28 research outputs found

    ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ฅ ๋‚œํฌ์˜ ์–‘ ๋ฐ ๋‚œํฌ์˜ ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‚œ์†Œ ๋‚ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ๊น€์„ธ์ •.Following the development of cancer management, cancer survivors have increased, and their concerns for future fertility have grown. Compared to the harmful effects of conventional chemotherapeutics on reproduction, new chemotherapeutics show inconclusive evidence about its deleterious effects on reproduction. Women treated with cyclophosphamide (Cp) are at a high risk of premature ovarian failure. One of the mechanisms of Cp-induced ovarian damage is the apoptotic pathway in ovarian follicles. However, few studies have been reported the exact effect of imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on ovarian function. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the impact of imatinib on the quantity and quality of mice ovarian follicles. We injected saline, cyclophosphamide (Cp, 50 or 75 mg/kg), or imatinib (7.5 or 15 mg/kg) into female B6D2F1 mice (eighteen mice for each group). One week later, ovaries were collected. Nine mice in each group were used for follicle count. In multiple ovarian sections stained by Mayerโ€™s hematoxylin-eosin solution, we counted the number of various types of follicles and the proportion of good quality follicles, which was defined as intact spherical shape of follicles with oocytes. The other nine mice in each group were used for the western blot analysis. Levels of six proteins related to follicular function, apoptosis, and vascularization (AMH, BCL-xL, BAX, A-SMase, caspase-3, and ฮฑ-SMA) were quantified within whole ovaries. We compared the ovarian follicle counts and expression of proteins among the groups. A significant decrease in primordial follicle count was observed in the group administered imatinib 7.5 mg/kg (p = 0.001) and 15 mg/kg (p = 0.010), as well as in the group administered Cp 75 mg/kg (p = 0.002), compared to the saline control group. In contrast, no differences in primary and antral follicle counts were observed between the group treated with imatinib 7.5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg and the saline control group. Although administration of Cp 50 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg significantly decreased the proportion of good quality primordial follicles, administration of imatinib 7.5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg did not reduce the proportion of good quality primordial follicles. AMH level was similar in the groups treated with imatinib 15 mg/kg and Cp 50 or 75 mg/kg, compared to the saline control group. Anti-apoptotic BCLX-L and pro-apoptotic BAX and A-SMase levels were also similar in the five groups. However, Caspase 3 and ฮฑ-SMA levels were significantly higher in the imatinib 7.5 or 15 mg/kg and Cp 50 or 75 mg/kg groups than those in the saline control group. In conclusion, the administration of imatinib to mice significantly reduced primordial follicle count and increased protein levels of Caspase 3 and ฮฑ-SMA. Our findings suggest that imatinib has potential ovarian toxicity via apoptotic process, as like in Cp.์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•” ์ƒ์กด์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์‹ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ณด์กด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋ง ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ณ ์‹์ ์ธ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‹ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์‹ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์•”์ œ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœํฌ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฏธ๋“œ (cyclophosphamide) ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๋‚œ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ถ€์ „์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ „์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœํฌ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฏธ๋“œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‚œํฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์ž๋ฉธ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ „์ด (apoptotic pathway) ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹  ํ‚ค๋‚˜์ œ ์–ต์ œ์ œ (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) ๊ณ„์—ด ํ•ญ์•”์ œ์ธ ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™ (imatinib) ์˜ ๋‚œ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ฅ ๋‚œํฌ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•”์ปท B6D2F1 ์ƒ์ฅ์— ์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜, ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœํฌ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฏธ๋“œ (Cp, 50 or 75 mg/kg), ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™ (7.5 or 15 mg/kg)์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 18๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์ž… ํ›„ 1์ฃผ์ผ ๋’ค์— ๋‚œ์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์ฑ„์ทจ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ 9๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์ฅ์—์„œ ์–ป๋Š” ๋‚œ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ํ—ค๋งˆํ†ก์‹ค๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ์—์˜ค์‹  ์—ผ์ƒ‰ (hematoxylin-eosin solution) ํ›„, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‚œํฌ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๋‚œํฌ ๋น„์œจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๋‚œํฌ๋Š” ์˜จ์ „ํ•œ ๊ตฌํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚œ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚œํฌ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 9๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์ฅ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๋‚œ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋‚œํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์„ธํฌ์ž๋ฉธ์‚ฌ, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ธฐ์ „๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ๋Š” 6 ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ (AMH, BCL-xL, BAX, A-SMase, caspase-3, and ฮฑ-SMA)์ด ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ๋ธ”๋ž (western blot) ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋‚œํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋น„๊ต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต์‹œ ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™ ๊ทธ๋ฃน (7.5 mg/kg , 15 mg/kg)์—์„œ ์›์‹œ๋‚œํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœํฌ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฏธ๋“œ 75 mg/kg ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์›์‹œ ๋‚œํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‚œํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ ์ผ์ฐจ๋‚œํฌ (primary follicle) ์™€ ๋™๋‚œํฌ (antral follicle)์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœํฌ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฏธ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ์›์‹œ๋‚œํฌ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋Š” ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ์›์‹œ๋‚œํฌ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต์‹œ AMH, ํ•ญ์„ธํฌ์ž๋ฉธ์‚ฌ (anti-apoptotic) BCLX-L, ํ–ฅ์„ธํฌ์ž๋ฉธ์‚ฌ (pro-apoptotic) BAX์™€ A-SMase ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์–‘์€ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœํฌ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฏธ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์นด์ŠคํŒŒ์ œ 3์™€ ฮฑ-SMA ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต์‹œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ƒ์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™์„ ํˆฌ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ์›์‹œ๋‚œํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ค„๊ณ  ๋‚œ์†Œ์—์„œ ์นด์ŠคํŒŒ์ œ 3์™€ ฮฑ-SMA ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™์€ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœํฌ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฏธ๋“œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์„ธํฌ์ž๋ฉธ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ „๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์†์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋‚œ์†Œ ๋…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.Table of contents 1 List of tables 2 List of figures 3 Chapter 1: Introduction 4 Chapter 2: Materials and Methods 7 1. Mice 7 2. Experimental design 7 3. Histological examination and follicle counts 8 4. Western blotting 11 5. Statistical analysis 14 Chapter 3: Results 15 Chapter 4: Discussion 23 Chapter 5: Conclusion 27 References 28 Abstract in Korean 34๋ฐ•

    ์ธ๊ถŒ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹คํ–ฅ๋ฏผ ์‹คํƒœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ์€๊ธฐ์ˆ˜.Undoubtfully, climate change is one of the defining crises of our time. Hundreds of millions of people are being displaced due to the natural disaster, including the ones resulting from the climate change. According to the World Bank, if there are no early and concerted climate and development action implemented worldwide, there can be as many as 216 million people being moved within their own countries by 2050, due to slow-onset climate change impacts. Thousands of reports and analysis all points to the same conclusion: Climate change is irrevocable; millions of people are being displaced and more will be displaced in the future; relevant action is needed urgently to protect ourselves. In this context, this paper particularly focuses on the already internally displaced people due to the natural disasters and development-led disasters. They are so-called natural disaster IDP and development-led IDP. The paper will analyze on how the human rights o the IDPs caused by natural disasters and development-led disasters are being protected, and if not, why they are not being protected by whom. The paper uses Human Rights-based approach to evaluate whether the human rights of the IDPs are being protected by the government, based on 6 criteria. Two case studies will be provided, one for each for natural disaster IDP and development-led IDP. The region is constrained to the Peopleโ€™s Republic of China. The paper analyze each case study and concludes that human rights are not protected by the Chinese government both for the natural disaster IDP and development-led IDP. Especially, human rights of the development-led IDP are severely violated by the Chinese government due to various reasons.์˜์‹ฌํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€ ์—†์ด, ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ ํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์žฌ๋‚œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์–ต ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์—ฐ ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด์ฃผ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ผ์น˜๋œ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ 2050๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 2์–ต 1์ฒœ 6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ฃผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์™€ ๋ถ„์„์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋Œ์ดํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ; ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช… ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ฃผ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ฃผ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ; ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ–ฅ๋ฏผ์ด ๋œ ์ด๋“ค์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ์‹คํ–ฅ๋ฏผ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ฃผ๋„ ์‹คํ–ฅ๋ฏผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ž์—ฐ ์žฌํ•ด์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‹คํ–ฅ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์‹คํƒœ์™€, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๊ธฐ ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ–ฅ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ๊ถŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ์‹คํ–ฅ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์‹คํ–ฅ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ, ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ค‘ํ™” ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ์‹คํ–ฅ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ฃผ๋„ ์‹คํ–ฅ๋ฏผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์‹คํ–ฅ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์นจํ•ด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹คI. Introduction (page 1) II. Methodology: Human Rights-based Approach (page 5) III. Disaster-related IDP in China: Natural Disaster IDP (page 9) 1. Natural Disaster Case Study: 2008 Sichuan Earthquake (page 9) 2. Chinese Governmentโ€™s Strong Center-controlled System in Natural Disaster Relief (page 11) 3. Evaluating Natural Disaster IDP of Sichuan Earthquake Based on Human Rights-based Approach (page 14) 4. Conclusion: โ€œGood Advancement, But Long Way to Goโ€ (page 19) IV. Disaster-related IDP in China: Development-led IDP (page 20) 1. Development-led IDP Case Study: Three Gorges Dam Construction (1994-2006) and the IDP. (page 20) 2. Chinaโ€™s โ€˜Development Resettlementโ€™ Policy on Three Gorges Dam Construction. (page 21) 3. Resettlement Support from the Chinese Government. (page 22) 4. 2020 Three Gorges Dam Crisis. (page 24) 5. Evaluating Development-led Disaster IDP of Three Gorges Dam Construction on Human Rights-based Approach. (page 26) 6. Conclusion: Need for Human Rights Protection for Development-led IDP. (page 30) V. Development-led IDP are Under Blind Spot of Human Rights. (page 31)์„

    ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ์ฒดํ˜•์ธ์‹์™œ๊ณก์ด ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๊ฒ€์ง„์ˆ˜๊ฒ€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ๊น€์ฐฝ์—ฝ.์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•”์€ ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋น„๋งŒ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋งŒํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์•” ๊ฒ€์ง„์„ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ฒด์ค‘ ๋‚™์ธ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์กด์žฌ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋น„๋งŒํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ๋น„๋งŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋ณด๊ฑด ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Œ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๊ฒ€์ง„์„ ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์กฐ์‚ฌ 2014๋…„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 35์„ธ ์ด์ƒ 75์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๊ฒ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜๊ฒ€์— BMI์™€ ์ฒดํ˜•์ธ์‹์™œ๊ณก์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘(18.5โ‰คBMI<23) ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘(23โ‰คBMI<25) ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘(BMI<18.5) ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๊ฒ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜๊ฒ€์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋น„๋งŒ(25โ‰คBMI<30) ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์ •์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜๊ฒ€ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 1.13๋ฐฐ(1/0.88) ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ([OR], 0.88[CI],-0.19, -0.06p<0.001) ๊ณ ๋„๋น„๋งŒ(BMIโ‰ฅ30) ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ 1.42๋ฐฐ(1/0.70) ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค([OR], 0.70[CI], -0.52, -0.20p<0.001). ์ฒดํ˜•์ธ์‹์™œ๊ณก ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฒ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜๊ฒ€์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นจ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒดํ˜•์ธ์‹ ์ผ์น˜๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘ ์™œ๊ณก ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜๊ฒ€ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 1.08๋ฐฐ(1/0.93) ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด([OR], 0.93[CI], -0.14, 0.00p=0.046), ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์™œ๊ณก ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ฒดํ˜•์ธ์‹์™œ๊ณก์ด ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๊ฒ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜๊ฒ€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋น„๋งŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ๋น„๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฒดํ˜• ์™œ๊ณก์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋น„๋งŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์•” ๊ฒ€์ง„ ๋…๋ ค ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.์ œ1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  4 ์ œ2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 ์ œ1 ์ ˆ ๋น„๋งŒ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ 5 ์ œ2 ์ ˆ ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ์ฒดํ˜•์ธ์‹์™œ๊ณก 9 ์ œ3 ์ ˆ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๊ฒ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜๊ฒ€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ 14 ์ œ4 ์ ˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์•”์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ์—… 17 ์ œ3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 21 ์ œ1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 21 ์ œ2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธก์ • 21 ์ œ3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜• 29 ์ œ4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์œค๋ฆฌ 30 ์ œ4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 31 ์ œ1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 31 ์ œ2 ์ ˆ BMI ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ฒดํ˜•์ธ์‹์™œ๊ณก๊ตฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 35 ์ œ3 ์ ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ BMI์™€ ์ฒดํ˜•์ธ์‹์™œ๊ณก์ด ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๊ฒ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜๊ฒ€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 46 ์ œ5 ์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  50 ์ œ1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ์˜์˜ 50 ์ œ2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 51 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 56Maste

    Confucian Ecological Philosophy โ€“ Its Characteristics and Its Future โ€“

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    (The) functional characterization of parkin on ฮฑ-synuclein-induced cytotoxicity in hippocampal neuronal cells.

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™์‚ฌ์—…๋‹จ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP)์€ ํ‘์ƒ‰์งˆ๋‚ด์˜ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์„ฑ ๋‰ด๋ก ์˜ ์†Œ์‹ค์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์„ฑ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. AR-JP์— ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ทœ๋ช…๋œ parkin์€ proteasome์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ์ ‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์ธ E2์™€ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ubiquitin-protein ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํšจ์†Œ E3 ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ฮฑ-synuclein์€ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘ ๋ณ‘์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ์„œ, ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ƒ…์Šค ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ƒ…์Šค์ „ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ (presynaptic protein)์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ ๋ณ‘์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž์ธ parkin๊ณผ ฮฑ-synu-/clein์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ํƒœ์•„ ํœœ์ฅ์˜ ํ•ด๋งˆ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ ์กฐ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ H19-7 ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ด ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ฮฑ-synuclein๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ฮฑ-synuclein ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์„ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ parkin๊ณผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด parkin์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ deletion ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ parkin์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ parkin์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ๋ง๋‹จ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ubiquitin ์œ ์‚ฌ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์— ฮฑ-synuclein์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based reporter๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ parkin ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ด ubiquitin-proteasome ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ parkin ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œ GFP ์œตํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ด‰์ง„๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” proteasome ์ €ํ•ด์ œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ์—๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ parkin์ด ํ•ด๋งˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์—์„œ ubiquitination๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ proteasome๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ parkin์ด ฮฑ-synuclein์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ๋ด‰์‡„ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ proteasome ์ €ํ•ด์ œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ parkin์ด proteasome ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. parkin ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” novel PARP cleavage pattern์„ ํ†ตํ•ด parkin์ด ์˜ํ•ด cysteine protease ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ calpain์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  Suc-LLVY-AMC์„ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•œ calpain ํšจ์†Œ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ parkin์— ์˜ํ•ด calpain์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ parkin์˜ ฮฑ-synuclein์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ ์–ต์ œํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ calpain ์ €ํ•ด์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์†Œ์‹ค๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์˜ parkin์ด calpainํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ, ฮฑ-synuclein ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ฮฑ-synuclein ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋งˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ง : ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜, ํ•ด๋งˆ๋ฐฐ์–‘์„ธํฌ, parkin, ฮฑ-synuclein [์˜๋ฌธ] Parkinson''s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, and its symptoms arise primarily from a rather selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain stem. A mutation in the parkin gene on chromosome 6q has been identified as the cause for an early onset and autosomal recessively inherited form, of PD. The parkin gene encodes the intracellular ubiquitin ligase that consists of an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain and a C-terminal domain with two Ring finger motifs. ฮฑ-Synuclein, a small acidic protein, is also mutated in some rare hereditary cases of PD. Although its function is still unclear, there is accumulating evidence that ฮฑ-synuclein is the main structural component of the insoluble filaments that form the Lewy bodies of PD as well as those of dementia with Lewy bodies in addition to the glial cytoplasmic inclusions of multiple system atrophy (MSA). To clarify the relationship between parkin and ฮฑ-synuclein, at first it was examined whether parkin binds to ฮฑ-synuclein in conditionally immortalized embryonic hippocampal cell lines (H19-7). When the H19-7 cells were either treated with bacterial-recombinant ฮฑ-synuclein exogenously, or transiently transfected with the expression plasmid encoding wild type ฮฑ-synuclein, parkin binds to ฮฑ-synuclein in a selective way. Binding assay using various forms of deleted parkin mutants showed that the loss of N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain resulted in the failure of its interaction with ฮฑ-synuclein, indicating that ubiquitin-like domain of parkin is critical region to interact with ฮฑ-synuclein. Next, we examined the effect of parkin on ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway by using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based reporter system for proteasomal degradation of poly-ubiquitinated target proteins. When parkin was overexpressed in a transient manner, the accumulations of GFP were significantly decreased in the absence as well as in the presence of proteasome inhibitors, suggesting that parkin appears to stimulate a proteasome-independent protein degradation process. Interestingly, the overexpression of parkin attenuates the decrease of cell viability induced by ฮฑ-synuclein in H19-7 cells. In addition, the cytoprotective effect of parkin on ฮฑ-synuclein-induced cell death was not inhibited in the presence of proteasome inhibitors, suggesting that parkin modulates the degradation of ฮฑ-synuclein via the activation of proteasome-independent protease(s). The overexpression of parkin generated a novel cleavage pattern of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in H19-7 cells. Based on the previous report that non-caspase-mediated atypical cleavage of PARP is generated via cysteine protease, calpain, during the formation of selenite cataract, the possible activation of calpain and its effect on cell viability was investigated in response to parkin. We observed that the overexpression of parkin activates intracellular calpain, and the cytoprotective effect of parkin on ฮฑ-synuclein-induced neurotoxicity is significantly inhibited by calpain inhibitor. These data indicated that the parkin may activate non-proteasomal protease, such as calpain, and this leads to the blockade of ฮฑ-synuclein-induced cell death in hippocampal H19-7 cells Taken together, these results suggest that parkin accelerates the degradation of ฮฑ-synuclein via the activation of calpain and prevents theฮฑ-synuclein-induced cytotoxicity in hippocampal neuronal progenitor cells.ope

    iDrug: ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2016. 2. ์œค์„ฑ๋กœ.Abstract iDrug: Text mining driven international adverse drug-drug interactions Saejung Kim Electrical and Computer Engineering The Graduate School Seoul National University With the remarkable development of medical analysis techniques, many drug-drug interactions (DDI) have been identified. Especially, as drugs with adverse DDIs can bring severe side-effects when used together, this information should be given with priority to medical experts in an emergency situation such as in intensive care unit (ICU). However, drug compendia that provide drug-drug interaction severity often have inconsistencies of DDI severity among different compendia. Therefore, it is critical to identify the correct DDI severity and organize such information in a consistent and structured way. We applied text mining techniques to the extraction of drug-drug interactions from prescribing information in six countries (the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Switzerland, and Japan), and constructed a DDI severity database that stores two levels of DDI severity, contraindications and precautions, for the six countries. Based on the information we extracted, we analyzed the characteristics of the DDI network for each nation. We computed the pairwise differences of adverse DDIs between nations to understand the inconsistency levels of the DDIs of each country compared to the other countries. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first attempt to automatically extract PI from the national regulatory authorities of the six countries by using text-mining techniques. Since our data were populated from PI approved by national regulatory authorities, we believe that our database can serve as a more authentic and reliable guide for medical experts. keywords : Adverse drug-drug interaction, Text mining Student Number : 2014-21735โ… . Introduction 1 โ…ก. Materials and Method 5 2.1 Crawling Prescribing Information 6 2.2 Drug Dictionary and Hierarchical Leveling 8 2.3 Drug-Drug Interaction Severity 10 2.4 Natural Language Extraction 11 2.5 iDrug 14 2.6 Analysis of International Adverse Drug-Drug Interaction Network 16 โ…ข. Results and Discussion 18 3.1 Evaluation 20 3.2 Characterization of International Adverse Drug-Drug Interactions 23 3.3 Consistency of International Adverse Drug-Drug interactions 24 3.4 Community Detection of Drug-Drug Interactions 30 โ…ฃ. Conclusion 32 References 34 Abstract 37Maste

    Development of nursing assessment tool for the patients with plegia due to spinal lesions.

