39 research outputs found

    Mechanism of hypoxia-induced hypersecretion in paranasal sinusitis

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    Dept. of Medical Science/์„์‚ฌExcessive mucus production and hypersecretion characterize various upper airway diseases. In sinusitis, the expression of major respiratory mucin genes, such as MUC5AC, MUC5B is increased. However, the primary mechanisms leading to mucus hypersecretion in sinusitis are not well known. Hypoxia due to occlusion of sinus ostium is known to be one of the major pathologic mechanisms of the sinusitis. However, there has been no report about the mechanism of hypoxia-induced hypersecretion of mucus in sinusitis. This study is aimed to identify whether induces mucus hypersecretion in upper airway epithelia and to elucidate the mechanism of hypoxia-induced hypersecretion in upper airway epithelia.Here we show that expression of mRNA of MUC5AC is a function of time under hypoxia in normal human nasal epithelial cells. Our results also show that the expression of MUC5AC mRNA was increased by transfection of mammalian expression vector encoding HIF-1ฮฑ, a major transcription factor for hypoxia, even under normoxic condition in human lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell lines (NCI-H292 cells). Moreover, the induced expression of MUC5AC mRNA by hypoxia was down-regulated by transfection of siRNA for HIF-1. The luciferase assay for MUC5AC promoter demonstrated increased reporter activity under hypoxic condition, however the mutation of the putative HRE in MUC5AC promoter attenuated the reporter activity. We also confirmed the binding of over-expressed HIF-1 and hypoxia-response element (HRE) in the promoter of MUC5AC by electromobility shift assay. In human sinusitis mucosa, we found the overexpression of HIF-1 and MUC5AC compared to normal sinus mucosa.Hypoxia upregulates MUC5AC expression by binding of HIF-1ฮฑ to HRE in the promoter of MUC5AC. In conclusion, hypoxia upregulates mucin gene expression and secretion by signaling using HIF-1ฮฑ in the airway epithelia and hypoxia might be a pathophysiologic mechanism of hypersecretion in airway disease such as sinusitis.ope

    ์˜์–ด

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์†Œ์•„์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ณผ ์ „๊ณต, 2013. 2. ์ตœ์ค‘ํ™˜.Introduction: Late-onset hyponatremia (LOH), hyponatremia occurring after two weeks of age with the achievement of full feeding, is the result of a negative sodium balance caused by inadequate salt intake or excessive salt loss due to immature renal or intestinal function in preterm infants. Objectives: The aims of our study were to identify the risk factors for LOH and their influence on neonatal outcomes. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort analysis of 161 preterm infants younger than 34 weeks of gestation who were born between June 2009 and December 2010 at Seoul National University Hospital. LOH was defined as a sodium level <132 mEq/dL or 133-135 mEq/dL with oral sodium supplementation. For the risk factor analysis, perinatal factors were compared between LOH and non-LOH groups using a multiple logistic regression analysis. For the outcome analysis, the relationships between the risk factors and outcomes were analyzed with simple linear or logistic regressions, and the variables that correlated with the outcome variables were included in multiple linear or logistic regressions. We included gestational age at birth (GA) in all of the models. Results: LOH occurred in 49 (30.4%) of the studied infants. A lower GA, a shorter duration of parenteral nutrition, the presence of respiratory distress syndrome, the use of furosemide, and feeding with breast milk were significant risk factors for LOH. In terms of neonatal outcomes, the infants with LOH had longer hospital stays and higher risks of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of prematurity requiring surgery (ROP). LOH lasting at least seven days was significantly associated with longer hospital stays, moderate to severe BPD, periventricular leukomalacia, and extrauterine growth restriction, regardless of oral sodium supplementation. Conclusions: LOH was commonly observed in preterm infantsit may be a risk factor for BPD or ROPand it may be a marker of illness severity. Future research with a larger cohort is needed.Abstract - i Contents - iii List of Tables and Figures - iv List of Abbreviations - v Introduction - 1 Materials and Methods - 3 Results - 7 Discussion - 15 References - 20 Abstract in Korean - 22Maste

    Caregiving distress and inflammatory response among family caregivers of cancer patients

