Rhodium-Catalyzed Carbonylative [3+2+1] Cycloaddition of Alkyne-Tethered Alkylidenecyclopropanes to Phenols in the Presence of Carbon Monoxide

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 화학부, 2014. 8. 정영근.We have developed a novel Rh-catalyzed carbonylative [3+2+1] cycloaddition of alkyne-tethered alkylidenecyclopropanes, for the facile synthesis of bicyclic phenols in high yields. The reaction tolerated carbon and heteroatoms in the tether.Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Results and Discussion 8 Conclusion 16 Experimental Section 17 References 47 국문초록 53Maste

Expression of bcl-2 and bax proteins in astrocytic tumors

의학과/석사[영문] [한글] Apoptosis의 중요한 조절인자인 bcl-2와 bax 유전자 중 bcl-2는 종양세포를 세포주기의 G0/GI 기에 정지시키거나 APO-1/fas 항체를 통하여 apoptosis를 억제하고, bax는 apoptos is를 촉진하는데 작용하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 뇌종양에서의 bcl-2 발현에 대한 몇 연구 에서 bcl-2의 발현이 종양의 악성도를 반영하지 못하고 예후와도 연관성이 없다고 발표되 었으나, 연구 대상의 수가 너무 적어서 그 의미를 찾기 어려웠다. 그러나 apoptosis는 악 성 종양의 증식이나 억제에 의미가 있음이 백혈병을 비롯한 다른 암종에서 보고되고 있지 만, 별아교세포종에서는 apoptosis 관련 유전자가 얼마나 발현되고 어떤 종류의 종양 세 포에서 발현되는지 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 이에 별아교세포종에서 apoptosis의 조절인자인 bcl-2와 bax 유전자가 어떻게 발현되고 종양의 증식 지수로 사용되는 Ki-67 발현율과 어 떤 관계가 있는지를 알아보고, bcl-2, bax, Ki-67 발현율과 임상 소견, 병리학 소견, 환 자의 생존기간 등을 비교하여 예후인자로서의 유용성에 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다 . 연구대상은 수술로 확인된 별아교세포종 42예를 후향적으로 조사하였으며, WHO 분류법에 따라 4개의 조직학적 등급을 나누었다. 진료기록과 방사선학 검사를 통해서 나이, 성별, 종양의 크기와 위치에 대하여 조사하였으며, 생존 여부를 확인하였다. 파라핀 포매조직 을 이용하여 bcl-2, bax, Ki-67에 대하여 면역조직화학염색을 시행한 후, 그 결과를 SPSS (win 10.0)를 이용하여 통계학적으로 분석하였으며, 생존율과의 관계는 Kaplan-Meier 분 석을 이용하였다. 별아교세포종 42예 중 1등급이 2예, 2등급이 10예, 3등급이 10예, 4등급이 20예였다. bc l-2 단백에 대한 면역조직화학 염색 결과 2등급에서 1예, 4등급에서 1예만이 양성으로, 전체 42예 중 2예 (4.76%)에서만 양성이었다. bax 단백에 대한 면역조직화학 염색 결과는 종양세포의 세포질에 미만성으로 염색되었는데, 전체 42예 중 35예 (83.3%)가 양성으로 높은 발현율을 보였으나 등급간에 발현율의 차이는 없었다. Ki-67에 대한 면역조직화학염 색 결과 labeling index(LI)는 1등급이 60%, 2등급이 45.5%, 3등급이 139.8%, 4등급이 28 0.85%로 종양의 등급이 높아질수록 Ki-67 LI가 높았다 (p<0.05). 그러나 bcl-2, bax 단백 의 발현과 나이, 성별, 종양의 위치, 크기, 조직학적 등급과는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이 는 없었다. Kaplan-Meier analysis에서 log rank test상 bcl-2, bax의 발현여부에 따른 생존율도 유의한 차이는 없었으나, ki-67 LI를 92.5%를 기준으로 92.5% 이상인 경우 평균 생존기간이 15.2개월이나, 92.5% 이하인 경우 45.5개월로 의미있게 차이가 있었다 (p<0. 05). 결론적으로 별아교세포종에서 apoptosis 조절인자 중 bcl-2는 거의 발현되지 않았고, ba x 단백의 경우 발현율은 높았으나 예후인자로서의 의미는 없었다. 오히려 Ki-67 LI가 별 아교세포종의 조직학적 등급과 관련하여 종양의 악성도와 증식능을 추정할 수 있고, 환자 의 예후를 예측할 수 있는 의미있는 인자로 제시되었다. -------------------- 핵심되는 말 : 별아교세포종, bcl-2, bax, Ki-67, 예후 인자 Neuroepithelial tumors account for 50 to 60 per cent of primary intracranial tumors in adults. Astrocytic tumors constitute about 75 per cent of gliomas. Histologic grade significantly influences survival and prognosis among patients with astrocytic tumors. But progression from initial low grade to high grade on repeat tissue sampling usually confused us. Another prognostic factor of astrocytic tumors is an estimation of proliferative index in tumor cells. Bcl-2 and bax protooncogene regulate apoptosis. Bcl-2 prolongs survival by arresting cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle or inhibiting of APO-1/Fas antibody-mediated apoptosis. Bax generally promotes apoptosis. In brain tumor, it has been published that bcl-2 expression was not related malignancy and prognosis. Because the number of the study case was limited, there were some pitfalls. We studied forty-two cases retrospectively in order to investigate the relationship between the immunohistochemical expression of bcl-2 & bax protein in astrocytic tumors and prognosis. We classified the astrocytic tumors according to WHO grading system and reviewed the clinical information and survival time. The sections were