Future strategy of environmental security for response to climate change

학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 미래전략대학원프로그램, 2021.2,[iii, 46 p. :]냉전 종식 이후 세계는 변화하였고, 과거 국방 중심의 전통적 안보에서 벗어나 새로운 위험에 주목한 신흥안보 패러다임이 등장하였다. 신흥안보의 대상이 되는 다양한 위험 중에서도 주목해야 할 것은 환경안보에 대한 위협이다. 전 세계적으로 진행된 산업화와 개발로 환경은 급속도로 파괴되었고, 지구 곳곳에 이상기후가 나타나고 있다. 기후는 인간의 삶과 밀접하게 연관된 만큼, 기후변화가 야기할 리스크 요인들은 우리나라 환경안보에 위협이 될 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 환경안보 위협에 대응할 수 있는 미래전략을 모색하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 스탭퍼 분석을 통해 미래 환경안보 위협요인을 다각적으로 분석하고, 4가지 대안미래 분석을 통해 전략 옵션을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 기후변화로 발생할 수 있는 핵심 안보 위협요인으로는 해양 및 육상 생태계 변화가 도출되었으며, 생물다양성이 지속가능한 수준으로 유지되는 통제 미래를 선호 미래로 보았다, 이러한 미래로 나아가기 위해 우리나라에서는 범정부 차원의 기후변화 대응 전담 조직 확보 및 생태계에 보호에 대한 실질적 예산 투자 확대가 요구된다. 이를 통해 환경안보 리스크에 대한 효과적인 대응과 기후변화 대응력 제고를 기대해 본다.한국과학기술원 :미래전략대학원프로그램

Brigantedinium majusculum is the cyst of Protoperidinium sinuosum (Protoperidiniaceae, Dinophyceae)

Two morphologically distinct species Brigantedinium majusculum and Trinovantedinium applanatum have been suggested as a cyst stage of Protoperidinium pentagonum however, the cyst-theca relationships are still virtually undefined. In this study, we re-examined the motile stage of B. majusculum via thecal plate analysis together with a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial large subunit ribosomal DNA gene sequences. The morphological features of motile cells germinated from B. majusculum were identical to those of Pr. sinuosum, and the molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the germinated cells and B. majusculum are closely related to Pr. pentagonum and Pr. latissimum as a sister group. Additionally, the high sequence divergences were observed between the germinated cells and B. majusculum as well as Pr. pentagonum and Pr. latissimum (18.0%-19.5% according to P-values and 20.7%-22.9% according to Kimura-2-parameter values). Based on these results, our study indicates that B. majusculum should be accepted as the cyst of Pr. sinuosum.tudy, we re-examined the motile stage of B. majusculum via thecal plate analysis together with a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial large subunit ribosomal DNA gene sequences. The morphological features of motile cells germinated from B. majusculum were identical to those of Pr. sinuosum, and the molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the germinated cells and B. majusculum are closely related to Pr. pentagonum and Pr. latissimum as a sister group. Additionally, the high sequence divergences were observed between the germinated cells and B. majusculum as well as Pr. pentagonum and Pr. latissimum (18.0%-19.5% according to P-values and 20.7%-22.9% according to Kimura-2-parameter values). Based on these results, our study indicates that B. majusculum should be accepted as the cyst of Pr. sinuosum.1

Morphological identification of Alexandrium species in Jinhae Bay, Korea

The outbreaks of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and dense blooms caused by Alexandrium species in Jinhae Bay have been nearly annual events for many years,however morphological identification of Alexandrium species has not fully understand yet.In this study, we provide detailed morphological features, and discuss intraspecificvariability. 24 culture strains were established from water column or sediment trap samplesin Jinhae Bay, Korea. Four species were identified: Alexandrium affine, A.fundyense (A. tamarense complex group Ⅰ), A. insuetum and A. pacificum (A. tamarensecomplex group Ⅳ). A. affine was characterized by the shape of the apical pore plate,which is bullet-shaped with a attachment pore. A. insuetum had a Goniodoma&#8211 type 1’plateand highly reticulated thecal plates. A. fundyense was morphologically indistinguishablefrom A. pacificum. However, the variations of the apical pore complex and posterior sulcal plate were only observed in A. pacificum.derstand yet.In this study, we provide detailed morphological features, and discuss intraspecificvariability. 24 culture strains were established from water column or sediment trap samplesin Jinhae Bay, Korea. Four species were identified: Alexandrium affine, A.fundyense (A. tamarense complex group Ⅰ), A. insuetum and A. pacificum (A. tamarensecomplex group Ⅳ). A. affine was characterized by the shape of the apical pore plate,which is bullet-shaped with a attachment pore. A. insuetum had a Goniodoma&#8211 type 1’plateand highly reticulated thecal plates. A. fundyense was morphologically indistinguishablefrom A. pacificum. However, the variations of the apical pore complex and posterior sulcal plate were only observed in A. pacificum.2

