이주가 신뢰에 미치는 영향 : 개인 및 나라 단위 분석을 중심으로

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사회과학대학 경제학부, 2018. 2. 김병연.Albeit its importance, the relationship between migration/immigration and trust is relatively an unexplored subject in the social capital literature. Using a natural experimental setting of the German reunification, this dissertation sets out to analyze the effects of migration on trust and to address how trust is formed or destroyed. Chapters 1 and 2 investigate the impact of a shock—either positive or negative—on trust, triggered by the German reunification. In these chapters, Germanys individual-level panel data, known as the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), are utilized to examine whether East Germans trust increases upon exposure to Western environment. The regression results demonstrate that spending time in the West raises East German migrants trust, which supports the view that trust is molded through contemporaneous shocks or experiences, even for East Germans whose initial stock is low. The self-selection problem of choosing migration to the West is dealt with by employing the instrumental variable approach, the finding of which suggests the robustness of the aforementioned result. The second chapter focuses on the West Germans who experienced the aftermath of the fall of the Berlin Wall, investigating the persistence of a historical shock. Whether this mass migration had an impact on West Germans trust is examined through the use of the net migration rate in the early 1990s as a proxy for the shock. Results using the random effects estimator show that West Germans trust is negatively affected by the labor supply shock, but the persistent effect is only confined to the labor force participants at the time. The subsequent analysis using various subgroups finds that perceiving migrants as labor market competitors is a possible channel through which trust is negatively affected. In the final chapter, the impact of migration or immigrants on trust is explored at the country-level with a combined dataset that includes the World Values Surveys and the European Values Surveys, the UN Migration Stock dataset, and the World Banks World Development Indicators. The impact of migration is proxied by the countrys immigrant inflow which is further distinguished by immigrants countries of origin. In addition, an age-cohort panel is constructed to test whether labor market competition is a channel through which trust is formed. It is found that the immigrant inflow of unskilled immigrants is negatively associated with trust while the effect of the inflow of skilled immigrants is insignificant. In addition, the immigration shock received at prime-age is negatively correlated with trust, which implies that natives negative perception from the labor market competition is a possible link that explains the relationship.Introduction 9 I. Motivation 9 II. Authors Note 14 Chapter 1. The Effect of East-West Migration on East Germans Trust in Germanys Post-Reunification Era 19 1.1 Introduction 19 1.2 Historical Background: Internal Migration in Germany after Reunification 24 1.3 Literature Review 27 A. Social Capital of East and West Germans after Reunification 27 B. Selection-Bias of Migrants 28 C. Social Capital of Immigrants 30 1.4 Data and Variable Descriptions 31 1.5 Empirical Strategy 36 1.6 Regression Results 47 A. The Effect of Migration to the West 47 B. Possible Channel: Labor Market Returns 52 C. Robustness Check: Relaxing Sample Restrictions 55 D. Robustness Check: Additional Controls 57 1.7 Conclusion 60 References 62 Appendices 66 Chapter 2. The Impact of Mass Migration on West Germans Trust in the Reunified Germany 69 2.1 Introduction 69 2.2 Literature Review 72 A. Literature on Migration and Social Capital 72 B. The Impact of Exogenous Shocks on Social Capital Outcomes 74 C. The German Reunification as a Natural Experiment 76 2.3 Data and Variable Descriptions 77 2.4 Empirical Strategy 83 2.5 Regression Results 84 A. Baseline Regressions 84 B. Subgroup Analyses 92 C. A Cross-Sectional Approach 99 D. Effects by Skill and by Gender 101 E. Distinguishing between the Influx of Germans and that of Foreigners 103 2.6 Conclusion 107 References 109 Appendices 111 Chapter 3. Immigrants and Trust: A Country-Panel Data Analysis 118 3.1 Introduction 118 3.2 Related Literature 122 3.3 Data and Variable Descriptions 127 3.4 Regression Results 137 3.5 Robustness Checks 147 A. Controlling for Immigrants Countries of Origin 147 B. Alternative Proxy for Immigrants Skills 152 3.6 Conclusion 156 References 158 Appendices 160 Conclusion and Discussions 172 국문초록 178Docto