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    ์ข…์–‘๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ „๊ณต๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•”ํ™˜์ž ๋Œ๋ด„ ์ œ๊ณต์ž์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ, ์†Œ์ง„, ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ๋””์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ IL-6, TNF-ฮฑ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 2017๋…„ 3์›” 21์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5์›” 31์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์†Œ์žฌ ์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›์— ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋Œ๋ด„ ์ œ๊ณต์ž๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 63๋ช…์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์ž๊ฐ€๋ณด๊ณ ํ˜• ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€์™€ ๋ง์ดˆ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์—์„œ 1ํšŒ ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„์€ SPSS Win version 21.0 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„, t-test, ANOVA, Spearman correlation coefficient, Hierarchical multiple regression์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋‚ด IL-6์™€ TNF-ฮฑ๋ฅผ ELISA(Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay)๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ ์ •๋„๋Š” 9์  ๋งŒ์  ์ค‘ ํ‰๊ท  4.22ยฑ2.26์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ์ •๋„, ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ ์ •๋„๋Š” 77์  ๋งŒ์ ์— ํ‰๊ท  32.97ยฑ18.2์ , ์†Œ์ง„ ์ •๋„๋Š” 100์  ๋งŒ์ ์— ํ‰๊ท  44.94ยฑ13.74์ , ์šฐ์šธ ์ •๋„๋Š” 60์  ๋งŒ์ ์— ํ‰๊ท  19.86ยฑ9.94์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ(probable) ์šฐ์šธ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ตฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋‚ด IL-6์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” 67.14ยฑ160.00pg/ใŽ– (๋ฒ”์œ„ 67.14~160.00pg/ใŽ–)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , TNF-ฮฑ์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” 78.22ยฑ 132.34pg/ใŽ– (๋ฒ”์œ„ 34.5~ 703.7pg/ใŽ–)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ /ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ, ์†Œ์ง„, ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์•”ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ, ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ (p<.05), ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋‚˜์ ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ, ์†Œ์ง„, ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(p<.05). ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋น„์˜ ์žฌ์ •์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ, ์†Œ์ง„, ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค(p<.05). ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ (p<.05), ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ช… ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(p<.05). ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ž์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์†Œ์ง„, ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(p<.05). ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3.๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ /์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ IL-6, TNF-ฮฑ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง์—…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ‰๊ท  ๋Œ๋ด„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 12์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ•˜์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— IL-6๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ (p<.05), ํ‰๊ท  ๋Œ๋ด„ ์ผ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ช…์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ๋•Œ, TNF-ฮฑ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<.05). ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์™ธ๋ž˜ ํ†ต์›์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ IL-6์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ (p<.05), ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— TNF-ฮฑ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(p<.05). 4. ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ, ์†Œ์ง„, ์šฐ์šธ ๋ฐ IL-6, TNF-ฮฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ”ผ๋กœ์™€ ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ(r=.706, p=<.001), ์†Œ์ง„(r=.790, p=<.001), ์šฐ์šธ(r=.744, p=<.001)์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , IL-6๋Š” ํ”ผ๋กœ(r=-.391, p=<.002), ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ(r=-.360, p=<.004), ์†Œ์ง„(r=-.338, p=<.007), ์šฐ์šธ(r=-.284, p=<.025)๊ณผ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„, TNF-ฮฑ(r=.538, p=<.001)์™€ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. TNF-ฮฑ์™€ ํ”ผ๋กœ(r=-.269, p=<.039), ์šฐ์šธ(r=-.267, p=<.041)์€ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5. ๋Œ๋ด„ ์ œ๊ณต์ž์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ํ”ผ๋กœ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ TNF-ฮฑ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ฒด ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ 18.5%(p=.013)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ”ผ๋กœ(ฮฒ=-.533 p=.016)๋Š” TNF-ฮฑ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•”ํ™˜์ž ๋Œ๋ด„ ์ œ๊ณต์ž์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ, ์†Œ์ง„, ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ๋””์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋‚ด ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ IL-6, TNF-ฮฑ์— ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•”ํ™˜์ž ๋Œ๋ด„ ์ œ๊ณต์ž์˜ ๋””์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ”ผ๋กœ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์–ด ๋Œ๋ด„ ์ œ๊ณต์ž์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ค‘์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.open์„