taken from surgically resected paraffin-embedded tissue and performed immunohistochemical stains (ABC method) for bcl-2, bax, and Ki-67. Ki-67 labeling index (LI) were expressed as percentile of positively stained nuclei to 1,000 neoplastic cells. Forty-two cases of astrocytic tumors were grade I (2 cases), grade II (10 cases), grade III (10 cases), and grade IV (20 cases) according to WHO grading system. The immunohistochemical stain for bcl-2 revealed a positivity in only two (4.76%) among forty-two cases. The immunostain for bax protein was positive in 35 cases (83.3%). However, the correlation between bcl-2 & bax protein expression and age, sex, tumor location, size, and histologic grade was not found. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, bcl-2 & bax protein expression and survival time in astrocytic tumors was not statistically significant in log rank test (p>0.05). There were statistically significant differences between Ki-67 LI and histologic grade and between Ki-67 LI and survival time, respectively (p<0.05). But the relationship of Ki-67 labeling index (LI) and age, sex, tumor location, and size was not present. As a conclusion, bcl-2 and bax protein as apoptosis-regulating factor were not significant, whereas Ki-67 LI was suggested as a significant prognostic factor, associated with histologic grade and survival time of astrocytic tumors.ope

Strengthening Mechanism of CFRPs through Incorporation of Halloysite Nanotubes by Electrophoretic Deposition Process

Fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) are extensively utilized in various industries such as aerospace, aviation, automotive, marine, and civil construction, due to their exceptional stiffness-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratio. However, unlike isotropic materials such as metals and ceramics, the mechanical properties of FRPs in the transverse and through-thickness directions are inherently inferior to those in the primary direction due to their orthogonal anisotropic nature. The interfacial and interlaminar strength and toughness of FRPs can pose significant limitations to their performance and application breakthrough. Incorporating nano-additives has been demonstrated as an effective method for enhancing the interfacial and interlaminar properties of FRPs in recent decades. However, most studies have conventionally involved the random dispersion of nano-additives in the matrix, and a comprehensive investigation into the distribution conditions remains limited. The primary aim of this dissertation is to explore the interfacial toughening mechanism through the innovative hierarchical distribution of nanoclays, by experimental. To achieve this, various halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with distinct structures were successfully synthesized using multiple techniques, and a hierarchical distribution was achieved by employing the electrophoresis deposition (EPD) technique. The study also delves into investigating the optimal EPD parameters and the potential agglomeration problem during the Vacuum-assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VaRTM) fabrication process, which is essential for developing an efficient and effective approach to enhancing the interfacial properties of nanocomposites. The study carefully selected the voltage range for electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to be between 6 and 12 V, which corresponds to the nanoparticle deposition working range. The carbon fabric was modified using this process to enhance its through-thickness strength, and the resulting modified fabric was incorporated into CFRP composites using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VaRTM). This approach enabled precise control of several deposition parameters to achieve optimal distribution of HNTs on the carbon fabric surface. The mechanical properties of the modified CFRP composites were evaluated, and it was observed that the EPD-modified CFRPs exhibited superior mechanical properties compared to neat CFRPs. The study also found that the highest values were obtained at 0.7 wt.