5 research outputs found

    (The) roentgenographic study of the relationship between eruption and calcification of the mandibular permanent teeth in Korean

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    μΉ˜μ˜ν•™κ³Ό/석사[ν•œκΈ€] μ €μžλŠ” μ—°μ„ΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ μΉ˜κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 뢀속병원에 λ‚΄μ›ν•œ 남녀 아동과 μ„œμšΈμ˜ Kꡭꡐ, Eꡭꡐ 학생 쀑 만 3μ„Έμ—μ„œ 만 13μ„ΈκΉŒμ§€μ˜ 신체 κ±΄κ°•ν•˜λ©° κ΅¬κ°•μƒνƒœκ°€ 정상인 아동 592λͺ…을 μƒλŒ€λ‘œ Pan ex E.C. 방사선 촬영기둜 μ΄¬μ˜μ„ ν•˜μ—¬ μΉ˜μ•„μ˜ μ„νšŒν™”μ™€ 맹좜의 μƒν˜Έ 관계에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 결둠을 μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€. κ²°λ‘  1. κ²¬μΉ˜λŠ” λ‚¨μž 6μ„Έ 4κ°œμ›”, μ—¬μžλŠ” 5μ„Έ 11κ°œμ›”, 제 1μ†Œκ΅¬μΉ˜λŠ” λ‚¨μž 6μ„Έ 8κ°œμ›”, μ—¬μž 6 μ„Έ 5κ°œμ›”, 제 2μ†Œκ΅¬μΉ˜λŠ” λ‚¨μž 7μ„Έ 6κ°œμ›”, μ—¬μž 7μ„Έ 2κ°œμ›”, 제 1λŒ€κ΅¬μΉ˜λŠ” λ‚¨μž 3μ„Έ 10κ°œμ›” , μ—¬μž 3μ„Έ 3κ°œμ›”μ— μΉ˜κ΄€μ΄ μ™„μ„±λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€, 2. 각 μΉ˜μ•„λŠ” μΉ˜κ΄€μ˜ 완성이후뢀터 악골내 이동을 μ‹œμž‘ν•œλ‹€. 3. 각 μΉ˜μ•„μ˜ 치근이 1/3∼1/2정도 μ™„μ„±λ λ•Œ 남녀 곡히 맹좜 속도가 κ°€μž₯ 빨랐으며 이 λ•Œ λ‚¨μžλŠ” 10∼11μ„Έ, μ—¬μžλŠ” 9∼10μ„Έμ˜€λ‹€. 4. κ²¬μΉ˜λŠ” 6∼12μ„Έ, 제 1μ†Œκ΅¬μΉ˜λŠ” 7∼12μ„Έ, 제 2μ†Œκ΅¬μΉ˜λŠ” 7∼13μ„Έ, 제 1λŒ€κ΅¬μΉ˜λŠ” 3∼7 μ„ΈκΉŒμ§€ 맹좜 ν™œλ™μ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 5. μΉ˜κ·Όλ‹¨μ΄ μ™„μ„±λ˜κΈ° μ „ μΉ˜μ•„λŠ” κ΅ν•©λ©΄κΉŒμ§€ λ„λ‹¬ν•œλ‹€. 6. 각 μΉ˜μ•„μ˜ μ„νšŒν™”μ˜ μˆœμ„œμ™€ 맹좜의 μˆœμ„œλŠ” 남녀 곡히 제 1λŒ€κ΅¬μΉ˜, 견치, 제 1μ†Œκ΅¬μΉ˜ , 제 2 μ†Œκ΅¬μΉ˜μ˜ μˆœμ„œμ˜€λ‹€. [영문] The purpose of this study was to finding out the relationship between the tooth calcification and eruption of the mandibular permanent teeth in Korean. This study was undertaken in 592 children at ages from 3 to 13 years who had good oral condition by means of panoramic roentgenographic analysis. The following results were obtained. 1. The mean ages of crown completion were as follows; Canine 1st. Premolar 2nd. Premolar 1st. Molar Male 6yrs. 4mos. 6yrs. 8mos. 7yrs. 6mos. 3yrs. 10mos. Female. 5yrs. 11mos. 6yrs. 5mos. 7yrs. 2mos. 3yrs. 3mos. 2. Each tooth started to move toward occlusion at approximately stage 6 or after crown completion. 3. The highest increment in eruption rate was at about 1/3∼1/2 completion of root and ages at 10-11 years in male, 9-10 years in female. 4. Eruption period of both sexes were as follows; Canine: 6-12years 1st. Premolar: 7-12 years 2nd. Premolar: 7-13 years 1st. Molar: 3-7 years 5. The eruption was completed before the root completion. 6. The sequence of eruption and calcification was 1st. Molar-Canine-1st. Premolar-2nd. Premolar in both sexes.restrictio

    (An) analysis of the health center organizations in small/medium-sized cities adjusted by the changes in their business areas.

