 칼날' 우익논란을 중심으로

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 사회과학대학 사회학과, 2022. 8. 임동균.본 연구는 21세기 개인행위자와 내셔널리즘에 관한 연구로, 대중문화를 통한 월경(越境)이 자유로운 시대에 개인행위자들이 민족정체성과 취향정체성 간의 긴장을 어떻게 경험하고, 이를 어떻게 조정하는가를 분석한다. 특히 본 연구는 일본만화·애니메이션인 「귀멸의 칼날」의 우익논란을 민족정체성과 취향정체성의 얽힘이 발생하는 장소로 바라보며, 관련하여 국내 일본만화·애니메이션 팬(이하 국내 재패니메이션 팬)의 내적 경험을 분석한다. 본 연구는 개인행위자의 정체성이라는 미시적 영역을 통해 현대 내셔널리즘이라는 작동 방식을 분석한다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다. 또한 대중문화를 통해 개인들의 직·간접적 월경이 가속화되는 전지구화의 시대에, 이들의 사적 경험과 인식, 태도를 통해 현대 사회의 내셔널리즘의 변화를 가늠해본다는 점에서도 그 의의를 갖는다. 본 연구의 질문은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 「귀멸의 칼날」 우익논란을 둘러싸고 국내 재패니메이션 팬들은 민족정체성과 취향정체성 간의 긴장을 어떻게 경험하고 있는가. 둘째, 이들은 어떠한 내러티브를 가지고 두 정체성 사이의 긴장을 조정하는가. 셋째, 이들의 조정 전략을 통해 드러나는 현대 내셔널리즘의 작동방식은 어떠한가. 본 연구는 빌리그의 ‘일상의 민족주의’ 이론을 바탕으로 일상의 미시적 공간인 대중문화 영역에서 민족정체성을 연구할 필요를 논한다. 또한 젠킨스의 ‘획득된 정체성’을 기반으로 한 취향정체성의 개념을 통해 본 연구가 팬 연구를 넘어 현대 사회의 개인행위자에 대한 연구임을 제시한다. 더불어 국내 대중문화 관련 선행 연구 분석을 통해 민족정체성과 취향정체성의 복잡한 얽힘과 이를 조정하는 팬들의 다양한 전략 발굴의 필요성을 논한다. 본 연구는 국내 재패니메이션 팬들의 내적 경험을 면밀히 관찰하기 위해 질적 연구 방법을 실시하였으며, 국내 재패니메이션 팬 10명을 대상으로 심층 면접을 실시하고 이를 분석하였다. 연구 참여자들은 민족정체성과 취향정체성 사이의 긴장을 각기 다양한 방식으로 경험하고 있었다. 자신을 열혈 팬(이하 오타쿠)으로 정의하는 참여자들의 경우, 우익논란을 두 정체성이 양립하기 힘든 딜레마의 상황으로 인식하는 가운데 혼란과 도덕적 피로감을 경험하고 있었다. 한편 자신을 오타쿠로 정의하지 않는 참여자들은 두 정체성을 분리함으로써 우익논란에 대한 의도적인 무감각을 유지해 나가거나, 우익논란에 대한 거리 두기를 통해 민족의 과잉을 경계하고 있었다. 참여자들은 두 정체성의 얽힘이 야기하는 긴장을 조정하기 위해 다양한 전략을 구사하고 있었다. 이들은 ‘마음 멈추기’를 통해 취향 중지하기, 합리적 근거를 통해 취향정체성 정당화하기, 민족정체성을 우위로 정체성 서열화하기, 세계인의 취향으로 두 정체성 통합하기의 전략을 구사하고 있었다. 우익논란을 둘러싼 참여자들의 다양한 경험과 이들의 각기 다른 조정전략의 등장은 우익논란을 판정해 줄 명확한 기준의 부재와 국가·민족이라는 개념의 모호함에서 비롯된 다원화를 의미했다. 또한, 이는 ‘나’로의 환원을 의미했다. 현대 사회에서 이제‘나(self)’는 각각의 개인들에게 기준을 제공하는 공간이 되고 있었다. 역설적이게도‘나’로의 환원은‘나’의 심리적 토대를 위해 국가와 민족을 소환하기도 했다. 또한 ‘나’로의 환원은 다양한 가치들의 공존과 직접 논쟁의 부재 속에서 민주적 다원화와 심화되는 양극화의 양면성을 모두 담지하고 있었다. 미디어를 통한 월경, 인터넷의 일상화로 인한 전자적 지구화의 가속화, 글로벌 자본주의로 인한 대중문화의 지구적 소비 등으로 인해 개인이 인식하는 국가, 민족, 정치, 문화의 경계는 더욱 뒤섞이고 모호해지고 있다. 이러한 불확실성 속에서 개인의‘나’로의 환원은 가속화될 것이다. 국가와 민족, 취향 등 다양한 가치들이 경쟁, 갈등, 결합하며 전유되는 공간으로서 현대사회 개인의 정체성을 들여다봐야 하는 이유이다.This study is about individual actors and nationalism in the 21st century. It analyzes how the individual actors experience and adjust the tensions between national identity and acquired identity through taste (hereafter, taste identity), in an era when one can freely cross borders through popular culture. In particular, this study explores the internal experience of Japanese animation fans in Korea, regarding the nationalism controversy of the Japanese animation “Demon Slayer” as a place where entanglement between national identity and taste identity of Japanese animation fans in Korea occurs. This study is meaningful in that it analyzes the mechanism of modern nationalism through the microscopic domain of the identity of Japanese animation fans in Korea. It is also meaningful in that it evaluates the changes in nationalism in modern society through the perceptions and attitudes of cultural individual actors in the era of globalization when direct and indirect crossing-borders through popular culture will accelerate in the future. The questions of this study are as follows. First, how are Japanese animation fans in Korea experiencing the tensions between national identity and taste identity over the nationalism controversy of 「Demon Slayer」? Second, with what kind of strategies do they adjust the tensions between national identity and taste identity? Third, how does modern nationalism work given the individual actors’ strategy of adjusting the identities? This study discusses the need to investigate national identity in the realm of popular