Morphological identification of Protoperidinium species in Jinhae Bay, Korea

Dinoflagellates are one of the major components in marine plankton communities, andamong the marine dinoflagellates, Protoperidinium species is one of the most diverse andwide spread group. Although morphological studies of Protoperidinium species have beenconducted from many coastal areas of the world, the informations on morphologicaldescription of Protoperidinium species are scarce from Korean coastal waters. Thepurpose of the present study is to document the diversity of Protoperidinium species inthe Jangmok harbor of Jinhae Bay, Korea. In results, from December 2013 to February2015, 24 species were identified from phytoplankton net samples, and six species werenewly recorded: Protoperidinium abei (Paulsen) Balech, P. acanthophorum (Balech)Balech, P. deficiens (Meunier) Balech, P. denticulatum (Gran & Braarud) Balech, P.incurvum Lindemann and P. obtusum (Karsten) Parke & Dodge.ium species have beenconducted from many coastal areas of the world, the informations on morphologicaldescription of Protoperidinium species are scarce from Korean coastal waters. Thepurpose of the present study is to document the diversity of Protoperidinium species inthe Jangmok harbor of Jinhae Bay, Korea. In results, from December 2013 to February2015, 24 species were identified from phytoplankton net samples, and six species werenewly recorded: Protoperidinium abei (Paulsen) Balech, P. acanthophorum (Balech)Balech, P. deficiens (Meunier) Balech, P. denticulatum (Gran & Braarud) Balech, P.incurvum Lindemann and P. obtusum (Karsten) Parke & Dodge.2

Cyst-motile relationship, morphology and phylogeny of a new chain-forming dinoflagellate Cucumeridinium tongyeongese sp. nov. from the south coast of Korea

A new species, Cucumeridinium tongyeongese sp. nov. was established by incubating resting cysts, which were collected from surface sediment samples from Tongyeong coastal area, Korea. The resting cysts were spherical or ovoidal, with a large reddish pigment body and surrounded with a thick mucous layer including agglutinate detritus particles. The vegetative cells were 29&#8211 40 μm in length and 24&#8211 35 μm in width. The cell surface was covered with longitudinal equidistant ridges. The cingulum was narrow and had a cingulum descending ~5 times its width. The nucleus was obovoid and located at the central part of the epicone. The peripheral chloroplasts were usually granular and yellow-greenish in culture conditions, and were distributed along the rim of the cingulum. The apical groove was loop-shaped. The vegetative cells of C. tongyeongese can be clearly differentiated from the other Cucumeridinium species based on several morphological characteristics formation of cell-chains, shape of chloroplasts and the position of nucleus. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using small subunit rRNA gene sequences showed that C. tongyeongese was allied with other Cucumeridinium species. Large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences revealed that C. tongyeongese formed a clade distantly related to the other genera within the order Gymnodiniales.e reddish pigment body and surrounded with a thick mucous layer including agglutinate detritus particles. The vegetative cells were 29&#8211 40 μm in length and 24&#8211 35 μm in width. The cell surface was covered with longitudinal equidistant ridges. The cingulum was narrow and had a cingulum descending ~5 times its width. The nucleus was obovoid and located at the central part of the epicone. The peripheral chloroplasts were usually granular and yellow-greenish in culture conditions, and were distributed along the rim of the cingulum. The apical groove was loop-shaped. The vegetative cells of C. tongyeongese can be clearly differentiated from the other Cucumeridinium species based on several morphological characteristics formation of cell-chains, shape of chloroplasts and the position of nucleus. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using small subunit rRNA gene sequences showed that C. tongyeongese was allied with other Cucumeridinium species. Large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences revealed that C. tongyeongese formed a clade distantly related to the other genera within the order Gymnodiniales.2