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    μ§€μ—­μ‚¬νšŒκ°„ν˜Έν•™κ³Ό/석사[ν•œκΈ€] 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 졜근 4λ…„κ°„ λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œμ—μ„œμ˜ 업무 및 λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 쑰직변화λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ—¬ λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 업무변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ 쑰직변화λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³  이에 λ¬Έμ œμ μ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜μ—¬ 이λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μƒˆλ‘œμ΄ λ³΄κ±΄ν™˜κ²½μ— μ ν•©ν•œ 쑰직 정립에 ν•„μš”ν•œ 자료λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆλ‹€./μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμžλŠ” μΌκ°œλ„ μ€‘μ†Œλ„μ‹œ λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 10κ°œμ†Œλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ „μˆ˜ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μžλ£Œμˆ˜μ§‘ 기간은 10μ›” 14일뢀터 11μ›” 28μΌκΉŒμ§€ μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 자료 뢄석은 μ‹€μˆ˜μ™€ λ°±λΆ„μœ¨λ‘œ ν•„μš”ν•œ 자료λ₯Ό μ‚°μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ£Όμš”κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 1. λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ μ—…λ¬΄μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” 정신보건사업, 방문보건사업, 건강증진사업 순으둜 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 97년에 λΉ„ν•΄ 2001년에 κ³ ν˜ˆμ•• 관리인원이 평균 1,195%, 당뇨병 관리인원 1,004%, 주민ꡐ윑 λŒ€μƒμΈμ› 593%, 방문보건 사업이 평균 169% 순으둜 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 2. λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 쑰직 λ³€ν™”λ‘œ λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 직제의 λ³€ν™”λŠ” 97년에 2001년도에 λΉ„ν•΄ 건강증진 담당이 2κ°œμ†Œμ—μ„œ 7κ°œμ†Œλ‘œ, 방문보건 담당이 μ „λ¬΄ν•˜μ˜€λŠ”λ° 3κ°œμ†Œλ‘œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν•œλ°©μ§„λ£Œμ‹€, ꡬ강보건싀, 보건ꡐ윑,정보싀, μš΄λ™μ²˜λ°©μ‹€, 골밀도싀 등이 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λŠ”λ°, μ΄λŠ” κ±΄κ°•μ¦μ§„μ΄λΌλŠ” μ§€μ—­μ£Όλ―Όμ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μš”κ΅¬κ°€ 반영된 것이닀. 10개 λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 평균 업무별 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμ‹€μ˜ κ°―μˆ˜κ°€ 평균 2.7κ°œμ‹€μ˜ 증가λ₯Ό λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 반면 λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 인λ ₯은 평균 1.4λͺ… μ¦κ°€λ‘œ λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ μ§μ›μ˜ 업무 과쀑을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έλ‹€. λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ μ˜ˆμ‚°μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” 97년에 λΉ„ν•΄ 2001λ…„ 총 μ˜ˆμ‚°μ•‘μ΄ 평균 13%μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 이쀑 μΈκ±΄λΉ„λŠ” 7%κ°€ κ°μ†Œν•œ 반면 경상비 및 사업비 μ˜ˆμ‚°μ€ 26% μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ μ˜ˆμ‚° 쀑에 경상비 및 μ‚¬μ—…λΉ„μ˜ μ¦κ°€λŠ” 점차적으둜 λ³΄κ±΄μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ μ€‘μš”μ„±μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ 것이닀. λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 인λ ₯의 λ³€ν™”λŠ” 97년도 λΉ„ν•΄ 2001λ…„λ„μ˜ 인λ ₯은 총3.9% 증가λ₯Ό 보이며 이쀑 직접 κ±΄κ°•μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” κ°„ν˜ΈμΈλ ₯ 및 μ˜λ£ŒκΈ°μ‚¬ 인λ ₯이 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ—…λ¬΄λŒ€ν–‰ 의료인의 μ¦κ°€λ‘œ 인해 λΆˆμ•ˆμ •ν•œ 신뢄보μž₯으둜 λ³΄κ±΄μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 질적 μ €ν•˜ 및 μ—¬λŸ¬ κ°ˆλ“± μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•  κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’λ‹€. 3. λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 업무에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ˜ˆμ‚° 및 인λ ₯의 λ³€ν™”λŠ” 97년도에 λΉ„ν•΄ 2001년도 λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ μ§„λ£Œμ‚¬μ—…μ΄ 평균 18.6%, 보건사업이 평균 381%둜 크게 μ¦κ°€ν•œλ° λΉ„ν•΄ λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ μ˜ˆμ‚° 쀑 경상비 및 μ‚¬μ—…λΉ„λŠ” 26%, 인λ ₯은 단지 3.9%의 증가λ₯Ό 보여 사업 증가에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ˜ˆμ‚° 및 인λ ₯이 λ°˜μ˜λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. μ΄μƒμ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ’…ν•©ν•΄ λ³Ό λ•Œ λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ μ—…λ¬΄μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” μ§€μ—­μ£Όλ―Όμ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κ±΄κ°•μš”κ΅¬μ˜ μΆ©μ‘±μ΄λΌλŠ” 건강증진 μ°¨μ›μ˜ 업무가 많이 λ°˜μ˜λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 업무 변화에 따라 λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 직제 λ³€ν™”κ°€ 많이 반영된 반면, λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ μ˜ˆμ‚° 및 인λ ₯의 λ³€ν™”λŠ” λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 업무가 크게 μ¦κ°€ν•œλ° λ°˜ν•΄ κ²½λ―Έν•œ 증가λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. λ³΄κ±΄μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„±κ³Ό ν™œμ„±ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬μ„œλŠ” λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ μ˜ˆμ‚°μ˜ 증가와 μ •κ·œμ§μΈ 보건 의료인λ ₯의 증가가 이루어져야 ν•˜λ©°, λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 업무 쀑 λ―Όκ°„ μ˜λ£ŒκΈ°κ΄€κ³Ό κ²ΉμΉ˜λŠ” 업무 등은 μ™ΈλΆ€ 전문기관에 μœ„νƒν•˜κ³  κ³΅κ³΅λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 관리가 λΆˆκ°€ν”Όν•œ λΆ€λΆ„κ³Ό 건강증진 λΆ€λΆ„ 및 이에 λ”°λ₯Έ 기획 및 평가λ₯Ό 효과적으둜 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ λ³΄κ±΄μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ κΈ°ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀. 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμ„ μ€‘μ†Œλ„μ‹œ λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œλ‘œ ν•œμ •ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ―€λ‘œ λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œ 업무 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ 쑰직 λ³€ν™”λ‘œ μΌλ°˜ν™” μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μ—†κ³ , λ˜ν•œ μ§€μ—­μ‚¬νšŒ κ±΄κ°•μš”κ΅¬λ„λ° μ—°λ ΉλΆ„ν¬μ˜ λ”°λ₯Έ λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œλ³„ μ—…λ¬΄μ˜ 차이 및 각각의 업무별 νˆ¬μž…μ‹œκ°„ μ •λ„μ˜ λ³€ν™” λ“± μ—…λ¬΄μ˜ 질적 λ³€ν™” 등을 κ³ λ €ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 단점이 μžˆμ–΄ ν–₯ν›„ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 점을 λ³΄μ™„ν•˜μ—¬ λŒ€λ„μ‹œ, λ„λ†λ³΅ν•©ν˜•νƒœ, κ΅° λ‹¨μœ„ λ³΄κ±΄μ†Œλ‘œ ν™•λŒ€ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ—¬μ•Ό ν•  것이닀. [영문] The present study attempts to examine the changes in the jobs and organizational structures in health centers for the past four years, and analyze their organizational adjustment followed by the changes in their business areas. Based on the problems investigated in this process, this study provides basic data necessary for the establishment of organizations appropriate for the new health care services environments. A complete enumeration survey was conducted to 10 health centers in small or medium-sized cities in one local province. Data collection was carried out from October 14 to November 28. Data analysis was done calculating the frequency and percentage. The result is as follows: 1. The changes in the jobs of health centers highest in the mental health services, followed by the home-visiting health services, and health promotion services. Compared with the data for 1997, the subjects of the hypertension management have increased by 1,195% onthe average; those of the diabetes management, by 1,004%; beneficiaries of community education,by 593%, and; home-visiting health services, by 169% on the average. 