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ •์€ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ํšŒ๋ณต์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ •ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์š”์›๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์  ์‚ฌ์ •์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋งˆ๋น„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์‚ฌ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์š”์›๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ๋” ๋†’์€ ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ •๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋งˆ๋น„๋Š” ์ค‘์ถ”์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ƒ์‹ค๋กœ ์‹ ์ฒด, ์ •์‹ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชจ ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์˜ ๋งˆ๋น„์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์ •๋„๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‚จ์€ ์ „์ฒด ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋งˆ๋น„ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์ •์€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๋ฉด์„ ์ด์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋งˆ๋น„์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฆํ›„, ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฒ€์ง„์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค ์ฆ‰, ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฃผํ˜ธ์†Œ, ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์œ„, ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋งˆ๋น„ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜ธํก, ์ˆœํ™˜, ์˜์–‘, ํ†ต์ฆ, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ์™€ ๋ฐฐ๋ณ€, ํ”ผ๋ถ€, ์ž์œจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์šด๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ์ •์„œ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”์†Œ, ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ญํ•  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ฒ˜์™€ ๋Œ€์‘๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์†Œํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋“ค์€ ํฐ ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋งˆ๋น„ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋™, ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜ธํก๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋งค์ผ๋งค์ผ ์‚ฌ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ๋ฆ„ํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์˜ˆ๋น„๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘ ์ธก์ •์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž๊ฐ„์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘๋ช…์”ฉ ์ง์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ 5๊ฐœ์กฐ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋งˆ๋น„ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ„์ ์ž๊ฐ„์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๋™์˜๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ์ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 87.5%๋กœ์จ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฒ™์ถ”์„ผํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ 4์ธ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ต์ˆ˜ 2์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ6๋ช…์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ขฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 4์  ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ •๋œ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋“ค์ค‘ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹จ 6์ธ ์ค‘ 5์ธ ์ด์ƒ์ด 3์  ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ค€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋“ค์„ ์ตœ์ข… ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š”CVI(Index of content validity)๊ฐ€ 83%(p <.05)์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฑ„์ ์ž๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋™์˜๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 87.5%์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๋‚ด์šฉํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ 6์ธ์ค‘ 83% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ 4์  ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด 3์  ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ •๋œ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ์ „์ฒด 126๊ฐœ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ์ค‘ 114๊ฐœ ์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ๋•Œ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋งˆ๋น„ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์ •๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„์™€ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์จ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋งˆ๋น„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ด์ฒด์  ์‚ฌ์ •์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Systematic assessment helps nurses to gain a better understanding of patients. Therefore, patients' recovery may be facilitated by the use of these skills. Consistent documentation of the assessed data may improve the communication among the health care members decreasing the repetition of assessment and improving the quality of care. Spinal plegia affects all the aspects of a patient's life because of the loss of functions related to impairment of the central nervous system. The level and the degree of spinal plegia determines the patient's functional status for the rest of his life. The literature review resulted in the co]]ection of sign, symptom and complication of the spinal plegia. The new assessment tool included : the general assessment which is made up of the demographic factors, the chief complaints, the history of the chief complaints, the general past history including especially the nervous system and the family history. The specific problem areas in the assessment are : respiratory system, circulatory system, nutrition, pain, sleep pattern, bowel and bladder, skin, autonomic nervous system, motor and sensory function, sexuality and psycosocial elements and coping. Preliminary tool was tested by 5 group nurses, organized into pairs, with one pair being a group. Each of the two nurses from the one group applied the tool to same patient. Differences between raters were tested for interrater reliability. The items that scored above 80% of total percent agreement were accepted as reliable. For the validity, the tool was evaluated by a panel of experts which consisted of experts. To test content validity, a 4 point likert scale questionnaire was given to the experts and the experts rated each of the items as to their validity. From those selected items, items which had 83% CVI were finally included on the new assessment tool. The results of the study were summarized as follows. : 1. To test reliability, interrater reliability was applied. The total percent agreement of the tool was 87.5%(an average of 70% is necessary, 80% is adequate and 90% is good). 2. To test validity, content validity was applied. On the 4 point likert scale, the items that gained 3 or 4 points were selected, and among them the items that gained above 83% agreement of experts were finally selected. You can infer from the preview, this new assessment tool is evaluated to be very reliable and valid.restrictio

    ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ธ์‹ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ „๊ณต),2020. 2. ์†ก์ง„์›….Integrated education such as Science-Technology-Society(STS), Socio-Scientific Issue(SSI), and STEM have received attention from science educators around the world. In addition, STEAM education, which added arts to STEM education is actively carried out in Korea. Unlike other fields in STEM education, technology and engineering are not distinct from each other, and there is a lack of discussion about the nature of technology and the nature of engineering. For effective STE(A)M education, therefore, it is necessary to know and utilize the characteristics of each field. To identify each fields characteristics and notice the relationship of them, two studies were conducted, focusing on science and technology subjects in middle and high school. Study 1 identified how technology and engineering have been presented in science and technology Korean national curriculum. Study 2 analyzed teachers perceptions of technology and engineering through interviews. Study 1 identified how technology and engineering have been dealt with science by analyzing the Korean National Curricula of science and technology. The science subject curriculum was collected from the 1st Curriculum to the 2015 Revised Curriculum. Technology subject was collected from the 3rd Curriculum to the 2015 Revised Curriculum because technology subject was presented in the 3rd curriculum for the first time. Characteristics, aim, and contents of the subject were extracted from the curriculum document to be analyzed. As this study wanted to focus on science, the science curricula were checked by using how much do they involve technology subjects, but not reverse. In this study, the constant comparison method was used to analyze the data. The result of Study 1 showed that some characteristic, aim and contents of technology subjects were presented in science education as the curriculum changes. Firstly, in the aim part of the subject, learning a skill was clearly suggested in science education in the 1st and 2nd curriculum. After the 5th curriculum, it was suggested that students to understand the mutual relationship between science, technology, and society. It was also presented in the characteristic area after the 2007 Revised Curriculum. In the contents area, science education covered a number of technology contents in the 1st and 2nd curriculum but the 3rd to 5th curriculum showed no connection. The 6th and 7th curriculum showed links in small lesson units level. Since the 2007 Revised Curriculum, links in level of middle lesson units appeared, it means that more contents are related to technology. Based on the results of this study, the time of the curricula could be divided into 4 periods based on the correlation degree. 4 periods are unseparated period(1st to 2nd Curriculum), separated period(3rd to 4th Curriculum), transition period(5th to 7th Curriculum), and linked period(2007 to 2015 Revised Curriculum), respectively. Study 2 analyzed how science and technology teachers perceive technology and engineering. The data were collected by interviewing eight secondary school teachers in-depth, with four technology teachers and four science teachers (majoring in physics, chemistry, biology, and earth science, respectively). The phenomenography was used to identify the differences in how teachers perceive technology and engineering and to categorize them. Transcriptions of the interviews were analyzed using the constant comparison method. The initial codes were categorized using inductive coding and presented to research participants to check whether the interpretation was distorted or not in order to improve the reliability of data analysis. The result of Study 2 showed that all research participants have distinguished technology and engineering, but there is a difference in their degree. In particular, six teachers responded that technology and engineering are distinct concepts, but one of them expressed the unwillingness of distinguishing. Two teachers argued that technology and engineering are the same concepts, but in-depth interviews were able to confirm that engineering was perceived as subdivided or deepened technology. In addition, the results of the interviews were categorized into elements of the nature of technology and engineering. The nature of technology contains practical knowledge, tool, craft and skill and the nature of engineering contains research, discipline, design, optimizing, and advanced technology. The common nature of technology and engineering are applied science and human civilization. These perceptions were largely influenced by the use of the term. As many Korean words are based on Chinese characters, teachers understood the terms through the meaning Chinese character. Also, teachers confused the Korean terms and the responding English terms because what the terms connote are different from each other. In conclusion, Study 1 confirmed that the link between technology and science education has increased in recent years, which can be said that it is in line with the integrated education trend presented in science education. Study 2 analyzed teachers perceptions and presented the nature of technology and engineering. This allowed us to distinguish the technology and engineering, which are usually used with each other. This study is hoped to help to proceed the education considering the nature of science, technology, and engineering in the field of integrated education.์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก์—์„œ๋Š” STS, SSI, STEM๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ต์œกํ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œตํ•ฉ๊ต์œก์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ STEM์— ์˜ˆ์ˆ (Arts)์„ ๋”ํ•œ STEAM ๊ต์œก์„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™, ์ˆ˜ํ•™, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋„ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์œตํ•ฉ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณผํ•™, ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ๊ณตํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ต๊ณผ ์ค‘ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณ„ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘์–ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ1์€ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ๊ณตํ•™์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ2๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์€ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ๋Š” 1์ฐจ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015 ๊ฐœ์ • ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •, ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต์œก์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋„์ž…๋œ 3์ฐจ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015 ๊ฐœ์ • ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •๊นŒ์ง€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ต๊ณผ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์  ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ 1์ฐจ์™€ 2์ฐจ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•œ๋‹ค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ต์œก๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5์ฐจ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™-๊ธฐ์ˆ -์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ 2007๊ฐœ์ • ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ ์˜์—ญ์€ 1์ฐจ์™€ 2์ฐจ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 3์ฐจ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5์ฐจ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์  ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , 6์ฐจ์™€ 7์ฐจ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์†Œ๋‹จ์›๋“ค์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2007 ๊ฐœ์ • ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘๋‹จ์›์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ (1์ฐจ~2์ฐจ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •), ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ (3์ฐจ~4์ฐจ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •), ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๊ณผ๋„๊ธฐ (5์ฐจ~7์ฐจ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •), ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ธฐ (2007 ๊ฐœ์ •~2015 ๊ฐœ์ • ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •)๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต์‚ฌ 4๋ช…, ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์‚ฌ(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ, ํ™”ํ•™, ์ƒ๋ฌผ, ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณผํ•™) 4๋ช…์œผ๋กœ, ์ด 8๋ช…์˜ ์ค‘๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉด๋‹ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์„ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์‚ฌ๋œ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์€ ๊ท€๋‚ฉ์  ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์  ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋“ค์€ ๋™๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ™” ๋˜์–ด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉด๋‹ด์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ •๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, 6๋ช…์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ํ‘œ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2๋ช…์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณตํ•™์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฉด๋‹ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€์‹, ๋„๊ตฌ, ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด, ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์—๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์‹ฌํ™”๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์„ค๊ณ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ์ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‘์šฉ๊ณผํ•™, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์—์„œ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ํ•œ์ž ์Œ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์Œ์ฐจ์™€ ์˜์–ด ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์œตํ•ฉ๊ต์œก์  ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ™์ดํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 5 1.4 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 7 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ 9 2.1 ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ•™ ๊ต์œก 9 2.1.1 STS (Science-Technology-Society) 9 2.1.2 SSI (Socio-Scientific Issue) 10 2.1.3 STE(A)M (Science, Technology, Engineering, (Art,) and Mathematics) 11 2.2 ๊ณผํ•™, ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ 13 2.2.1 ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ 13 2.2.2 ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ(Nature of Technology; NoT) 14 2.2.3 ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ(Nature of Engineering; NoE) 18 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ฑ 21 3.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 21 3.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 3.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 25 3.3.1 ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ 25 3.3.2 ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ 27 3.3.3 ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ 33 3.4 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  38 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 41 4.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 41 4.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 43 4.2.1 ํ˜„์ƒ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™ (Phenomenography) 43 4.2.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 44 4.2.3 ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 45 4.2.4 ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 46 4.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 48 4.3.1 ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 48 4.3.2 ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ 51 4.3.3 ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์  ํ•ด์„ 59 4.4 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  62 4.4.1 ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„ 62 4.4.2 ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ธ์‹ 65 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  67 5.1 ์š”์•ฝ 67 5.2 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  70 5.3 ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 72 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 74 ๋ถ€๋ก 80 [๋ถ€๋ก A] ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ 80 [๋ถ€๋ก B] ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ 82 [๋ถ€๋ก C] ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 85 [๋ถ€๋ก D] ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 88 [๋ถ€๋ก E] ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 90 [๋ถ€๋ก F] ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 94 [๋ถ€๋ก G] IRB ์‹ฌ์˜ ์Šน์ธ ํ†ต๋ณด์„œ 96 [๋ถ€๋ก H] ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋ชจ์ง‘ ๋ฌธ๊ฑด 97 [๋ถ€๋ก I] ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์šฉ ๋™์˜์„œ 99 [๋ถ€๋ก J] ๊ต์‚ฌ ๋ฉด๋‹ด ์ „์‚ฌ๋ณธ (์ผ๋ถ€) 103 [๋ถ€๋ก K] ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฌธ์„œ 105 Abstract 106Maste

    (A) Study on Risk Assessment in Playground for Children in Urban Area : Centering on 6 Metal-concentration Items /

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    ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ํ•ดํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋…ธ์ถœ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ WHO์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ž์ฃผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†€์ด์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ์˜ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ ํ† ์–‘์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ํ† ์–‘์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ ํ† ์–‘ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†์˜ค์—ผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ ์ด์šฉ ์‹œ ํ† ์–‘ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„์‹ฌ์ง€์—ญ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ† ์–‘ ์ค‘ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๋†๋„์™€ ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋†€์ด์‹œ์„ค ์ด์šฉํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ์–‘์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๋†๋„์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฐœ์•” ๋ฐ ๋น„๋ฐœ์•” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ† ์–‘ ์ค‘ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ํ‰๊ท ๋†๋„๋Š” ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด 0.019mg/kg, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ 2.048mg/kg, ๋น„์†Œ 0.542mg/kg, ๋‚ฉ 3.336mg/kg, ํฌ๋กฌ 0.076mg/kg, ์•„์—ฐ 44.08mg/kg์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ 2006๋…„ ์ „๊ตญ ํ† ์–‘์˜ค์—ผ์‹คํƒœ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ž์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ค์—ผ๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๋†๋„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ๋น„์†Œ์™€ ํฌ๋กฌ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์˜ ์ „๊ตญ ํ† ์–‘์˜ค์—ผ์‹คํƒœ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ‰๊ท ๋†๋„(As : 0.48mg/kg, Cr ๋ถˆ๊ฒ€์ถœ)๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ค์—ผ๋„ (As : 0.09mg/kg, Cr : 0.03mg/kg)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ๋‚ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์˜ ์ „๊ตญ ํ† ์–‘์˜ค์—ผ์‹คํƒœ์กฐ์‚ฌ (5.40mg/kg)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ƒํƒœ์˜ค์—ผ๋„(2.06mg/kg)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ž˜๊ต์ฒด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ๋„์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ, ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ์žฌ์งˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ๋„์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํ† ์–‘ ์ค‘ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๋†๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ๋„์žฅ 1๊ฐœ์›” ์ด๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ๋„์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ์˜ค์—ผ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ํ† ์–‘ ์„ญ์ทจ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ„ํ•ด๋„๋Š” ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด, ํฌ๋กฌ, ์•„์—ฐ์€ ๋น„๋ฐœ์•”์„ฑ ๋…์„ฑ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋‚ฉ์€ ๋น„๋ฐœ์•”์„ฑ ๋…์„ฑ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ RME์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๊ณ ๋†๋„ ๋…ธ์ถœ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ด์‹์ฆ ์•„๋™์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋…์„ฑ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์•”๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ๋น„์†Œ์˜ ์œ„ํ•ด๋„๋Š” RME์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๊ณ ๋†๋„ ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์€ ์‹ญ๋งŒ๋ช…๋‹น 2๏ฝž6๋ช…์ด ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด์‹์ฆ ์•„๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฒœ๋ช…๋‹น 2๏ฝž6๋ช…์ด ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ ์ด์šฉ์‹คํƒœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ํ™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋†€์ดํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์•ฝ 50%๋ฅผ ๋„˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์†์„ธ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šต๊ด€์€ ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์„ธ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šต๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง‘์— ๊ท€๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ์ฒ™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ† ์–‘ ๋…ธ์ถœ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ ํ† ์–‘ ์ค‘ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ์˜ค์—ผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํฌ๋กฌํ™”๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋น„์†Œ์—ผ(CCA : chromated copper arsenate) ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ํŽ˜์ธํŠธ ๋„์žฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋น„์†Œ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ, ํฌ๋กฌ, ๋‚ฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ณ ์‹œ ์ œ2007-152ํ˜ธ(2007.10.)๋กœ CCA ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์ง„ CCA ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์ œ ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ† ์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ฐ€์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ ํ† ์–‘์˜ ๊ต์ฒด ๋ฐ ํŽ˜์ธํŠธ์— ํ•จ์œ ๋œ ๋‚ฉ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์˜ค์—ผ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ ํ† ์–‘์€ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ณ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ์—๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ํ† ์–‘์˜ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋…์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ„ํ•ด์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ง€์›์ด ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค [์˜๋ฌธ] As the importance of exposure in chemical substances to children is now being emerged day by day, the risk assessment due to chemical substances was ever formulated internationally by WHO. Recently even at home, the risk assessment is being briskly performed at the play facilities that children are frequently touching. The Ministry of Environment is performing the soil contamination survey and the soil risk assessment on children's playgrounds. However, it is the real situation of being insufficient in the examination of factors that have impacts on the soil metal-concentration contamination at children's playgrounds, and in the research on health impact due to soil pollutants when children use playgrounds. Accordingly, this study grasped the metal concentrations and the contamination-relevant factors in soil of children's playgrounds in urban area. Through questionnaire research, the present status of children's using the play facilities was surveyed. By assessing the relevancy with the soil metal concentrations, the impacts of carcinogenesis and non-carcinogenesis due to metal concentrations were aimed to be examined. Out of the soil for the targeted children's playgrounds in this study, the concentrations of cadmium 0.019mg/kg, copper 0.048mg/kg, arsenic 0.54mg/kg, lead 3.336mg/kg, chrome 0.076mg/kg, and zinc 44.08mg/kg were indicated to be a lower and small level than the results of the nationwide soil-contamination reality survey, which was researched by the Ministry of Environment. But Lead were indicated to be a higher level the results of the nationwide soil-contamination reality survey, which was researched by the Ministry of Environment. Also, in case of copper and arsenic, the playgrounds where are located in the traffic area were indicated to be slightly higher level than the playgrounds where are situated in dwelling area. And, among factors such as sand-replacement cycle, coating cycle, and facility materials, the impact caused by the coating cycle was surveyed to have relative association with metal concentrations in soil. expecially, high concentrations is a term of one month coating cycle. Because we need more deep research. The health risk caused by the soil intake at the targeted children's playgrounds was assessed to be a level that poisonous impact will not be indicated in case of non-carcinogenic substances such as cadmium, chrome, and zinc. However, in case of arsenic, which is the cancer-causing substance, the cancer-causing probability was assessed to be a little higher in a case of children with pica, who are expected to be higher in exposure to soil. Furthermore, as a result of surveying on the actual condition of using playgrounds, the play form of using soil at the playgrounds exceeded about 50% in children of the research subjects. And, especially, a habit of washing the hand is more in cleansing after returning home than a habit of cleansing at the playgrounds, thereby being thought that the health impact by exposure to soil will be great. Accordingly, the occurrence of contamination caused by metal concentrations such as arsenic, copper, chrome, and lead will need to be reduced by managing the use of CCA antiseptic solution and the paint coating, which have impact on metal-concentration contamination in soil at playgrounds. The Ministry of Environment is banning on the use of CCA antiseptic solution with the notification serial No. 2007-152 as of October in 2007. However, in case of the playground facilities with CCA antiseptic solution, which was already used, the management of facilities will be positively required in order to replace the soil of playgrounds through a precise research on soil, and to remove contamination caused by lead and others, which are contained in paint. In particular, the soil of children's playgrounds has also a problem about parasites caused by excrements of wild animals, as well as metal concentrations. Thus, the precise research and support will need to be performed in the future based on the children risk level for the regular monitoring and management in soilprohibitio
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