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    ํƒˆ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ์˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด ์œ„์ƒ: ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ด์ต ์ธ์‹์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์™ธ๊ตํ•™๊ณผ, 2013. 2. ์‹ ๋ฒ”์‹.70 ์—ฌ๋…„์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ 140 ์—ฌ๊ฐœ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ œ2์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์ด์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒ์ง• ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  20๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ 14 ๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒˆ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ •์น˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์™ธ๊ต ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ํƒˆ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณต์‹์–ด๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ†ตํ•ฉ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ๋ถ•๊ดด ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ํƒˆ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ 14๊ฐœ ํƒˆ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด ์ •์ฑ…์— ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์ž๊ตญ ๋‚ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ ๋น„์œจ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์—๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์•ˆ๋ณด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ 14๊ฐœ ํƒˆ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ธ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋“ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. 14๊ฐœ ํƒˆ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ ์™œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ด ์ƒ์ดํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด์— ๋†’์€ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜์กด๋„ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜์กด๋„๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค.Two decades have passed since the Soviet Union disintegration, when Russia and the other fourteen republics became independent states. Despite the fact that the former Union republics once shared a strong common identity as a unified nation, after the disintegration their political, economic and foreign policy trajectories have been diversified radically among them. However, the seventy years of the Soviet power passed not without a trace. The various sorts of material and cultural Soviet legacies still remained in all former republics, affecting their nation-state building process and foreign policy orientation. One of those significant Soviet legacies was Russian language, language that once united all Soviet republics and shaped the identity of every Soviet citizen, that was the main means of intercommunication among the republics, that was chief language of science, progress, culture, as well as the symbol of great Soviet power, Revolution, Lenin, communism and peace. Nevertheless, after the disintegration, most of the former republics started to implement policies to guarantee and protect their national, political, economic, and cultural dominance in their homelands. One of the most noticeable expressions of such formal nationalism was the language legislation. The languages of the titular nations rose to the status of official state languages, whereas Russian language varied extremely in its status from one republic to another. As a former metropolitan language, Russian became a highly politicized issue, directly involved in defining symbolic contours of the new states and their foreign policy orientation. In fact, Russian language issue in the post-Soviet region still remains a remarkable topic on domestic and foreign policy agendas, often mentioned on presidential elections and, for some republics, becoming one of the trump cards in the interstate political bargains with Russia. Despite the obvious political divorce with Russia, some former republics eventually decided to remain in the Russian-speaking realm, granting Russian official status of state and/or interethnic language, and demonstrating intentions to keep close relations with Russiawhile others relegated Russian to the official status of foreign language, clearly expressing their political distance from the former metropole. This study examines the symbolic, political and economic values of the Russian language in the post-Soviet region. It traces the influence of national historical memory, economic and security interests in Russias assistance with and cooperation on the Russian language status decision in the post-Soviet countries. It assumes that the interplay of national identity, economic and security interests are the key factors that drive Russian language status outcomes in the post-Soviet space.Contents 1. Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ1 1.1. Background of the Study and Problem Statementโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ1 1.2. Literature Reviewโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ11 1.3. Research Designโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ18 1.3.1. Approach and Hypothesesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ18 1.3.2. Operationalizationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ26 1.3.3. Data Analysis and Chapter Outlineโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ30 2. Russian Language Policyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ33 2.1. Soviet Language Policyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ33 2.2. Post-Soviet Language Policyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ44 3. National Identity Factorโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ52 4. Economic Factorโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ81 4.1. Institutional Binding (CIS, EurAsEC)โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ81 4.2. Dynamics of Mutual Tradeโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ87 4.3. Energy Tradeโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ92 4.4. Migrant Remittancesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ113 5. Security Factorโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ120 5.1. Institutional Binding (CSTO)โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ120 5.2. Security Policies and Military Basesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ123 6. Conclusionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ153 Bibliographyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ163 Appendix The List of abbreviations โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ174 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์š”์•ฝโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ176Maste