2. As for the organization changes of health centers, especially in their system, the centers that have staffs in the health promotion services have increased from two in 1997 to seven centers at present; those with home-visiting services staffs have increased from zero to three places. In many health centers, there has been an increased tendency to install the offices for oriental medicine, oral health, health education and information, exercise therapy, and bone density management, reflecting various demands of the community citizens for their health promotion. In the ten health centers studied, the number of offices that each staff takes charge of for one job area has increased by average 2.7 offices. However, the personnel in the health centers has increased by only 1.4 persons. This discrepancy indicates the overload of works for the staffs in the centers. The budgets in the year 2001 for the health centers have increased by 13% from 1997. Personnel expenses have decreased by 7%, while overhead and working expenses have increased by 26%. Among the items of health center budgets, the increase of overhead expenses and working expenses underlines the importance of health care projects./The personnel of these health centers in 2001 is larger than that in 1997 by 3.9%. Much of this change can be explained by the increase in the nurses and medical technicians who provide direct health services. In addition, the increase in the substitute medical staffs can cause a degradation of health services or many conflicts due to their lack of job security. 3. The budgets have also been changed according to the jobs of health centers: compared with the year 1997, the budget for treatment services have rapidly increased by 18.6% until 2001, and that for health care services, by 381%. On the other hand, overhead and working expenses have increased only by 26%, and personnel expenses, by 3.9%. This result shows that expansion of the business hasn't been considerated in the planning of budget and personnel. The above findings indicate that the changes in the business of health centers have covered the works in the dimension of health promotion,that is, the satisfaction of diverse health-related demands of community citizens. In addition, the changes in the contents of business have changed the organizational system of health centers, while their budgets and personnel haven't been sufficiently adjusted for the radical increase in the workloads. To activate and improve efficiency of health care services,budgets for health centers as well as their regular medical personnel should be augmented. Their efficiency could be enhanced by consigning the businesses that are overlapped with other private medical institutions to outside professional agencies, and by effectively performing the jobs that require the public management or health promotion business, as well as their planning and evaluation. The present study was conducted only to the health centers in small/medium-sized cities,so the findings may not be generalized to the nationwide health centers. Besides, the study has a limitation that it didn't consider the qualitative changes in the business, such as the differences in works among health centers by the health-related demand of each community and its age distribution,as well as the changes in the input time to each job.Complementing this limitation, follow-up studies should be conducted expanding the subjects to the health centers in metropolitan cities, the regions where urban and rural areas coexit, or in the Gun regions.ope

    (An) experimental study on the effects of A CO2 laser to the tooth enamel surface against the acid