culture, a microscopic space of everyday life, based on Billig's theory, “Banal nationalism”. In addition, through the concept of taste identity based on Jenkins' 'acquired identity', this study does more than being a fan study, tackling issues on the individual actors in modern society. Moreover, it sheds light on the need to discover the complex entanglement of national identity and taste identity. It also points out the need to investigate various adjustment strategies through the analysis of popular culture studies in Korea. In this study, a qualitative research method was conducted to closely observe the internal experiences of Japanese animation fans in Korea. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 self-claimed Japanese animation fans in Korea. The participants were experiencing the tensions between national identity and taste identity in various ways. Participants who defined themselves as passionate fans(hereafter, Otaku) were experiencing confusion and moral fatigue facing this dilemma, in which the two identities were difficult to coexist. On the other hand, participants who did not define themselves as Otaku maintained a state of intentional insensitivity to the controversy by successfully separating the two identities, or by being wary of the excess of national identity through distancing themselves from the controversy. Also, the participants were adjusting the tensions caused by the entanglement of the two identities through various strategies, such as suspending taste identity through 'stopping the mind', justifying taste identity through rational grounds, prioritizing national identity as superior, or integrating those two. The emergence of various experiences and strategies of the participants surrounding the nationalism controversy meant diversification resulting from the absence of an obvious criteria in terms of judging the controversy and the ambiguity of the concept of nation itself. Also, it meant a reversion to 'Self'. In modern society, 'Self' has become a space that provides criteria for each individual. The reversion to 'Self' is now summoning the nation for the psychological foundation in the time of insecurity and ambiguity, which implicates the double-sided possibility of democratic pluralization in the sense of coexistence of various values and the deepening polarization in the absence of direct debate. The conceptions of nation, ethnicity, culture and so on that individuals perceive are becoming more blurred due to crossing-borders through media, the acceleration of electronic globalization through the daily use of the Internet, and global consumption of popular culture in global capitalism. In this uncertainty, individual actors' reverting to 'Self' will be further accelerated. This is why it is necessary to look into the identity of individuals in modern society where various values such as nations, ethnics and taste compete, conflict, combine, or are appropriated.제 1 장 서 론 1 제 2 장 이론적 논의 및 선행 연구 5 1. 이론적 논의 5 1) 내셔널리즘, 대중문화 그리고 민족정체성 5 2) 취향정체성과 현대적 개인 9 2. 선행 연구 14 제 3 장 연구 대상 및 연구 방법 21 1. 연구 대상: 국내 재패니메이션 팬 21 2. 연구 방법 23 제 4 장 귀멸의 칼날 우익논란 26 1. 우익논란의 쟁점 26 2. 우익논란을 둘러싼 반응 30 제 5 장 민족정체성과 취향정체성의 긴장 36 1. 딜레마 속 혼란 37 2. 도덕적 피로감 45 3. 정체성 분리와 의도적 무감각 50 4. 거리두기와 민족의 과잉 경계 58 제 6 장 민족정체성과 취향정체성의 조정 62 1. '마음 멈추기'를 통한 취향 중지 62 2. 합리적 근거를 통해 취향 정당화 65 3. 민족정체성을 우위로 정체성 서열화 67 4. 세계인의 취향으로 두 정체성 통합 71 제 7 장 현대 개인과 내셔널리즘 75 1. 명확성의 부재 75 1) 우익논란의 공식적 판정 75 2) 국가민족의 개념의 모호함 78 2. '나'로의 환원 81 1) '나'로의 환원 81 2) 국가민족의 소환 84 3. 다원화와 양극화의 양면성 87 1) 다양한 가치들의 공존 87 2) 직접적 논쟁의 부재 90 제 8 장 결 론 95 참고문헌 98 Abstract 103석