% and 6 V, indicating the feasibility of the EPD process and the well-dispersed morphology of HNTs, as confirmed by SEM-EDS analysis. The zeta potential plays a crucial role in determining the colloidal stability of nanoparticle suspensions and their suitability for electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The magnitude and sign of the zeta potential affect the repulsive forces between particles, which in turn determine their aggregation and sedimentation behavior. EPD typically requires a high zeta potential to ensure stable suspensions and promote uniform deposition of particles. In this investigation, the stability of the HNT dispersion was evaluated as a function of nanoparticle concentration, and the optimal dispersion range was identified through systematic experimentation. Subsequently, an HNT-reinforced composite material was synthesized by identifying the optimal range of dispersion stability and evaluating the impact strength and fracture mechanism of the interface. The study found that the HNT dispersion exhibited optimal stability in the pH range of 6.6-6.8, resulting in the highest degree of dispersion and impact strength of the composite material. The highest impact strength was achieved at a concentration of 0.7 wt.%. The interfacial dispersion of the EPD-fibers was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The implementation of hierarchical distributed nanoclays proved effective in enhancing the interlaminar strength and toughness of FRPs by selectively reinforcing the vulnerable interfacial region. The findings and methods presented in this dissertation can be applied and cited in future research involving other nanoclays/FRPs systems.Chapter 1: Background and Objectives 1 1-1 Background and Significance 1 1-2 Literature Review 12 1-3 Objectives 15 Chapter 2: Introduction 17 2-1 Introduction 17 2-1-1 Composite Materials 17 2-1-2 Classifications of the Composite Materials 18 2-1-3 Advantages, Necessity, and Benefits of the Composite Materials 19 2-1-4 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 23 2-1-5 Manufacturing of the Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 34 Chapter 3: Optimization of HNT Nanoparticle Distribution based on EPD Process in Epoxy-CFRP Composites 46 3-1 Introduction 47 3-2 Experimental Details 50 3-2-1 Materials 50 3-2-2 Electrophoresis Deposition (EPD) Method for HNTs Deposition 50 3-3 Specimens’ Preparation 53 3-4 Mechanical Tests 55 3-4-1 Short Beam Shear Test 55 3-4-2 Flexural Test 55 3-5 Results and Discussion 57 3-5-1 Dispersion Mechanism and FT-IR 57 3-5-2 Short Beam Shear Properties of the Composite 59 3-5-3 Flexural Properties of Composite 64 3-6 Conclusions 65 Chapter 4: Improvement of Mechanical Property on HNT Modified CFRP composites through Optimization of HNT based EPD Process 66 4-1 Introduction 67 4-2 Experimental Details 70 4-2-1 Materials 70 4-2-2 Electrophoresis Deposition (EPD) Method for HNTs Deposition 70 4-2-3 Specimens’ Preparation 71 4-3 Mechanical Tests 72 4-3-1 Short Beam Shear Test 72 4-3-2 Flexural Test 73 4-3-3 Uniaxial Tensile Test 75 4-4 Results and Discussion 76 4-4-1 Short Beam Shear Properties of the Composite 76 4-4-2 Flexural Properties of Composite 78 4-4-3 Tensile strength of the composite 80 4-5 Conclusions 83 Chapter 5: Impact Strength and Fracture Behavior of Halloysite Nanotube (HNT)-Modified Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) based