    ์ปคํ”ผ ์„ญ์ทจ, ์œ ์ „์  ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ: ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์–‘ํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ด์ •์€.Diabetes mellitus is a global health problem. Coffee consumption has drawn attention in relation to type 2 diabetes prevention because of its widespread consumption and the effects of polyphenol compounds. Epidemiological meta-analyses have shown an inverse association between coffee consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes. In addition, the association of coffee consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes may vary by genetic variants. This study aims to address the question of whether the incidence of type 2 diabetes is related to consumption of coffee, and whether this relationship is modified by 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to type 2 diabetes (CDKAL1 rs7756992, CDKN2A/B rs10811661, KCNJ11 rs5215, KCNQ1 rs163184, and PEPD rs3786897) in four Korean prospective cohort studies. A pooled analysis of 4 Korean prospective studies (The Health Examinees (HEXA) study, the Cardiovascular Disease Association Study (CAVAS), the Korea Association Resource (KARE) study, and the Healthy Twin (TWIN) study) included 71,527 participants with median follow-up periods ranging between 2-13 years was performed. To estimate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) of the four prospective cohort studies, the categories of coffee consumption were unified into four categories: <0.5, 0.5 to <1, 1 to <2, โ‰ฅ3 cups per day. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for type 2 diabetes were calculated using logistic regression models. The ORs were combined using a fixed or random effects model depending on the heterogeneity across the studies. Subgroup analyses were additionally performed to examine whether the associations of coffee consumption with type 2 diabetes varied by age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking, and type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes using a meta-regression model. Test for non-linearity of the association was performed using restricted cubic splines. A total of 4,600 incident type 2 diabetes were diagnosed among participants during the follow-up. An inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes was observed. Compared to 0 to <0.5 cups/day of coffee consumption, pooled ORs (95% CIs) were 1.02 (0.91-1.14) for 0.5 to <1 cups/day of coffee consumption, 0.97 (0.90-1.05) for 1 to <3 cups/day of coffee consumption, 0.89 (0.80-0.98) for โ‰ฅ3 cups/day of coffee consumption (p for trend=0.01). The inverse association did not vary by polymorphisms of rs7756992 in CDKAL1, rs10811661 in CDKN2A/B, rs5215 in KCNJ11, rs163184 in KCNQ1, and rs3786897 in PEPD (p for interaction=0.56, 0.97, 0.73, 0.62, 0.68, respectively). In summary, coffee consumption was significantly associated reduced risk of type 2 diabetes incidence. Statistically significant interactions of coffee consumption were not observed for 5 SNPs related to type 2 diabetes (CDKAL1 rs7756992, CDKN2A/B rs10811661, KCNJ11 rs5215, KCNQ1 rs163184, and PEPD rs3786897) in association between coffee and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Further replication of gene and diet interaction for type 2 diabetes in Asian populations is needed.๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ปคํ”ผ๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ปคํ”ผ์˜ ์ฃผ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ธ ํด๋ฆฌํŽ˜๋†€ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ํ•œ์ž”์”ฉ ์„ญ์ทจํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 3% ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹์ด ์š”์ธ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์œ ์ „์  ์š”์ธ์ด ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ(susceptibility)์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ปคํ”ผ ์„ญ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์—ญํ•™์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์—…(Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study: KoGES)์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ(๋„์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ The Health Examinees: HEXA study; ๋†์ดŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ the Cardiovascular Disease Association Study: CAVAS; ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ the Korea Association Resource: KARE study; ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ the Healthy Twin: TWIN study) ์ด 71,527๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์ปคํ”ผ ์„ญ์ทจ์™€ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ, ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž(CDKAL1 rs7756992, CDKN2A/B rs10811661, KCNJ11 rs5215, KCNQ1 rs163184, PEPD rs3786897)์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ํ•™ํšŒ(the American Diabetes Association: ADA)์˜ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 1) ๊ณต๋ณตํ˜ˆ๋‹น โ‰ฅ126 mg/dL, 2) ๋‹นํ™”ํ˜ˆ์ƒ‰์†Œ โ‰ฅ6.5%, 3) ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๋‹น๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒ€์‚ฌ โ‰ฅ200โ€‰mg/dL ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, 4) ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ›์€ ์  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋˜๋Š” 5) ํ˜„์žฌ ์ €ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณต์šฉ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ปคํ”ผ์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ปคํ”ผ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰(cups/day)์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ•˜๋ฃจ 0.5์ž” ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, 0.5 ์ด์ƒ ~ 1์ž” ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, 1์ž” ์ด์ƒ ~ 2์ž” ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, 3์ž” ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ปคํ”ผ ์„ญ์ทจ์˜ ์˜ค์ฆˆ๋น„(odds ratios: ORs)์™€ 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋žœ๋ค ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•(random-effect model), ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ๋ชจํ˜•(fixed-effect model)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ถ„์„(pooled analysis)์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Cochran's Q test๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ผ์ฐจ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ(restricted cubic spline model)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ปคํ”ผ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ„ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ƒํ™œ์Šต๊ด€ ์š”์ธ ๋ฐ ์œ„์˜ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ SNPs์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•˜์œ„ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ถ„์„(subgroup analysis)์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, meta-regression์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ปคํ”ผ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋†’์€ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ํก์—ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์Œ์ฃผ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๋…น์ฐจ ๋ฐ ์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•˜๋ฃจ 0.5์ž” ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ 3์ž” ์ด์ƒ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 11% ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค (pooled OR=0.89 [95% CI=0.80-0.98] p for trend=0.01). ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ํ•œ์ž”์”ฉ ์„ญ์ทจํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 3% ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค (pooled OR=0.97 [95% CI=0.95-1.00]). ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” 5๊ฐœ์˜ SNPs (CDKAL1 rs7756992, CDKN2A/B rs10811661, KCNJ11 rs5215, KCNQ1 rs163184, PEPD rs3786897)๋กœ ์ธตํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์„ฑ๋ชจ๋ธ(dominant model)๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 0.5์ž” ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ 3์ž” ์ด์ƒ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(p for interaction=0.56, 0.97, 0.73, 0.62, 0.68). ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, BMI, ํก์—ฐ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์Œ์ฃผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธตํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(p for interaction=0.97, 0.94, 0.34, 0.59, 0.93). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ปคํ”ผ ์„ญ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ปคํ”ผ ์„ญ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.I. Introduction 10 II. Literature review 14 1. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes 14 2. Genetic polymorphisms of type 2 diabetes 15 3. Association between coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes 16 4. Mechanisms underlying the protective effects of coffee consumption on type 2 diabetes 17 III. Subjects and Methods 19 1. Study population 19 2. Ascertainment of type 2 diabetes 23 3. Assessment of coffee and other factors 23 4. Genotyping and SNP selection 25 5. Statistical analysis 28 IV. Results 30 1. General characteristics of study participants 30 2. Association between coffee consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes 35 3. Subgroup analyses on the association between coffee consumption and type 2 diabetes 39 3.1. Subgroup analysis on the association between coffee consumption and type 2 diabetes stratified by type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes 39 3.2. Subgroup analysis on the association between coffee consumption and type 2 diabetes stratified by age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and alcohol drinking 48 3.3. Subgroup analysis on the association between coffee consumption and type 2 diabetes by types of coffee consumed 51 V. Discussion 55 References 61 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 72Maste

    ๋Œ€์Šน๊ธฐ์‹ ๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ณธ ์ถค์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ์ผ์‹ฌ(ไธ€ๅฟƒ)์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ(่ฆบ)์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ,1995.Maste

    ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉํ•ญ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ต์œก์  ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ •(์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต), 2017. 2. ๊น€๊ทœ๋™.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ค์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ, ํ•™๊ต ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ฐœ์ •์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉํ•ญ์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ต์œกํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ํ˜„๋Œ€์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•™์Šต ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์„ค์ •์— ๊ทผ์›์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜๋ชฉํ‘œํ•ญ' ๋ฐ์„ฑ๊ฒฉํ•ญ'์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๋Š” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ต์œกํ•™์  ์‚ฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณต๊ต์œก์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋ณดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์š”์†Œ์ธ๊ต์œก์  ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ',๊ต์œก์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์„ฑ',๊ต๊ณผ์  ๊ณ ์œ ์„ฑ'์„ ์ค€๊ฑฐํ‹€๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ›„์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ์ง€๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋จธ(Bennett Reimer, 1932-2013)์˜์‹ฌ๋ฏธ์  ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™' ๋ฐ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ค‘์‹ฌ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™', ์—˜๋ฆฌ์—‡(David J. Elliott, 1948-)์˜์‹ค์ฒœ์ฃผ์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™'์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ถ„์„ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชฉํ‘œํ•ญ์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•™๋ฌธ ์‚ฌ์กฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ œ6์ฐจ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉํ•ญ์˜ ์‹ ์„ค, ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”, ํ˜„๋Œ€์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ฒฉํ•ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ์ ยท์‹ค์ฒœ์ฃผ์˜ยท๊ฒฝํ—˜์ค‘์‹ฌ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์„ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ ์ฒ ํ•™ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์‹์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋จธ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ์  ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋…์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์™ธ์— ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•œ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์—‡์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์ฃผ์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ณ„, ๋ถ„๊ณผ๋ณ„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์œตํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์Œ์•…์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก, ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ณ ์œ ์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก, ํ™œ๋™ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก, ๋‹ค์›์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก์  ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์•… ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ณต๊ต์œก์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”๊ตฌ์™€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ต๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์€ ์ „๋ฌธ์ธ ์œก์„ฑ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์Œ์•…์„ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์Œ์•…๋งŒ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ์  ๊ณ ์œ ์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ์Œ์•… ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์Œ์•…์  ์ง€์‹์ด ์™œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™œ๋™ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ต์œก์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌํšŒยท๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๋ฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฝ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ง€์–‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์กฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด : ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •, ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •, ๊ต์œก์  ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„, ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ, ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™, ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ์  ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™, ์‹ค์ฒœ์ฃผ์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™, ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ค‘์‹ฌ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™, ๋ฆฌ๋จธ, ์—˜๋ฆฌ์—‡ ํ•™ ๋ฒˆ : 2014-21003โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ์ œํ•œ์  5 4. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 โ…ก. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 8 1. ํ˜„๋Œ€์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 9 1) ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ์  ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™ 10 2) ์‹ค์ฒœ์ฃผ์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™ 18 3) ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ค‘์‹ฌ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™ 23 2. ํ˜„๋Œ€์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์Ÿ์  29 โ…ข. ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉํ•ญ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ต์œกํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ํ˜„๋Œ€์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 33 1. ์ œ1์ฐจ-์ œ5์ฐจ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ 36 1) ์ œ1์ฐจ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • 36 2) ์ œ2์ฐจ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • 38 3) ์ œ3์ฐจ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • 42 4) ์ œ4์ฐจ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • 45 5) ์ œ5์ฐจ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • 48 2. ์ œ6์ฐจ-2015 ๊ฐœ์ • ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ 51 1) ์ œ6์ฐจ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • 51 2) ์ œ7์ฐจ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • 58 3) 2007 ๊ฐœ์ • ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • 63 4) 2009 ๊ฐœ์ • ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • 70 5) 2015 ๊ฐœ์ • ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • 74 โ…ฃ. ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๋ณ€์ฒœ 85 1. ๊ต์œกํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ 85 2. ๊ต๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ 90 3. ํ˜„๋Œ€์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 95 4. ๋‹ค์›์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ต์œก์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ•์กฐ 99 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 108 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 111 Abstract 115Maste

    The Case Study on Development Education in Higher Education: focused on Development Awareness Program of KOICA

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    ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” KOICA์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์ดํ•ด์ฆ์ง„์‚ฌ์—…(์ดํ•˜ ์ดํ•ด์ฆ์ง„์‚ฌ์—…)์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ต์œก ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์šด์˜ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ต์œก์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , KOICA ODA ๊ต์œก์›์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก ํ†ต๊ณ„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 2009๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2013๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ ๊ฐœ์„ค ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•์ƒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐœ๊ด„ํ•˜๊ณ , 2013๋…„๋„ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ์ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ฉด๋‹ด(Focus Group Interview, FGI)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•์ƒ์ด ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ดํ•ด์ฆ์ง„์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ต์œก์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋‚˜, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์†Œ์žฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ต์œก๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ดํ•ด์ฆ์ง„์‚ฌ์—… ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ˜‘๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์ธ์ง€์ œ๊ณ  ๋ฐ ํ™๋ณด์— ํŽธ์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ดํ•ด์ฆ์ง„์‚ฌ์—… ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ•์˜๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๊นŠ์ด์™€, ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ํ•ด์™ธํ˜„์žฅํ™œ๋™๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์ •๋„ ๋“ฑ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ต์œก ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน๊ฐ•, ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ดํ•ด์ฆ์ง„์‚ฌ์—… ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์ด ODA์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ค๋˜์–ด, ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์šด์˜์ด ํ–‰ยท์žฌ์ •์  ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํƒœ์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ดํ•ด์ฆ์ง„์‚ฌ์—… ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์™€ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋น„์ „์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‹ฌํ™”ยท๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ๋„ ๊ต์–‘๊ฐ•์ขŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ์™€ ์ €๋ณ€์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง€์›ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.This research aims to examine courses in development education offered by 57 Korean universities that participated in the "Development Awareness Program" of KOICA from 2009 to 2013, thereby suggesting how to improve development education. To achieve this goal, this research analyzed the status of course offerings and enrollment in development education, using the KOICA ODA data and the national statistical data of higher education. This research also analyzed characteristics of curricular of development education courses, drawn from the final reports prepared by 43 Korean universities that participated in the 2013 KOICA program. Focus Group Interview was conducted to investigate students' perspectives on the course offering including the structure and content of the curriculum in development education as well. Findings from this research show that the development education courses through the KOICA program have contributed to enhancing college students' awareness of international development cooperation. Yet, learning opportunities are still limited, particularly at the universities located in the Non-Seoul Metropolitan Area. According to the research findings, development education courses are limited in that they do not fully address diverse issues of international develop cooperation. Lastly, while most of the curricula displayed high level of similarities, the depth of the courses and the level of expertise of lectures still vary across universities. These discrepancies among universities reflect limited funding resources and information available for the universities located in the Non-Seoul Metropolitan Area. These discrepancies also partly result from that development education courses are offered at universities mostly through a limited channel including the KOICA program. Based on these findings, this research suggests that goals and visions of development education as well the curriculum of development education should be elaborated. It is also suggested that individual universities make efforts to expand learning opportunity of development education by opening new development education courses as a part of liberal education
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