17 research outputs found
Inhibition of N-type calcium current by cirazoline in rat superior cervical ganglion.
์๊ณผํ์ฌ์
๋จ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
์ฑ์ํ ์ฅ์ superior cervical ganglion (SCG) ์ธํฌ์์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ง๋จ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ norepinephrine (NE) ๋ฐฉ์ถ์ ์ฃผ๋ก โ 2-adrenergic autoreceptor๋ฅผ ํตํ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ ๊ฐ์์ ์ํด ์ต์ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ํํธ ์ผ๋ถ์ imidazoline๊ณ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ์ญ์ ๊ต๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ ๋ง๋จ์์์ NE ๋ฐฉ์ถ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ โ 2-autoreceptor๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ๊ทธ ์์ฉ์ด ๋ฐํ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ imidazoline ์์ฉ์ฒด๋ผ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ฝ๋ฆฌ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ์ฌ I1-์์ฉ์ฒด, I2-์์ฉ์ฒด, I3-์์ฉ์ฒด, non-I1,2,3 ์์ฉ์ฒด ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋๋ค. ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๋ํ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋์ ์นํ๋ ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ํ๋ฉด, imidazoline๊ณ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ imidazoline ์์ฉ์ฒด๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ โ 2-autoreceptor์๋ ์นํ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ค์์ cirazoline์ ๋น๊ต์ non-I1,2,3 ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๋ ์ฝ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ cirazoline์ด ๊ต๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ง๋จ์์์ NE ๋ฐฉ์ถ์ ์ต์ ํ๋ค๋ ์คํ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ cirazoline์ ์ํ NE ๋ฐฉ์ถ ์ต์ ์ ๊ดํ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ง ๋ฐํ์ง์ง ์๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ cirazoline์ ์ํ SCG ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ๋ง๋จ์์์ NE ๋ฐฉ์ถ ์ต์ ์ ๊ดํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ดํดํ๊ณ ์ ๋จ์ผ SCG ์ธํฌ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋๋ ์ ์ ์์กด์ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ๋ฅผ NE ๋ฐฉ์ถ์ ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ, 1) cirazoline์ด SCG ์ธํฌ์ ์ ์ ์์กด์ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ณ , 2) cirazoline์ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ์ ๋ํ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐํ๋ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ์ข
๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๊ณ , 3) cirazoline์ ์ํ ์์ฉ์ฒด ํ์ฑํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ ์กฐ์ ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ธํฌ๋ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ํจ์์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ ๋จ์ผ SCG ์ธํฌ์์์ ์ ์ ์์กด์ ์นผ์ ์ ๋ฅ๋ whole-cell patch clamp ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. Cirazoline์ NE์ ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ญ์ ์ด๊ณ ๋๋ ์์กด์ ์ผ๋ก ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํ์๋ค. Cirazoline-์ ๋ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ ์ต์ ๋ โ 2-autoreceptor๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋จํ ์ํฉ(rauwolscine 3 โ M ์ ์ฒ์น) ํ์์๋ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋์ผํ ์ํฉ ํ์์ NE-์ ๋ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ ์ต์ ๋ ์ผ์ด๋์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ํ I1-, I2-, I3-์์ฉ์ฒด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ธธํญ์ ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฒ์น ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ cirazoline์ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํ์๋ค. ํํธ GDP-โ -S (2 mM)๋ฅผ ํ์ดํซ ๋ด์ ๋ฃ์ด G-๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ๋ถํ์ฑํ ์์ผฐ์ ๋ cirazoline-์ ๋ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ ์ต์ ๋ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์ง ์์๋ค. SCG ์ธํฌ๋ฅผ pertussis toxin (PTX)์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฒ์น(18 ์๊ฐ) ํ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, cirazoline-์ ๋ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ ์ต์ (23%)๋ PTX-๋๊ฐ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํฌ์ rauwolscine (3 โ M) ๋ง์ ์ ์ฒ์นํ ํ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋ cirazoline-์ ๋ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ ์ต์ (33%, PTX-๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ฑ ๋ฐ PTX-๋๊ฐ์ฑ)์ ๋นํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง PTX ์ ์ฒ์น๋ NE-์ ๋ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ ์ต์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ์์ ํ ๋ฐ์ (reverse)์์ผฐ๋ค. ํํธ N-ํ ์นผ์ํต๋ก ์ฐจ๋จ์ ์ธ โ -conotoxin GVIA๋ฅผ ์ ์ฒ์นํ์์ ๋ cirazoline-์ ๋ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ ์ต์ ๋ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ 1) SCG ์ธํฌ์์ cirazoline์ ์ ์ ์์กด์ ์ธ N-ํ ์นผ์ํต๋ก๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋จํจ์ผ๋ก์ ์นผ์์ ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํ๋ฉฐ, 2) ์ด๋ฌํ ์นผ์ํต๋ก ์ฐจ๋จ ํจ๊ณผ๋ โ 2-autoreceptor๋ I1-, I2-, I3-์์ฉ์ฒด๊ฐ ์๋ non-I1,2,3 ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ์์ฉํ์ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ฉฐ, 3) ์์ฉ์ฒด ํ์ฑํ์ ์ํ ์นผ์ํต๋ก ์ฐจ๋จ์ PTX-๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ฑ ๋ฐ PTX-๋๊ฐ์ฑ G-๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ๋งค๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ธํฌ์ง ๋ด ์ด์ฐจ์ ๋ น๊ณ์ ๊ฐ์
์์ด ์ธํฌ๋ง์ ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ก(membrane-delimited pathway)๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์นผ์ํต๋ก์ ์์ฉํจ์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