on the Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) Process 84 5-1 Introduction 86 5-2 Experimental Works 88 5-2-1 Zeta Potential Analysis 89 5-2-2 Uniaxial Tensile Test 90 5-2-3 Izod Impact Test 90 5-3 Results and Discussions 92 5-3-1 Zeta Potential 92 5-3-2 Tensile Strength of the Composite 94 5-3-3 Izod Impact Strength 98 5-4 Conclusions 103 Chapter 6: Investigating the Impact of Extreme Environments on the Fracture Toughness of Nanoparticle-Reinforced Composites 104 6-1 Introduction 105 6-2 Experimental Works 108 6-2-1 Materials 108 6-2-2 Fiber and HNTs Pre-treatment 109 6.2.3 HNTs Distribution by EPD 110 6-2-4 Fabrication of HNTs Incorporated CFRPs 111 6-2-5 Methodologies of Mechanical Tests 114 6-2-6 Mechanism that Effects on the Properties after Fiber Exposed to the Humidity Condition 118 6-3 Results and Discussion 119 6-3-1 Mode I Fracture Toughness 119 6-3-2 Mode II Fracture Toughness 127 6-4 Conclusions 135 Chapter 7: Overall Conclusions 136 References 141Docto

Study on Evaluation of Mechanical and Environmental Properties of Slag Fiber Reinforced Composites

Industrial development has caused problems such as energy depletion and environmental pollution. As a result, it is necessary to develop new materials that can cope with alternative energy and deteriorating environment, and to promote light weighting of structural materials and eco-friendly materials. Therefore, the use of fiber reinforced polymers (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) is increasing rapidly to improve the high energy requirements needed to produce the product. In this study, mechanical properties, composition and surface analysis were carried out through the manufacture of slag fiber-reinforced composite materials to be used to replace basalt fiber-reinforced composite materials applicable to marine structures, ships and simple components that could be exposed to marine environment. The surface conditions were observed through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in order to analyze the resulting surface conditions, with each 720 hours of immersion in the fresh water and seawater environment, and the change in mechanical strength according to the amount of material absorbed over the time of the erosion. Following fresh-water and sea-water absorption, the rate of absorption in the sea was small, but higher than in the desalination environment, and mechanical strength was also small in the sea-water environment, but also reduced rates. In addition, in acid/base environmental tests, the composition changes and surfaces over the bedding time were analyzed through the Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDS). It is possible to predict the applicability in the polar environment. The decrease in tensile strength in the sea was small but large through the absorption of fresh water and sea water, and the acid and salt environmental tests showed a significant decrease in tensile strength in the mountain environment. Through this study, the mechanical characteristics of basalt fiber reinforced composite materials and slag fiber reinforced composite materials based on fresh-water, sea-water absorption days and acid/base environmental tests will be examined and the potential for use of eco-friendly fiber reinforced composite materials applied to marine structures, ship and marine environmental sectors and polar environments will be expected.List of Tables ⅲ List of Figures ⅳ Abstract ⅵ 1. 서론 1 1.1 연구 배경 1 1.2 유리 섬유 5 1.3 탄소 섬유 7 1.4 현무암 섬유 11 1.5 연구 목적 14 2. 재료 및 실험 과정 15 2.1. 재료 준비 15 2.1.1. 슬래그 섬유 강화재료 15 2.1.1. 에폭시 고분자 기지재료 20 2.2. 실험 과정 21 2.2.1. 수분 흡습 21 2.2.2. 산/염기 환경 27 2.2.3. 표면 분석 29 2.2.4. 인장강도 30 3. 실험 결과 및 고찰 35 3.1. 담수 및 해수 흡습 특성 35 3.2. 산/염기 환경 특성 37 3.3. 표면 특성 44 3.4. 인장 특성 46 4. 결론 50 감사의 글 52 참고문헌 53Maste