The Development of the Engineering Leadership Program for Engineering Students

The purpose of this study is to develop the engineering students leadership program and evaluate the pilot test. To this end, literature reviews covering various leadership programs were studied and a needs analysis survey was conducted. The needs analysis survey found that student subjects believe leadership to be an important quality, but that the current availability of leadership training programs is lacking. Furthermore, results of the study are as follows, with respective results listed in descending order. The majority of students selected on-line learning as their preferred training method, followed by blended learning and in-person learning. Students also indicated their preferred instructional method to be through on-line courses. Based on these results, a preliminary pilot program was experimentally launched for only 1 class's use. This process of the development for the Engineering Leadership Program consists of 4 stages. The first stage is a needs analysis survey, followed by the design of the program based on results from the needs analysis survey. Afterwards comes the development stage, followed by the implementation stage, comprised of two parts; the pilot test and the distribution. The final stage is the overall evaluation step. We are currently in the first step of the third stage (the pilot test) and only the overall evaluation stage remains. After the distribution, a follow-up study will be conducted to analyze the effectiveness of the implemented programope

병원 의료종사자의 환자안전관리 중요성 인식측정도구 개발

The purpose of this study was to develop a perception of importance on patient safety management scale (PI-PSM) for Hospital Employee. The PI-PSM was developed and vallidated as follows: item generation, vertification of content validity, pilot study, and test of validity and reliability. In order to verify preliminary instrument, data was collected from 280 hospital employees. Data were analyzed by Varimax factor analysis and Cronbach"s α. There were 21 items in final instrument categorized into 4 factors as "concern about patient safety management (7 items)", "confidence about patient safety management (5 items)", "will for patient safety management (5 items)", and "recognition about patient safety management (4 items)". The total varience explanined was 60.4%. The internal consistency, Cronbach"s α. was .86, and reliability of the sucscales ranged from .69 to .87. The results of this study may useful to assess the perception of importance on patient safety management.ope

Quality of Nursing Work Life Scale-Korean : Validity and Reliability

Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Quality of NursingWork Life (QNWL-K) scale. The scale measures the reported quality of the nurse' work life among Korean nurses. Methods: The QNWL-K was developed through forward-backward translation techniques. An internal consistencyreliability and construct validity using exploratory analysis were conducted using SPSS/WIN (21.0). Survey datawere collected from 309 nurses who worked in two tertiary hospitals, four general hospitals, and two hospitalsin Seoul and Gyeonggi, South Korea. Results: Factor analysis results of the revised QWNL-K demonstrated thatit has a four-factor structure (work context, support systems for home/work life, work design, and staffing) thatsupports construct validity. Factor loadings of the 36 items ranged from .30~.77. The QNWL-K showed reliableinternal consistency from Cronbach’s ⍺ for the total scale of .93. Conclusion: The findings support that theQNWL-K has satisfactory construct validity and is a reliable measure of nursing work life in Korea.ope

Influence of Quality of Nursing Work Life on Nurses’ Turnover Intention: the Mediating Effect of Organizational Commitment

The top priority of this study was to identify how nurses’ organizational commitment (OC) serves as a mediating factor between Quality of Nursing Work Life (QNWL) and turnover intention (TI) among Korean nurses. Three hundred thirteen registered nurses working in hospitals participated in this study. Mediating effect analysis was conducted to identify the relationship between QNWL, OC, and TI. The results revealed significant correlations between variables. OC showed a perfect mediating effect in the relationship between QNWL and TI. The results suggest that nurses’ QNWL has a significant influence on the TI, which is mediated via OC.ope