5 research outputs found
(The) roentgenographic study of the relationship between eruption and calcification of the mandibular permanent teeth in Korean
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μ€ λ§ 3μΈμμ λ§ 13μΈκΉμ§μ μ 체 건κ°νλ©° ꡬκ°μνκ° μ μμΈ μλ 592λͺ
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ex E.C. λ°©μ¬μ 촬μκΈ°λ‘ μ΄¬μμ νμ¬ μΉμμ μννμ λ§ΉμΆμ μνΈ κ΄κ³μ λν΄ μ°κ΅¬ν
κ²°κ³Ό λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ κ²°λ‘ μ μ»μλ€.
κ²°λ‘
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, μ¬μ 3μΈ 3κ°μμ μΉκ΄μ΄ μμ±λμλ€,
2. κ° μΉμλ μΉκ΄μ μμ±μ΄νλΆν° μ
κ³¨λ΄ μ΄λμ μμνλ€.
3. κ° μΉμμ μΉκ·Όμ΄ 1/3βΌ1/2μ λ μμ±λ λ λ¨λ
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λ λ¨μλ 10βΌ11μΈ, μ¬μλ 9βΌ10μΈμλ€.
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5. μΉκ·Όλ¨μ΄ μμ±λκΈ° μ μΉμλ κ΅ν©λ©΄κΉμ§ λλ¬νλ€.
6. κ° μΉμμ μννμ μμμ λ§ΉμΆμ μμλ λ¨λ
곡ν μ 1λꡬμΉ, 견μΉ, μ 1μꡬμΉ
, μ 2 μꡬμΉμ μμμλ€.
[μλ¬Έ]
The purpose of this study was to finding out the relationship between the tooth
calcification and eruption of the mandibular permanent teeth in Korean.
This study was undertaken in 592 children at ages from 3 to 13 years who had good
oral condition by means of panoramic roentgenographic analysis.
The following results were obtained.
1. The mean ages of crown completion were as follows;
Canine 1st. Premolar 2nd. Premolar 1st. Molar
Male 6yrs. 4mos. 6yrs. 8mos. 7yrs. 6mos. 3yrs. 10mos.
Female. 5yrs. 11mos. 6yrs. 5mos. 7yrs. 2mos. 3yrs. 3mos.
2. Each tooth started to move toward occlusion at approximately stage 6 or after
crown completion.
3. The highest increment in eruption rate was at about 1/3βΌ1/2 completion of
root and ages at 10-11 years in male, 9-10 years in female.
4. Eruption period of both sexes were as follows;
Canine: 6-12years
1st. Premolar: 7-12 years
2nd. Premolar: 7-13 years
1st. Molar: 3-7 years
5. The eruption was completed before the root completion.
6. The sequence of eruption and calcification was 1st. Molar-Canine-1st.
Premolar-2nd. Premolar in both sexes.restrictio
(An) analysis of the health center organizations in small/medium-sized cities adjusted by the changes in their business areas.
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무λ³νμ λ°λ₯Έ μ‘°μ§λ³νλ₯Ό λΆμνκ³ μ΄μ λ¬Έμ μ μ νμ
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μ£Όμκ²°κ³Όλ λ€μκ³Ό κ°λ€.
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μμΌλ‘ μ¦κ°νμμΌλ©°, 97λ
μ λΉν΄ 2001λ
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보건μ μμ°μ λ³νλ 97λ
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μ ν¨μ¨μ±μ κΈ°ν μ μμ κ²μ΄λ€.
μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λ μ°κ΅¬λμμ μ€μλμ 보건μλ‘ νμ νμ¬ μ€μνμμΌλ―λ‘ λ³΄κ±΄μ μ
무 λ³νμ λ°λ₯Έ μ‘°μ§ λ³νλ‘ μΌλ°ν μν¬ μ μκ³ , λν μ§μμ¬ν 건κ°μꡬλλ° μ°λ ΉλΆν¬μ λ°λ₯Έ 보건μλ³ μ
무μ μ°¨μ΄ λ°
κ°κ°μ μ
λ¬΄λ³ ν¬μ
μκ° μ λμ λ³ν λ± μ
무μ μ§μ λ³ν λ±μ κ³ λ €νμ§ λͺ»ν λ¨μ μ΄ μμ΄ ν₯ν μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ΄λ¬ν μ μ 보μνμ¬ λλμ, λλ볡ν©νν, κ΅° λ¨μ 보건μλ‘ νλ μ€μνμ¬μΌ ν κ²μ΄λ€.