컬러 영상과 Color Filter Array 영상의 무손실 압축에 관한 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2013. 8. 조남익.무손실 압축은 메모리와 대역폭을 많이 사용하기 때문에 손실 압축에 비해 덜 사용된다. 하지만 의료, 출판, 과학, 예술과 같은 분야에서는 무손실 압축이 필수적이다. 또한 카메라와 영상 표시 장치의 성능이 향상되고 메모리의 가격은 낮아지면서 압축으로 인한 영상 열화를 피하고자하는 요구가 증가하고 있다. 따라서 많은 경우에 손실 압축이 사용됨에도 불구하고 효율적인 무손실 압축의 중요성은 점점 커지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 채널 간의 상관관계를 이용한 컬러 영상과 컬러 필터 어레이 영상의 무손실 압축 방법을 제안한다. 먼저 기존의 무손실 색상 변환 방법에 lifting step을 추가하여 성능을 향상시킨 새로운 무손실 색상 변환 방법을 제안한다. 이미지의 적색, 녹색, 청색 채널 간에는 높은 수준의 상관관계가 있는데, 이는 YCbCr 변환을 통해서 성공적으로 제거된다. 하지만, 이 변환은 무손실 압축에는 사용될 수 없기 때문에 JPEG2000을 포함한 표준 무손실 압축 방법에서는 무손실 색상 변환이 사용된다. 이 변환은 가역적이고 간단하기 때문에 성능이 부족하여, 이를 향상시킬 필요가 있다. 간단하지만 효과적인 연산을 통해서 제안하는 방법은 기존의 무손실 색상 변환의 성능을 향상시켜 YCbCr과 비슷한 성능을 보여준다. 또한, 표준 압축 방법인 JPEG-LS를 이용하여 실험한 결과 기존의 무손실 색상 변환에 비해 1.46%의 압축률 향상 효과가 있었다. 다음으로 계층적인 예측을 통한 컬러 영상의 무손실 압축 방법을 제안한다. 앞에서 제안한 새로운 무손실 색상 변환을 통해 RGB 영상을 변환하고, 밝기 성분인 Y는 기존의 무손실 압축 방법으로 압축을 한다. 색상 채널 Cu'와 Cv'는 제안하는 계층적으로 분해되어 방향성을 이용해 예측되며, 예측 오차는 context modeling을 통해 부호화된다. 제안하는 방법은 Kodak 영상, 의료 영상, 디지털 카메라 영상에 대해 여러 기존 방법과 비교되었으며, 가장 우수한 JPEG2000 대비 각 셋에 대해 5.85%, 10.40%, 4.89% 향상된 압축률을 얻었다. 마지막으로 효과적인 context modeling을 이용한 Bayer 컬러 필터 어레이 영상의 무손실 압축 방법을 제안한다. 예측 오차의 효과적인 context modeling을 위해서 계층적 예측이 사용되었으며, 이 과정에서 mosaic 영상은 4개의 부영상으로 나누어지고 순서대로 압축된다. 임의의 부영상을 예측하기 위해서 이전에 압축된 부영상이 모두 이용되어 해당 픽셀 위치의 에지 방향과 후보 예측값을 계산한다. 이 값들은 다시 예측 오차의 효과적인 context modeling을 위해서도 사용된다. 제안한 방법은 실제 컬러 필터 어레이 영상과 Kodak 영상, 디지털 카메라 영상에 대한 실험에서 비교한 모든 방법보다 우수한 성능을 보였다.Lossless image compression is less used than lossy compression due to its large memory or bandwidth requirements. However in some fields, such as medical, prepress, scientific, and artistic areas, lossy compression cannot substitute for lossless compression. As cameras and display systems are going high quality and as the cost of memory is lowered, we may also wish to keep our precious and artistic photos free from compression artifacts. Hence efficient lossless compression will become more and more important, although the lossy compressed images are usually satisfactory in most cases. In this dissertation, algorithms using interchannel correlation are studied, with which lossless compression schemes for color image and color filter array image are proposed. At first, a new reversible color transform (RCT) is proposed, which consists of the conventional RCT and additional lifting steps to further decorrelate chroma images Cu and Cv. Red, green, and blue samples in an image are highly correlated, but YCbCr transform shows good decorrelation performance for RGB images. However because the transform cannot be used for lossless compression, RCT is used for lossless coding standards including JPEG2000. Due to its invertibility and simplicity, the decorrelation performance of the conventional RCT is not satisfying, so the improvement is required. With effective but simple operations, the proposed scheme shows much higher decorrelation performance than the conventional RCT, and the improved performance is comparable with YCbCr. In addition, lossless bit rates of JPEG-LS, the standard lossless image coder, after color transforms are presented, in which the proposed RCT outperforms the conventional RCT over 1.46% with minimum increase in operations. Next, a lossless color image compression method based on a new hierarchical encoding scheme is proposed. Specifically, an input RGB image is transformed into YCu'Cv' color space using the new RCT. After the color transformation, the luminance channel Y is compressed by a conventional lossless image coder. The chrominance channels are encoded with the proposed hierarchical decomposition