한국해양과학기술원 해양시료도서관에 구축된 해양플랑크톤 배양주 보존실 Ⅰ. 식물플랑크톤 배양주

한국해양과학기술원은 해양생태계에서 중요한 1차 생산자인 식물플랑크톤을 활용한 연구 활성화를 위하여, 1995년부터 한국해양미세조류은행(KMMCC)에서 보존, 관리해온 식물플랑크톤 배양주를 거제 남해연구소 해양시료도서관으로 이관하였다. 이관된 배양주는 현재 형태적 특징을 바탕으로 종에 대한 명확성을 확보하고자 재동정을 수행하고 있다. 그중 동정이 완료된 규조류의 형태적 정보를 제공하고자 하며, 분양을 통한 연구 활성화를 유도하기 위하여 분양 요청자 중심의 시스템(http://lims.kiost.ac/portal/ms/hsPlLstPG.do)과 보존실을 소개하고자 한다.는 현재 형태적 특징을 바탕으로 종에 대한 명확성을 확보하고자 재동정을 수행하고 있다. 그중 동정이 완료된 규조류의 형태적 정보를 제공하고자 하며, 분양을 통한 연구 활성화를 유도하기 위하여 분양 요청자 중심의 시스템(http://lims.kiost.ac/portal/ms/hsPlLstPG.do)과 보존실을 소개하고자 한다.2

한국해양과학기술원 해양시료도서관 해양시료/분석장비 공동활용 시스템 (http://lims.kiost.ac)

한국해양과학기술원 해양시료도서관은 해양지질(표층/코어 퇴적물, 광물)/생물/환경/배양주시료 등과 같은 다양한 해양시료를 안정적, 체계적으로 보관, 관리 할 수 있는 저장시설과ITRAX, SEM, 형광현미경 등 최첨단 분석 장비를 구비하고 있으며, 이런 해양시료와 분석장비들을공동 활용하고자 시스템(http://lims.kiost.ac)을 구축하였다. 시스템은 해양시료도서관이보유한 다양한 해양시료 검색, 대여신청, 그리고 분석장비의 사용예약/신청을 할 수 있는 기능을 갖추고 있다. 해양시료도서관은 이 시스템을 통하여 해양시료의 국가적 공동 활용 연계망 구축,연구시료의 효율적 공급과 이용, 해양과학 연구사업의 창의적 지원과 같은 기능을 수행함으로써해양연구시료에 대한 국가적 정보센터 역할을 수행하고자 하며, 본 학회를 통해 시스템에 대해소개하고자 한다.해양시료와 분석장비들을공동 활용하고자 시스템(http://lims.kiost.ac)을 구축하였다. 시스템은 해양시료도서관이보유한 다양한 해양시료 검색, 대여신청, 그리고 분석장비의 사용예약/신청을 할 수 있는 기능을 갖추고 있다. 해양시료도서관은 이 시스템을 통하여 해양시료의 국가적 공동 활용 연계망 구축,연구시료의 효율적 공급과 이용, 해양과학 연구사업의 창의적 지원과 같은 기능을 수행함으로써해양연구시료에 대한 국가적 정보센터 역할을 수행하고자 하며, 본 학회를 통해 시스템에 대해소개하고자 한다.2

Morphology and phylogeny of Pentapharsodinium jinhaense sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) producing a calcareous resting cyst

A new species, Pentapharsodinium jinhaense sp. nov., was established by incubating restingcysts, which were collected from trap samples from Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea. The restingcysts of P. jinhaense were spherical or ovoidal, with a large reddish pigment body and a thickwall covered by numerous needle-shaped calcareous crystals. The size, shape and platetabulation of motile cells that germinated from the resting cysts were similar to those ofPentapharsodinium tyrrhenicum and Ensiculifera carinata however, the motile cells had aspine located in the anterior sulcal plate, and many pores and spines on the thecal surface.Molecular phylogenetic analysis using internal transcribed spacer and 5.8s rDNA showed thatP. jinhaense was closely related to P. tyrrhenicum. Large subunit ribosomal DNA sequencesalso revealed that P. jinhaense was nested within Pentapharsodinium and formed a stronglysupported clade with P. dalei and P. tyrrhenicum.ge reddish pigment body and a thickwall covered by numerous needle-shaped calcareous crystals. The size, shape and platetabulation of motile cells that germinated from the resting cysts were similar to those ofPentapharsodinium tyrrhenicum and Ensiculifera carinata however, the motile cells had aspine located in the anterior sulcal plate, and many pores and spines on the thecal surface.Molecular phylogenetic analysis using internal transcribed spacer and 5.8s rDNA showed thatP. jinhaense was closely related to P. tyrrhenicum. Large subunit ribosomal DNA sequencesalso revealed that P. jinhaense was nested within Pentapharsodinium and formed a stronglysupported clade with P. dalei and P. tyrrhenicum.1