[μλ¬Έ]
The present study attempts to examine the changes in the jobs and organizational structures in health centers for the past four years, and analyze their organizational adjustment followed by the changes in their business areas. Based on the problems investigated in this process, this study provides basic data necessary for the establishment of organizations appropriate for the new health care services environments.
A complete enumeration survey was conducted to 10 health centers in small or medium-sized cities in one local province. Data collection was carried out from October 14 to November 28. Data analysis was done calculating the frequency and percentage.
The result is as follows:
1. The changes in the jobs of health centers highest in the mental health services, followed by the home-visiting health services, and health promotion services. Compared with the data for 1997, the subjects of the hypertension management have increased by 1,195% onthe average; those of the diabetes management, by 1,004%; beneficiaries of community education,by 593%, and; home-visiting health services, by 169% on the average.
2. As for the organization changes of health centers, especially in their system, the centers that have staffs in the health promotion services have increased from two in 1997 to seven centers at present; those with home-visiting services staffs have increased from zero to three places. In many health centers, there has been an increased tendency to install the offices for oriental medicine, oral health, health education and information, exercise therapy, and bone density management,
reflecting various demands of the community citizens for their health promotion. In the ten health centers studied, the number of offices that each staff takes charge of for one job area has
increased by average 2.7 offices. However, the personnel in the health centers has increased by only 1.4 persons. This discrepancy indicates the overload of works for the staffs in the centers.
The budgets in the year 2001 for the health centers have increased by 13% from 1997. Personnel expenses have decreased by 7%, while overhead and working expenses have increased by 26%.
Among the items of health center budgets, the increase of overhead expenses and working expenses underlines the importance of health care projects./The personnel of these health centers
in 2001 is larger than that in 1997 by 3.9%. Much of this change can be explained by the increase in the nurses and medical technicians who provide direct health services. In addition, the increase in the substitute medical staffs can cause a degradation of health services or many conflicts due to their lack of job security.
3. The budgets have also been changed according to the jobs of health centers: compared with the year 1997, the budget for treatment services have rapidly increased by 18.6% until 2001, and that for health care services, by 381%. On the other hand, overhead and working expenses have increased only by 26%, and personnel expenses, by 3.9%. This result shows that expansion of the business hasn't been considerated in the planning of budget and personnel.
The above findings indicate that the changes in the business of health centers have covered the works in the dimension of health promotion,that is, the satisfaction of diverse health-related demands of community citizens. In addition, the changes in the contents of business have changed the organizational system of health centers, while their budgets and personnel haven't been sufficiently adjusted for the radical increase in the workloads.
To activate and improve efficiency of health care services,budgets for health centers as well as their regular medical personnel should be augmented. Their efficiency could be enhanced by consigning the businesses that are overlapped with other private medical institutions to outside professional agencies, and by effectively performing the jobs that require the public management or health promotion business, as well as their planning and evaluation.
The present study was conducted only to the health centers in small/medium-sized cities,so the findings may not be generalized to the nationwide health centers. Besides, the study has a limitation that it didn't consider the qualitative changes in the business, such as the differences in works among health centers by the health-related demand of each community and its age distribution,as well as the changes in the input time to each job.Complementing this limitation, follow-up studies should be
conducted expanding the subjects to the health centers in metropolitan cities, the regions where urban and rural areas coexit, or in the Gun regions.ope
(An) experimental study on the effects of A CO2 laser to the tooth enamel surface against the acid
μΉμνκ³Ό/λ°μ¬[νκΈ]
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ λͺ©μ μ μ¬λΆ μΉ¨ν¬μ±μ΄ μ μ νμ°κ°μ€ λ μ΄μ κ° μ‘°μ¬λ μΉλ©΄μ λ³νμ μ°μ μν΄ ννλ νμ λ³νλλ μΉλ©΄μ μνλ₯Ό κ΄μ°°νλ©° λν λ΄μ°μ±μ λ³νλ₯Ό ννμ μΈ λ°©λ²μΌλ‘ λΆμνμ¬ μ μ μλμ§λ‘ μΉλ©΄μ νκ΄΄μμ΄ λμ λ΄μ°μ±μ μ»κΈ°μν μ‘°μ¬λμ κ²°μ ν
λλ° μλ€.