    (A) study on subjective symptoms on fatigue of primary and secondary school teachers

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    ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ํ”ผ๋กœ์ž๊ฐ์ฆ์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ดˆยท์ค‘ยท๊ณ ๊ณ  ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1983๋…„ 10์›”์ค‘ ใ€Œ์ž๊ฐ์ฆ์ƒ์กฐ์‚ฌํ‘œใ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ธ์ฒœ์‹œ๋‚ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ•™๊ต ๊ต ์‚ฌ(101๋ช…), ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ(100๋ช…) ,๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ(100๋ช…)๋“ฑ ์ด 301๋ช…์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์ •์‹ ์ , ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ž๊ฐ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์„ธํ•ญ๋ชฉ์—์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€ ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ”ผ๋กœ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋กœ๋„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ต์ง๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ, ์ฃผ๋‹น์ˆ˜์—…์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์„ฑ ๋ณ„, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์‹œ๊ฐ„, ํ†ตํ•™์ง€๋ณ„, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋กœ๋„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋Š” ์ „์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฐ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ˜ธ์†Œ์œจ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ๋„๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์ •์‹ ์  , ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ๊ฐ์  ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ใ€Œ์ •์‹ ์ž‘์—…ํ˜•ใ€์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ท ํ˜ธ์†Œ์œจ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‹  ์ฒด์ ์ž๊ฐ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ใ€Œ์˜จ๋ชธ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฅธํ•˜๋‹คใ€๊ฐ€ 44.9%, ์ •์‹ ์  ์ž๊ฐ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ใ€Œ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹คใ€ 38.2%, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ž๊ฐ์ฆ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ใ€Œํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋‹คใ€ 32.2%๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ตœ๋‹ค์˜ ํ˜ธ์†Œ์œจ์„ ๋ณด ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์ดˆยท์ค‘ยท๊ณ ๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ๋„ ๋น„๊ต์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ˜ธ์†Œ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํ˜ธ์†Œ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ๊ต์ง๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ”ผ๋กœํ˜ธ์†Œ์œจ์ด ์ ์ฐจ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค . 4. ์ฃผ๋‹น์ˆ˜์—…์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณธ ํ”ผ๋กœ์ž๊ฐ์ฆ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋‹น์ˆ˜์—…์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ‰๊ท ํ˜ธ์†Œ์œจ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณธ ํ”ผ๋กœ์ž๊ฐ์ฆ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋…€ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์‹  ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ž๊ฐ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ์—ฌ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. 5. ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณธ ํ”ผ๋กœ์ž๊ฐ์ฆ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ”ผ๋กœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ ๊ณ , ํ†ตํ•™์ง€๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณธ ํ”ผ๋กœ์ž๊ฐ์ค‘์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ฒœ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค . 6. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณธ ํ”ผ๋กœ์ž๊ฐ์ฆ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์  ํ”ผ๋กœ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ ๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ž๊ฐ์ฆ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] This study intends to make an analysis and a comparison, of subjective symptom of fatigue of primary and secondary school teachers. Randomly sampled out from schools in Inchon were 301 teachers, including 101 from primary Schools, 100 from junior high schools, and 100 from senior high schools. To effectively analyse the subjective symptom of fatigue was utilized a questionnaire method form that requires the respondent to indicate by marking "0" his corresponding one of three divergent choises-physical fatigue, mental fatigue and neuro-sensory fatigue. This study depends on a fatigue comparison table on primary, junior and senior high school teachers, and variables on their ages, teaching experience. teaching hours per week, sleeping hours, marital status, sexes, commuting areas, health status, by which an analysis and a comparison are made of subjective symptoms of fatigue. The obtained findings were as follows; 1. A general tendency of teachers' complaints of fatigue indicates a type of fatigue of mental work by showing that fatigue is shown in order of physical > mental > neuro-sensory fatigue. For an average percent of complanints against subjective symptoms, physical fatigue shows the highest ratio by 44.9% in "getting tired of the whole body," mental fatigue by 38.2% in "becoming apt to forget things," and neuro-sensory fatigue by 32.2% in "suffering low back pain." 2. A comparison of fatigue of primary, junior and senior high school teachers discloses in the primary school teacher group the lowest fatigue-complaining ratio in each one of symptoms, and reveals symptoms of fatigue in order of senior, junior high school teachers, then, points out a statistically significant difference among them. 3. The longer the age or years of teaching experience of teachers are, the lower average percent of complaints against subjective symptoms they express. 4. The more teaching hours per week they have, the more subjective symptoms of fatigue they complain of. A similar mental fatigue is shown between both sexes, but higher physical and neuro-sensory symptoms of fatigue the female complain of than the male. 5. The longer the sleeping hour is, the lower the fatigue. The subjective symptoms of fatigue, as viewed from teachers' commuting areas, presents more complaints of fatigue in those who commute from Seoul, than those from within Inchon. 6. A subjective symptom of fatigue when determined from health status gives no significant difference in mental fatigue, but indicates according to the health status a significant difference by p<0.05, in physical, neuro-Sensory fatigue.prohibitio

    ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ž‘์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ '๊ฐœ์ธ'์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ๊น€์ข…์šฑ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํšก๋ณด ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ(1897-1963)์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ‰๋ก  ๋ฐ ์†Œ์„ค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ 1920๋…„๋Œ€ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ 1920๋…„๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ๊ฒฝ์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ ์—๋„ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์œ ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ฃผ์˜(ๆ–‡ๅŒ–ไธป็พฉ) ์‚ฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „, ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์˜ ํ‰๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ท€๊ตญ ์ด์ „ ํ‰๋ก ์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฉด์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€์ด ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์˜ ํ‰๋ก ์—์„œ๋„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ๊ท€๊ตญ ์ดํ›„ ํ˜„์‹คํญ๋กœ์˜ ๋น„์• ๋ผ๋Š” ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ€๋ชจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์•„์™€ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ฌด๋งค๊ฐœ์  ํ•ฉ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ์—ฌํƒ€ ใ€Žํํ—ˆใ€ ๋™์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์€ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ํƒ€์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒช๋Š” ํ˜„์‹คํญ๋กœ์˜ ๋น„์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ์ฒด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ญ์„คํ•œ๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์˜ ํ‰๋ก ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž์œจ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์†Œ์„ค์€ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„œ์‚ฌํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จํŽธ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ง€์‹์ธ๊ณผ ์‹ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ๋™์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ณ„์—ด๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ง€์‹์ธ์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ์—์„œ, ์ง€์‹์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ธ ์†Œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์‹ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž์•„์‹คํ˜„์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ๊ตํ™˜๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋  ๋•Œ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์€ ๋ณด์กด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š•๋ง์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋กœ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์žฅํŽธ ใ€Ž๋งŒ์„ธ์ „ใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์–ด๋ง๋Š๋ƒใ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์žฅํŽธ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์–‘์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฅํŽธ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์ง€์‹์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ณธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ๋‘ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์ด ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฉด์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‚ด์  ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ์„œ์‚ฌํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„œ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž๋งŒ์„ธ์ „ใ€์— ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ด ์„œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„œ์ˆ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ณด์ธ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ž์„ฑ(่‡ช็œ)ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ฌธ์—ฐ์žฌ์†Œ์„ค ใ€Ž๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์–ด๋ง๋Š๋ƒใ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋น„ํŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋ณต์ˆ˜(่ค‡ๆ•ธ)์˜ ์ง€์‹์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ์—ฐ์• ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š•๋ง ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋œ ์ง€์‹์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ž‘์€ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž์œจ์  ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋น„ํŒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •์‹ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์—ญ์„คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š•๋ง์— ์ด๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ด์  ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‚ด์  ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ž‘์€ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์˜ ๋น„์ „์ด ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜์˜€๋˜ 1910๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ˜•์„ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ 9 2. ์—ผ์ƒ์„ญ์˜ ํ‰๋ก ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 16 2.1. ๋ฌธํ™”์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ 16 2.2. ํ˜„์‹คํญ๋กœ์˜ ๋น„์• ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์ž๊ธฐ์ธ์‹ 25 3. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š•๋ง์˜ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ 39 3.1. ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด 39 3.2. ์‹ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š•๋ง์˜ ๋น„ํŒ 57 4. ๋‚ด๋ฉด์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๊ณผ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 82 4.1. ๊ท ์—ด๋œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์„œ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž์•„ ์ธ์‹ 82 4.2. ์ง€์‹์ธ์˜ ๋‚ด์  ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅํŽธ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ 102 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  125 Maste

    ฮฑ-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibits tumor necrosis factor ฮฑ-stimulated MUC5AC expression in human nasal epithelial cells.