and directional prediction. Finally, an appropriate context modeling of prediction residuals is introduced and generic arithmetic coding is applied. The proposed method and several conventional methods are tested on the Kodak image set, some medical images, and digital camera images, and it is shown that average file size reductions over JPEG2000 for these sets are 5.85%, 10.40%, and 4.89% respectively. When the mode selection is tried, further encoding gain can be obtained. At last, a new lossless compression method for Bayer color filter array (CFA) images is proposed, which focuses on efficient context modeling. For the efficient modeling of prediction errors, hierarchical prediction scheme is adopted, in which input mosaic image is divided into four subimages, and the subimages are encoded in order. For the prediction of a subimage, all of subimages which are already encoded are used to estimate edge direction and candidate predictors. The already encoded subimages and pixels in causal neighborhood are also used to estimate the magnitude of prediction error, and the prediction error is encoded by adaptive arithmetic coder along with the estimated context. The proposed method is test for real CFA images and simulated CFA images from Kodak set and commercial digital camera images, and it outperforms all the compared methods.Abstract i Contents iv List of Figures vii List of Tables x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Lossless Color Image Compression 1 1.2 Interchannel Correlation 2 1.3 Lossless Compression of CFA Image 3 1.4 Outline of This Dissertation . 5 2 Related Works 9 2.1 Lossless Image Compression Using Interchannel Correlation 9 2.1.1 Interband CALIC 9 2.1.2 RCT 12 2.2 Lossless Compression of Mosaic Image 13 2.2.1 LCMI 13 2.2.2 CMBP 16 3 New Reversible Color Transform 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Proposed Method 22 3.3 Experimental Results . 23 3.4 Conclusion 25 4 Hierarchical Prediction Scheme for Lossless Color Image Compres-sion 29 4.1 Introduction 29 4.2 Proposed Method 30 4.2.1 Hierarchical Decomposition 30 4.2.2 Directional Prediction 31 4.2.3 Proposed Coding Scheme 32 4.3 Experimental Results 34 4.4 Conclusion 38 5 Color Filter Array Compression 45 5.1 Introduction 45 5.2 Overview of Proposed Encoder 49 5.3 Hierarchical Prediction of CFA data 50 5.3.1 Prediction of G2 51 5.3.2 Interpolation of green values in the positions of R and B 54 5.3.3 Prediction of red and blue pixels 55 5.4 Encoding Prediction Errors 57 5.5 Experimental Results 59 5.5.1 The Proposed Method 59 5.5.2 Demosaic-first and Compression-first Schemes 62 5.6 Conclusion 66 6 Conclusions 71 Bibliography 75 Abstract (Korean) 83Docto

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본 발명은 역구조의 무연 페로브스카이트 태양전지의 제조방법에 관한 것으로, 상세하게는 기판 상부에 P-type 금속산화물을 포함하는 정공수송층(hole transport layer, HTL)을 형성하는 단계(단계 1); 상기 정공수송층(HTL) 상부에 할라이드 유기 또는 무기 박막을 형성하는 단계(단계 2); 및 상기 정공수송층(HTL) 및 할라이드 유기 또는 무기 박막을 반응시켜 상기 정공수송층(HTL) 상부에 페로브스카이트 광흡수층을 형성하는 단계(단계 3);를 포함하는 역구조의 페로브스카이트 태양전지(Inverted perovskite solar cell)의 제조방법에 관한 것이다

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본 발명은 다공성의 금속 할라이드 박막 또는 후막 제조방법에 관한 것으로서, 상기 제조방법은 태양전지의 효율을 높일 수 있는 다공성 구조를 갖는 금속 할라이드 박막 또는 후막을 제조할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제시한다. 다공성의 금속 할라이드 박막 또는 후막 제조방법은 다공성 금속 할라이드 박막 또는 후막을 통해 반응 후 잔여 금속 할라이드를 최소화할 수 있으며, 습막 상태의 금속 할라이드에 대기 중 수분이거나, 외부에서 수분을 분사하여 수분을 공급함으로써 금속 할라이드 박막의 기공 정도를 제어할 수 있어, 잔여 금속 할라이드가 남는 것을 방지함으로써 고효율 태양전지를 합성할 수 있는 매우 유용한 기술이다.다공성의 금속 할라이드 박막 또는 후막 제조방법에 있어서,페로브스카이트 전구체 용액을 제조하는 단계 (제1단계);상기 전구체 용액 총 100 중량부에 대해서 5 내지 30 중량부의 요오드산 및 5 내지 30 중량부의 물을 첨가하여 20 내지 30℃에서 5 내지 30분 동안 교반과정을 통해 졸(sol)을 합성하는 단계 (제2단계); 및상기 합성된 졸을 기판 상에 코팅하는 단계 (제3단계);를포함하는, 다공성의 금속 할라이드 박막 또는 후막 제조방법