Effect of different levels of dietary protein and different ages on the lipid metabolism of rats

본 연구는 연령이 증가함에 따라 나타나는 지방대사의 변화에 대하여 식이내 단백질수준이 어떻게 영향을 미치는가를 관찰하고저 행하여졌다. 실험동물은 평균체중이 70.4±2.4g (생후 4주)과 287.1±6.3g(생후 5~6개월)인 Wistar종 수컷 흰쥐 48마리를 연령에 따라 어린군(Young Group)과 성숙한 군(Adult Group)으로 나누었고 각 연령군을 7%, 15%, 50%로 단백질 수준을 각각 달리하여 5주간 사육하였다. 본 실험의 결과들을 요약해 보면 다음과 같다. 체중 100g당 식이 섭취량과 단백질 효율은 연령의 차이없이 7% 단백질군이 50%단백질군에 비해 유의적으로 높았고 체중 증가량은 두 연령군 모두 50% 단백질군에서 가장 높았다. 지방의 흡수율은 성숙한 쥐가 어린쥐보다 약간 낮았고, 단백질수준이 증가할수록 각 연령군 모두에서 낮아졌다. 혈청내 총지방량, 총콜레스테롤 및 triglyceride함량은 모든 실험군 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 성숙한 쥐의 경우에 15% 단백질군과 50%단백질군에서 혈청내 콜레스테롤과 triglyceride함량이 낮아지는 경향이 있었다. 간조직내 총지방함량과 triglyceride함량은 15%단백질군과 50%단백질군에서 성숙한 쥐가 어린 쥐에 비해 높았다. 콜레스테롤함량은 성숙한 쥐가 오히려 낮게 나타냈다. 체중 100g당 Epididymal fat pads의 무게는 성숙한 쥐가 어린 쥐보다 유의적으로 높았다. 어린 쥐는 단백질수준이 증가 할수록 약간 낮아지는 경향이 있었으나 성숙한 쥐에서는 15 %단백질군이 가장 높았다가 50%단백질군에서 다시 낮아졌다. Epididymal fat pads내의 DNA함량은 성숙한 쥐가 어린 쥐보다 유의적으로 낮았다. TG/DNA비는 성숙한 쥐가 어린 쥐보다 유의적으로 높았다. 이때 성숙한 쥐는 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 TG/DNA비가 낮아졌고, 어린 쥐는 TG/DNA비가 높아지는 경향을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 보면 어린 쥐에서 단백질수준이 매우 높은 50%단백질식이를 섭취 하여도 체중 증가가 있는 것으로 미루어 보아 성장기의 동물에게는 고단백식이가 성장에 유리한 영향을 미치고, 성숙한 쥐에서 단백질수준이 15%이상이 될때 지방축적량이 감소되는 것으로 보아 고단백식이가 연령이 증가됨에 따라 나타나는 신체내 지방축적을 감소 시켜주는 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다.;The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different protein levels upon subsequent age-related lipid metabolism change with rat's increasing age. 48 male rats of Wistar strain weighting 70.4±2.4g (4 weeks) and 287.1±6.38 (5-6 months) were divided into 2 groups; Young group and Adult group. And then each group were divided into 3 subgroups; one as 7% protein group, another as 15% protein group, a third as 50% protein group. After 5 weeks, they were killed by decapitation. The results of this study were summarized as following. Food consumption per l00g body weight and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher in 7% protein group compared with 50% protein group in both age groups. Lipid absorption percentage were slightly lower in adult groups and tended to decrease with increase in dietary protein level in both age groups. Serum total lipid, total choleterol, triglyceride content were not different significantly in all experimental groups. But those of 15% protein group and 50% protein group tended to decrease serum cholesterol, triglyceride content. Hepatic total lipid and triglyceride content were higher in adult group compared with young group at 15% protein and 50:% protein levels. Total cholesterol content were slightly lower in adult groups. Epididymal fat pads weight per l00g body weight were significantly high in adult groups, and showed different tendency with age. In young groups, it tended to decrease with increase of protein level, but adult group, it was highest at 15% protein level then decreased with increase of protein level. DNA content in epididymal fat pads were significantly low in adult group. TG/DNA ratio were significantly high in adult groups. With increase of protein level TG/DNA ratio tended to decrease in young groups, but it tended to increase in adult groups. Summarizing above results, protein level influenced animal's growth and energy efficiency. Therefore in case of young rats, high protein diet promoted animal's growth and in case of adult rats, it tended to decrease lipid accumulation of the body.목차 = ⅲ 논문개요 = ⅶ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 Ⅱ. 실험재료 = 3 A. 실험동물의 사육 = 3 B. 실험동물의 식이 = 3 Ⅱ. 실험재료 = 3 A. 식이 섭취량 = 8 B. 체중 = 8 C. 사료의 효율 (Feed Efficiency Ratio) = 8 D. 단백질효율 (Protein Efficinecy Ratio) = 8 E. 지방 흡수율 = 9 G. 각종 장기와 혈액채취 = 9 F. 변의 채취 = 9 G. 각종장기, 변 및 혈청의 분석 = 9 H. 통계처리 = 10 Ⅳ. 실험 결과 = 12 A. 식이 섭취와 체중의 변화 = 12 B. 지방의 섭취량 및 흡수율 = 17 C. 혈청 지방량 분석 = 20 D. 간조직내 지방량 분석 = 20 E. 지방조직내 지방축적량 측정 = 24 E-1. Epididymal fat pads의 무게 및 Edididymal fat pads내의 총지방함량 = 24 E-2. Epididymal fat pads내의 triglyceride 함량과 DNA 함량 및 TG / DNA 의 비 = 25 Ⅴ. 고찰 및 결론 = 29 A. 식이 섭취와 체중의 변화 및 신체내 지방축적 = 29 B. 혈청 및 간조직의 지방성분 분석 = 32 참고문헌 = 36 ABSTRACT = 4