건κ°ν μΉλ©΄μ κ°μ§ μνμ
μ 1μκ΅¬μΉ 90κ°λ₯Ό μ΄λ±λΆνμ¬ λͺ¨λ 180κ°μ μνΈμ μ μνν νμ°κ°μ€ λ μ΄μ λ₯Ό 5 joules/γ , 10 joules/γ , 15 joules/γ , 20 joules/γ , 25 joules/γ μ νμΌλ‘ μ‘°μ¬λ μνΈμ μΉλ©΄μ λ³νμ 37βμμ 0.1M μ μ°(pH4.5)μ 7μΌκ° ννμμΌ λΆμλ μΉλ©΄μ λ³νλ₯Ό μ£Όμ¬μ μνλ―Έκ²½μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ κ΄μ°°νμμΌλ©° μ°μ μ©ν΄λ μΉΌμκ³Ό μΈμ μ λ λΆμνμ¬ λ΄μ°μ±μ μ λλ₯Ό μΈ‘μ νμ¬ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ κ²°λ‘ μ μ»μλ€.
1. νμ°κ°μ€ λ μ΄μ μ‘°μ¬κ΅°μ€ 15js/γ , 20 j/γ μ μ‘°μ¬λμμ 곡ν λ΄μ°μ±μ΄ λμλ€.
2. 15 J/γ μ μ‘°μ¬λμμ ννν μΉλ©΄μ΄ λνλ¬λ€.
3. 25j/γ μ μ‘°μ¬λμμ μ‘μμ μΈ μΉλ©΄μ νκ΄΄κ° λ³΄μΈλ€
4. λ μ΄μ μ μΉλ©΄μ λν μμ©μ μΉλ©΄μ 물리ννμ μΌλ‘ λ³νμμΌ λ΄μ°μ±μ μ¦κ°μν¨λ€.
[μλ¬Έ]
The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum range of laser energy of density at which we may obtain maximum degree of resistantibility against the acid without damaging the tooth enamel surfaces.
CO^^2 laser was irradiated at each of five different energy levels ranging from 5 to 25 joules/γ with an increment of 5 joules/γ on the smooth enamel surface of the extraced noncaries human first bicuspid. The scanning electron microscope was
used for examining the existence of damages on the enamel surface of the lased tooth.
To investigate whether the tooth changes on the acid, the enamel was incubated for seven days in the constantly staking solution of 5ml. of a 0.1M lactic acid (pH4.5) at 37β. The buffer was analyzed t? determine respective amount of calcium
and phophorus. After acid demineralization of the tooth surface a scanning electron microscope was employed to examine the changes of the tooth enamel surface.
The following results were obtained:
1. Energy density of 15joulcs/γ and 20joulcs/γ yieled the hiνΈ acid resistant activities
2. Energy density of 15joules/γ produced the glasslike enamel surfaces.
3. Energy density of 25joulcs/γ produced crack and porous enamel surfaces.
4. Acid resistance was increased due to physicochemical changes of tooth enamel surface after CO^^2 laser irradiation.restrictio
Merchants on port to build a theater - Focusing the port cities of Joseon(old Korea) during the Japanese colonial period
Effects of the Characteristics of Anomalous Data on Cognitive Conflict and Conceptual Change in Learning Density
In this study, the effects of the authority level and the number of anomalous data on students' cognitive conflict and conceptual change in studying density were investigated. The subjects were 119 eighth graders in a co-ed middle school. A preconception test, a test of response to anomalous data, and a conception test were administered. Four types of anomalous data varying the authority level (high/low) and the number (one/two) were presented. The results indicated that anomalous data presented at high authority level significantly induced more cognitive conflict than that presented at low authority level. However, no significant difference in the degree of cognitive conflict was found between the number levels of anomalous data. The ANOVA. results indicated that there were no significant differences in the conception test scores due to the characteristics of anomalous data