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    μΉ˜μ˜ν•™κ³Ό/박사[ν•œκΈ€] λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ 심뢀 μΉ¨νˆ¬μ„±μ΄ 적은 νƒ„μ‚°κ°€μŠ€ λ ˆμ΄μ €κ°€ μ‘°μ‚¬λœ 치면의 변화와 산에 μ˜ν•΄ νƒˆνšŒλœ ν›„μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ˜λŠ” 치면의 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λ©° λ˜ν•œ λ‚΄μ‚°μ„±μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό 화학적인 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ 적은 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ‘œ 치면의 νŒŒκ΄΄μ—†μ΄ 높은 내산성을 μ–»κΈ°μœ„ν•œ μ‘°μ‚¬λŸ‰μ„ κ²°μ •ν•˜ λŠ”λ° μžˆλ‹€. κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μΉ˜λ©΄μ„ 가진 μƒν•˜μ•… 제 1μ†Œκ΅¬μΉ˜ 90개λ₯Ό μ΄λ“±λΆ„ν•˜μ—¬ λͺ¨λ‘ 180개의 μ‹œνŽΈμ„ μ œμž‘ν•œν›„ νƒ„μ‚°κ°€μŠ€ λ ˆμ΄μ €λ₯Ό 5 joules/㎠, 10 joules/㎠, 15 joules/㎠, 20 joules/㎠, 25 joules/㎠의 힘으둜 μ‘°μ‚¬λœ μ‹œνŽΈμ˜ 치면의 변화와 37β„ƒμ—μ„œ 0.1M μ –μ‚°(pH4.5)에 7일간 νƒˆνšŒμ‹œμΌœ λΆ€μ‹λœ 치면의 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ£Όμ‚¬μ „μžν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° 산에 μš©ν•΄λœ 칼슘과 인을 μ •λŸ‰ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ‚΄μ‚°μ„±μ˜ 정도λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 결둠을 μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€. 1. νƒ„μ‚°κ°€μŠ€ λ ˆμ΄μ € 쑰사ꡰ쀑 15js/㎠, 20 j/㎠의 μ‘°μ‚¬λŸ‰μ—μ„œ 곡히 내산성이 λ†’μ•˜λ‹€. 2. 15 J/㎠의 μ‘°μ‚¬λŸ‰μ—μ„œ ν‰ν™œν•œ 치면이 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 3. 25j/㎠의 μ‘°μ‚¬λŸ‰μ—μ„œ μœ‘μ•ˆμ μΈ 치면의 νŒŒκ΄΄κ°€ 보인닀 4. λ ˆμ΄μ €μ˜ μΉ˜λ©΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ μž‘μš©μ€ μΉ˜λ©΄μ„ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν™”ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”μ‹œμΌœ 내산성을 μ¦κ°•μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€. [영문] The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum range of laser energy of density at which we may obtain maximum degree of resistantibility against the acid without damaging the tooth enamel surfaces. CO^^2 laser was irradiated at each of five different energy levels ranging from 5 to 25 joules/㎠ with an increment of 5 joules/㎠ on the smooth enamel surface of the extraced noncaries human first bicuspid. The scanning electron microscope was used for examining the existence of damages on the enamel surface of the lased tooth. To investigate whether the tooth changes on the acid, the enamel was incubated for seven days in the constantly staking solution of 5ml. of a 0.1M lactic acid (pH4.5) at 37℃. The buffer was analyzed t? determine respective amount of calcium and phophorus. After acid demineralization of the tooth surface a scanning electron microscope was employed to examine the changes of the tooth enamel surface. The following results were obtained: 1. Energy density of 15joulcs/㎠ and 20joulcs/㎠ yieled the hi호 acid resistant activities 2. Energy density of 15joules/㎠ produced the glasslike enamel surfaces. 3. Energy density of 25joulcs/㎠ produced crack and porous enamel surfaces. 4. Acid resistance was increased due to physicochemical changes of tooth enamel surface after CO^^2 laser irradiation.restrictio

    Effects of the Characteristics of Anomalous Data on Cognitive Conflict and Conceptual Change in Learning Density

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    In this study, the effects of the authority level and the number of anomalous data on students' cognitive conflict and conceptual change in studying density were investigated. The subjects were 119 eighth graders in a co-ed middle school. A preconception test, a test of response to anomalous data, and a conception test were administered. Four types of anomalous data varying the authority level (high/low) and the number (one/two) were presented. The results indicated that anomalous data presented at high authority level significantly induced more cognitive conflict than that presented at low authority level. However, no significant difference in the degree of cognitive conflict was found between the number levels of anomalous data. The ANOVA. results indicated that there were no significant differences in the conception test scores due to the characteristics of anomalous data
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