Enrichment of tocols from rice germ oil using supercritical carbon dioxide

An efficient process was developed for enrichment of tocols from rice germ oil (RGO) using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2). Tocols were efficiently enriched in residue by removal of fatty acid methyl ester from the esterified RGO using SC-CO 2. The enrichment of tocols was carried out at an operating pressure of 12.4-15.8MPa, an operating temperature of 40-60°C and a carbon dioxide flow rate of 5.0Lmin -1. The combination of 13.8MPa pressure and 60°C temperature was selected as the most suitable for efficient enrichment of tocols. The level of tocols (1270mg/100g) in the residue obtained at these operating conditions was six times higher than the tocols level (192mg/100g) of the starting material, namely esterified RGO. There were no significant differences in relative percentages of tocols homologues between esterified RGO and the residue obtained by SC-CO 2 extraction. © 2012 The Authors. International Journal of Food Science and Technology © 2012 Institute of Food Science and Technology

Association between the APOB rs1469513 polymorphism and obesity is modified by dietary fat intake in Koreans

Objective: The apolipoprotein B (. APOB) gene has been reported to be a candidate gene for individual susceptibility to dyslipidemia and obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the APOB rs1469513 polymorphism on plasma lipid profiles and obesity-related phenotypes, together with their modulation by dietary intake in Korean individuals. Methods: We analyzed the plasma lipid profiles, obesity-related phenotypes, and dietary intake of 6470 Korean aged 40 to 59 y from the KoGES (Korean Genome Epidemiology Study) database. The effects of APOB rs1469513 on traits, the interaction of APOB rs1469513 and dietary intake on traits were analyzed. Results: Plasma levels of total cholesterol (P = 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.010), body weight (P = 0.048), and body mass index (P = 0.029) were significantly different in carriers of the A allele and minor G allele of APOB rs1469513. Among individuals whose fat intake was above the median, the difference for the body mass index across genotypes is 1.14% (AA 24.66 kg/m2 versus AG+GG 24.94 kg/m2, P = 0.004) and carriers of the minor G allele had increased odds of being obese (Odds ratios, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.57; P = 0.004) compared with homozygotes for the A allele. Conclusions: Our findings support a significant association between the APOB rs1469513 variant, plasma lipid profiles, and obesity-related phenotypes. This association has the potential to be modified by dietary fat intake. These results may offer proof that the differences between normal weight and overweight/obese individuals might partly result from different SNPs. © 2015 Elsevier Inc