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    Mucin hypersecretion is an important clinical feature of several respiratory diseases, including asthma, cystic fibrosis, nasal allergy, rhinitis, and sinusitis. It has been shown that ฮฑ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ฮฑ-MSH), a proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptide, has immunomodulatory activities by inhibiting NF-ฮบB activation induced by proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-ฮฑ. Because MUC5AC expression is known to be up-regulated by TNF-ฮฑ via NF-ฮบB activation, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of ฮฑ-MSH on MUC5AC gene expression induced by TNF-ฮฑ in normal human nasal epithelial (NHNE) cells. Melanocortin-1-receptor (MC-1R) was detected by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescent labeling in NHNE cells. ฮฑ-MSH suppressed NF-ฮบB/p65 phosphorylation induced by TNF-ฮฑ as well as IkB-ฮฑ degradation in a dose-dependent manner, as assessed by Western blotting. In addition, ฮฑ-MSH inhibited TNF-ฮฑ-induced nuclear translocation of NF-ฮบB and NF-ฮบB luciferase activity. Real-time quantitative PCR data showed that ฮฑ-MSH inhibited TNF-ฮฑ-induced expression of MUC5AC, and this effect of ฮฑ-MSH was neutralized by knockdown of MC-1R using MC-1R shRNA lentivirus. Analyses using RT-PCR and Western blotting showed the expression of POMC and two key enzymes in the POMC processing, proprotein convertases (PC)1 and PC2, and 7B2, which is required for enzymatic activity of PC2, in normal human nasal mucosa. We conclude that ฮฑ-MSH down-regulates MUC5AC expression by inhibiting TNF-ฮฑ-induced NF-ฮบB activity through MC-1R stimulation in NHNE cells and that normal human nasal mucosa possesses the POMC processing machinery. Therefore, ฮฑ-MSH may be a promising candidate to decrease mucin overproduction initiated by NF-ฮบB activation.ope

    AP2alpha is essential for MUC8 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells

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    Mucins are high molecular weight proteins that make up the major components of mucus. Hypersecretion of mucus is a feature of several chronic inflammatory airway diseases. MUC8 is an important component of airway mucus, and its gene expression is upregulated in nasal polyp epithelium. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of MUC8 gene expression. We first observed overexpression of activator protein-2 alpha (AP2 alpha) in human nasal polyp epithelium. We hypothesized that AP2 alpha overexpression in nasal polyp epithelium correlates closely with MUC8 gene expression. We demonstrated that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment of the airway epithelial cell line NCI-H292 increases MUC8 gene and AP2 alpha expression. In this study, we sought to determine which signal pathway is involved in PMA-induced MUC8 gene expression. The results show that the protein kinase C and mitogen-activating protein/ERK kinase (MAPK) pathways modulate MUC8 gene expression. PD98059 or ERK1/2 siRNA and RO-31-8220 or PKC siRNA significantly suppress AP2 alpha as well as MUC8 gene expression in PMA-treated cells. To verify the role of AP2 alpha, we specifically knocked down AP2 alpha expression with siRNA. A significant AP2 alpha knock-down inhibited PMA-induced MUC8 gene expression. While dominant negative AP2 alpha decreased PMA-induced MUC8 gene expression, overexpressing wildtype AP2 alpha increased MUC8 gene expression. Furthermore, using lentiviral vectors for RNA interference in human nasal polyp epithelial cells, we confirmed an essential role for AP2 alpha in MUC8 gene expression. From these results, we concluded that PMA induces MUC8 gene expression through a mechanism involving PKC, ERK1/2, and AP2 alpha activation in human airway epithelial cells.ope
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