한국해양과학기술원 해양시료도서관에 구축된 해양플랑크톤 배양주 보존실 Ⅱ. 동물플랑크톤 배양주

한국해양과학기술원은 해양생태계에서 중요 생물군인 동물플랑크톤을 활용한 연구 활성화를 위하여, 2008년부터 유용해양플랑크톤 자원은행(CCUMP)에서 보존, 관리해온 동물플랑크톤 배양주를 거제 남해연구소 해양시료도서관으로 이관하였다. 이관된 배양주는 총 120 배양주로, 7강 31속 38종이며, Copepoda(56%), Eurotatoria(35%), Branchiopoda(5%), Heterotrichea(1.6%), Ostracoda(0.8%), Oligohymenophorea(0.8%)와 Rhabditophora(0.8%)이다. 해양시료도서관에는 이관된 동물플랑크톤 배양주를 안정적/체계적으로 보존, 관리하고, 분양을 통한 연구 활성화를 유도하기 위하여, 분양 요청자 중심의 시스템과 보존실을 최근에 완성하였으며, 본 학회를 통해 배양주의 형태적 정보와 함께 분양 시스템(http://lims.kiost.ac.kr)을 소개하고자 한다.는 총 120 배양주로, 7강 31속 38종이며, Copepoda(56%), Eurotatoria(35%), Branchiopoda(5%), Heterotrichea(1.6%), Ostracoda(0.8%), Oligohymenophorea(0.8%)와 Rhabditophora(0.8%)이다. 해양시료도서관에는 이관된 동물플랑크톤 배양주를 안정적/체계적으로 보존, 관리하고, 분양을 통한 연구 활성화를 유도하기 위하여, 분양 요청자 중심의 시스템과 보존실을 최근에 완성하였으며, 본 학회를 통해 배양주의 형태적 정보와 함께 분양 시스템(http://lims.kiost.ac.kr)을 소개하고자 한다.2

Resting cysts of potentially harmful dinoflagellates in Korean coastal area

The frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs) has been increasing dramatically since the 1980’s in Korean coastal waters, caused by the cyst-forming dinoflagellates. Although the distribution of dinoflagellate resting cysts has been widely investigated in Korean coastal areas, morphological characteristics of resting cysts of potentially harmful dinoflagellates are still unclear. Here we provide the descriptions of these potentially harmful dinoflagellates cysts in detail to help a better understanding of the morphological characteristics and biogeographic distribution of potentially harmful dinoflagellates. Sediment samples were collected from 51 stations in the southern coastal area, Korea. Viable resting cysts were isolated and induced to excysts, and identification was based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic positions of the germinated cells. 9 potentially harmful dinoflagellate species were identified: 7 potentially toxic species and 2 potentially bloom-forming species. The resting cysts of Gymnodinium aureolum, which has a smooth, thin wall and many pale lipid globules, were first observed from natural sediments. The presence of resting cysts of potentially harmful dinoflagellates suggests that further research deserves more attention and efforts in HAB monitoring and management.investigated in Korean coastal areas, morphological characteristics of resting cysts of potentially harmful dinoflagellates are still unclear. Here we provide the descriptions of these potentially harmful dinoflagellates cysts in detail to help a better understanding of the morphological characteristics and biogeographic distribution of potentially harmful dinoflagellates. Sediment samples were collected from 51 stations in the southern coastal area, Korea. Viable resting cysts were isolated and induced to excysts, and identification was based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic positions of the germinated cells. 9 potentially harmful dinoflagellate species were identified: 7 potentially toxic species and 2 potentially bloom-forming species. The resting cysts of Gymnodinium aureolum, which has a smooth, thin wall and many pale lipid globules, were first observed from natural sediments. The presence of resting cysts of potentially harmful dinoflagellates suggests that further research deserves more attention and efforts in HAB monitoring and management.2