Association between sleep duration and obesity is modified by dietary macronutrients intake in Korean

Background: Short sleep duration has been reported to be inversely associated with risk of obesity. Methods: The effects of sleep duration on obesity-related variables and the interaction of sleep duration and dietary macronutrients consumption on risk of obesity were analysed in 14,111 subjects aged 20-79 from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Results: Sleep restriction to less than 7 h per day resulted in higher body mass index, plasma triglyceride level, and obesity prevalence for women, but not for men. Protein intake was significantly lower in subjects with lower sleep duration for both men and women. The subjects with short sleep duration were significantly higher fat consumption for men, whereas carbohydrate consumption for women. Among subjects whose carbohydrate consumption was above the median, subjects with sleep duration of less than 7 h per day increased their odds of being obese (OR = 1.255, 95% CI: 1.073-1.476, P < 0.001) compared to subjects with sleep duration more than 7 h per day for women. Conclusions: Our results showed that sleep duration positively correlated with protein consumption, but negatively correlated with carbohydrate consumption, which might lead to high risk of obesity for women. Also, our findings support a significant association between sleep duration and obesity-related variables and this association has been potentially modified by dietary macronutrients consumption in women subjects. (C) 2015 Asia Oceania Association for the Study of Obesity. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Barley β-Glucan Lowers Serum Cholesterol Based on the Up-Regulation of Cholesterol 7 α-Hydroxylase Activity and mRNA Abundance in Cholesterol-Fed Rats

Barley, which is high in soluble dietary fiber (particularly β-glucan), is thought to have hypocholesterolemic effects. The present study was performed to further elucidate the hypocholesterolemic actions of waxy barley, and the extent to which they can be attributed to β-glucan. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=21) were fed control (fiber-free) diets, diets with the addition of 2.5% refined β-glucan or 30% waxy barley that provides approximately 2.5% β-glucan in the diet for 2 wk. Body weight gain and food efficiency of rats were unaffected by diet. β-glucan or waxy barley decreased serum levels of total cholesterol (p<0.05) by 13.5% or 18.9%, and also decreased LDL-cholesterol 19.4% or 24.3%, respectively. Addition of refined β-glucan or waxy barley to the diet resulted in greater bile acid excretions (p<0.05) compared to the control group. The waxy barley diet up-regulated by 2.3 times and the β-glucan diet by 1.5 times the activity of cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Hepatic CYP7A1 mRNA level paralleled the increases in enzyme activity. The results of this study suggest that the hypocholesterolemic effects of both β-glucan and a waxy barley diet may be due to the enhancement of CYP7A1 expression resulting from increased fecal excretion of bile acids

Lipolytic efficacy of alginate double-layer nanoemulsion containing oleoresin capsicum in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Background: Oleoresin capsicum (OC) is an organic extract from fruits of the genus Capsicum, and has been reported to have an anti-obesity effect. Objective: This study comparatively investigated lipolytic effects of single-layer nanoemulsion (SN) and alginate double-layer nanoemulsion (AN) containing OC in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods: SN and AN were compared by analyzing the intracellular lipid accumulation, triglyceride (TG) content, release of free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol, and mRNA expression of genes related to adipogenesis and lipolysis were analyzed in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Results: Compared with SN, AN exhibited higher efficiency in inhibiting the intracellular lipid accumulation and TG content, and enhanced the release of FFAs and glycerol into the medium. In AN-treated cells, mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and the fatty acid-binding protein adipocyte protein-2, which are involved in adipogenesis, were down-regulated, whereas those of genes related to lipolysis, including hormone-sensitive lipase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 alpha, were up-regulated compared with SN-treated cells. Conclusion: The lipolytic effect of AN was greater than that of SN; this was partly associated with the increased TG hydrolysis via induction of lipolytic gene expression and suppression of adipogenic gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Immobilized phospholipase A1-catalyzed modification of phosphatidylcholine with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid

Acidolysis; n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acid; Phosphatidylcholine; Phospholipase A1; Vacuu

Sweet Preference Associated with the Risk of Hypercholesterolemia Among Middle-Aged Women in Korea

Aims: Sweet preference has been reported to be associated with various health problems. This study examined the influence of sweet taste preference on the risk of dyslipidemia in Korean middle-aged women. Methods: The study selected 3,609 middle-aged women from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) and classified them into two groups on the basis of whether or not they preferred sweet taste. Dietary intake was analyzed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Serum lipid profiles and anthropometric variables were measured. Results: Subjects who preferred the sweet taste had significantly higher intakes of sugar products and sweet drink than those who did not prefer the sweet taste. Subjects who preferred the sweet taste showed higher carbohydrate and fat intake and less fiber intake than those who did not prefer the sweet taste. The serum concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were significantly higher in subjects who preferred the sweet taste than those who did not prefer. Furthermore, subjects who preferred the sweet taste showed a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.22; 95% CI (1.011.45)) and hyper-LDL cholesterolemia (OR 1.33; 95% CI (1.111.60)) than those who did not prefer the sweet taste. Conclusions: Our results suggested that preference for sweet taste may increase the consumption of sugar products and sweet drinks, which is partially linked to the risk of hypercholesterolemia and hyper-LDL cholesterolemia in Korean middle-aged women

Synthesis of structured lipids containing pinolenic acid at the sn-2 position via lipase-catalyzed acidolysis

Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of a modified pine nut oil (MPNO)-the pine nut oil was obtained from Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucch.-with capric acid was studied in a continuous packed bed reactor (PBR) using Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei as a biocatalyst. The MPNO containing pinolenic acid (PLA) at the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerol (TAG) backbone was prepared by lipase-catalyzed redistribution of pine nut oil using Novozym 435 from Candida antarctica. The effects of the water content in the reaction mixture and the molar ratio of substrates on the extent of the acidolysis reaction as a function of residence time in a PBR were investigated. The water content of the reaction mixture significantly influenced both the rate of acidolysis and the degree of acyl migration, but the molar ratio of substrates affected only the rate of acidolysis. The optimum water content and molar ratio for synthesis of the structured lipid containing PLA at the sn-2 position and capric acid at the sn-1, 3 positions of the TAG backbone were 0.04%, and 1:5 (MPNO to capric acid), respectively. © 2012 AOCS

Intake of antioxidant nutrients and risk of metabolic syndrome according to degree of stress in rural Korean women

The aim of the present study was to investigate antioxidant nutrient intake and risk of metabolic syndrome based on stress level in rural Korean women. Subject were participants from the Multi-Rural Communities Cohort Study, which was a part of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. According to scores of the Psychosocial Well-Being Index Short-Form, a total of 10,111 subjects were classified into ‘low stress group (n=8,015)’ from 0 to 26 points and ‘high stress group (n=2,096)’ above 27 points. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and blood chemical analysis. Dietary nutrient consumption was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. High stress group showed lower intake of antioxidant nutrients, such as vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, folate, zinc, and carotene compared to the low stress group. Intake of fruits and vegetable was lower in the high stress group compared to the low stress group. Subjects with high stress showed higher risk of hypertension [odd ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.226 (1.112∼1.351)] and hyper-triglyceridemia [OR, 95% CI=1.227 (1.110∼1.356)] than subjects with low stress. High stress group had a significantly greater odds ratio for metabolic syndrome compared with the low stress group [OR, 95% CI=1.216 (1.101∼1.342]). Thus, the present study suggests that high stress might be associated with low intake of antioxidant nutrients and high risk of metabolic syndrome in rural Korean women. © 2017, Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. All rights reserved