Presynaptic imidazoline receptors that mediate inhibition of norepnephrine (NE) release have first been identified in rabbit cardiovascular tissue. Superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons have imidazoline receptors and N-type Ca2+ channels to modulate neurotransmitter release. However, whether inhibitory action of
imidazoline receptor activation is associated with N-type Ca2+ channel blockade is unknown. This study was conducted to see if N-type Ca2+ current observed in SCG neurons is modulated by activation of imidazoline receptors. Ca2+ currents were recorded using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique from neurons isolated
enzymatically from adult rat SCG. Ca2+ current was evoked by a depolarizing stepping pulse from -80 to 0mV. Cirazoline (30 โ M) decreased the amplitude of Ca2+ current and slowed its rising phase. However, in the presence of alpha-2 antagonist rauwolscine (3 โ M), the cirazoline-induced inhibitory effect on Ca2+ current was decreased and did not show a kinetic slowing suggesting that alpha-2 adrenoceptors were partially activated by cirazoline in SCG neurons. Most of Ca2+ current was inhibited by N-type channel blocker omega-conotoxin. And in the presence of N-type channel blocker(โ -conotoxin GVIA) cirazoline could not inhibit the Ca2+ current indicating that cirazoline inhibited the N-type Ca2+ channel. Internal dialysis with solutions containing 2 mM guanosine-5''-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP-โ -S) blocked the Ca2+ current inhibition by NE or cirazoline. Compared with control, the inhibitory effects of cirazoline on Ca2+ current were decreased when SCG neurons were pretreated with pertussis toxin (PTX) for 18 hr. The presynaptic imidazoline receptor effects were mediated by a membrane-delimited pathway, because the modulation was not seen in cell-attached patches when cirazoline was applied to the bath. Taken together, the results suggest that activation of presynaptic imidazoline receptor in SCG neurons reduced N-type Ca2+ currents via a membrane-delimited, both PTX-sensitive and PTX-insensitive G-protein pathway. This imidazoline receptor mediated inhibition of N-type Ca2+ current may play an
important role in modulating neurotransmitter release from SCG neurons.ope
์ข ํฉ๋ณ์ ์ ์ ํ์์ ๋์ ์ํ ์์ธ ๋ฐ ๋์ ์ํ๋ ํ๊ฐ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ฐํธํ๊ณผ, 2012. 2. ์ต์ค๋ฏธ.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors and the relationship between fall and fall risk scores of inpatients. Methods: A total 294 patients who were admitted from January 1 to December 31, 2010 participated. One hundred forth seven patients who have experienced fall were matched by gender, age, medical department with 147 patients who have never experienced fall. The fall informations were obtained through electronic medical records and fall reports.
Results: The probability of falls was increased by more pain or no more visual disturbances at admission. Patients who have gotten higher fall risk scores at admission were more likely to fall, and the fallers have got higher fall risk scores at time of falling than at admission. Falls occurred most frequently within five days in the patient room. Most fallers were alert and ambulant with some assistance. After falls, most fallers were observed and the additional fall preventive activities were implemented.
Conclusion: The findings of this study support the need of using risk assessment tool for predicting fall risk. This finding can be used as a useful resource to develop nursing intervention strategies for fall prevention.Maste
๋ช ๊ฐ์ ๊ผฌ์ ์ฌ์์ ์์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ํ๋๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฐจ๋จ๋ฒฝ์ ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
Maste
HPLC๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ์์ ๋ถ์๊ณผ CHEMTAX ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ด์ฉํ ์๋ฌผํ๋ํฌํค ๊ตฐ์ง์กฐ์ฑ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
22kc
Temporal variaiton of phytoplankton community related to water column structure in the Korea strait
22scopuskc
Coexpression of P2X3 with TRPV1 in the Rat Trigeminal Sensory Nuclei
Trigeminal primary afferents expressing P2X3 or transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) are involved in the
transmission of nociceptive information. In order to characterize P2X3- and TRPV1-immunopositive neurons in the trigeminal
ganglion (TG) and trigeminal caudal nucleus (Vc), we performed immunofluorescence experiments using anti-
P2X3 and anti-TRPV1 antisera and a morphometric analysis.
77.4% (1,401/1,801) of all the P2X3-postive neurons coexpressed TRPV1 and 51.9% (1,401/2,698) of all the TRPV1-
immunopositive neurons also costained for P2X3 in the TG. Immunoreactivity for both P2X3 and TRPV1 were present in
medium-sized neurons but not in small- and large-sized neurons. P2X3- and/or TRPV1-immunopositive fibers were observed
in the primary afferents and their associated axons in the Vc. These fibers and terminals were distributed in the
superficial lamina of Vc: P2X3-immunopositive fibers and terminals were distributed in the lamina I and II, expecially in
the inner part of lamina II (lamina IIi), whereas TRPV1-immunopositive ones were densely detected in the lamina I and
outer part of lamina II (lamina IIo). Immunopositive fibers and terminals for both P2X3 and TRPV1 were observed on the
border between lamina IIi and IIo.
These results suggest that terminals coexpressing P2X3 and TRPV1 are involved in specific roles in the transmission
and processing of orofacial nociceptive information.2