주민 체감안전도 결정요인에 관한 연구('사회 무질서'와 '지역사회 경찰활동'을 중심으로)

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 행정학과, 2017. 2. 이수영.이 연구는 국내외 주요연구에서 범죄에 대한 두려움 등으로 표현되는 체감안전 도의 결정요인에 관한 연구이다. 체감안전도를 결정하는 요인에 대한 연구를 위한 선행연구 중 범죄예방 및 통제에 관련된 범죄학 이론을 먼저 살펴보았다. 소극적․ 적극적 일반예방이론, 특별예방이론, 구조모델론, 범죄피해화 이론을 응용한 범죄예 방, 합리적 선택이론에 근거한 범죄통제전략, 상황적 범죄예방 등 다양한 이론들이 현재까지 연구되어 왔다. 특히, 이 연구에서는 1982년 미국의 사회학자 James Q. Wilson과 범죄학자 George L. Kelling이 Atlantic Monthly에 게재한 논문 「Broken window」에 의하여 제창된 깨진 유리창 이론에 주목하였다. 해당 이론은 공동체 내의 사소한 무질서를 방치하는 것이 결국 사회전체의 무질서로 확대되어 범죄가 발생하게 되므로 작은 불법․무질서라도 단속하는 등 적절한 조치를 취해야 한다고 주장했다. 아울러, 이 연구에서 또하나의 이론적 축은 지역사회 경찰활동 이론이 다. 오늘 날에는 범죄문제 해결이나 범죄에 대한 두려움 해소를 위해 지역사회와 경찰 간의 공동 노력이 강조되는데, 이러한 노력을 일반적으로 칭하여 지역사회 경 찰활동(Community Policing)이라고 부른다. 좀 더 부연한다면, 이는 경찰과 지역사 회 주민 간의 친밀한 소통을 토대로 긴밀한 협력활동을 실시하여, 범죄, 물리적․사 회적 무질서에 관련된 문제 해결을 향한 새로운 방법을 가능하게 하는 범죄예방 전 략이다. 이 연구에서는 앞에서 언급한 두 가지 중심이론을 바탕으로 하여, 범죄두려 움에 관한 연구, 무질서에 관한 연구, 체감안전도 결정요인에 관한 국내외 여러 선 행연구를 탐구하였다. 이러한 이론과 선행연구를 바탕으로 해서 본 연구에서는 지역사회의 무질서와 지역사회 경찰활동에 대한 인식이 주민 체감안전도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가?라 는 연구문제를 설정하였다. 이 연구문제를 탐구하기 위해서 다음과 같이 두가지의 주된 가설을 설정하고, 각각 소수의 하위가설을 추가로 설정하였다. 먼저, 가설 1로 서 거주 지역의 질서 수준이 높다고 느끼는 주민일수록 체감안전도가 높을 것이 다. 라는 가설을 설정하였다. 지역사회의 무질서 수준은 지역사회의 질서 준수 수 준과 상반된 개념으로 지역 사회의 질서 준수 수준이 높을수록 사회 무질서의 정도 가 낮음을, 지역사회의 질서 준수 수준이 낮을수록 사회 무질서 정도가 높음을 의 미할 것으로 가정하였다. 두 번째, 가설 2로서 거주 지역에 지역사회 경찰활동이 적극적으로 이루어지고 있다고 느끼는 주민일수록 체감안전도가 높을 것이다.라는 가설을 설정하였다. 미국은 지역사회 경찰활동(Community-Oriented Policing)이 효 과적이었는지 기존 연구저널들에 대한 메타분석을 통해 확인하고 있으나, 우리나라 에서는 지역사회 경찰활동에 대한 효과성 분석은 현재까지 제대로 이루어지지 않고 있다고 보여지므로, 본 연구를 통해 지역사회 경찰활동 수준에 따른 체감안전도 변 화를 측정함으로써 간접적으로 지역사회 경찰활동의 효과성 분석도 시도하고자 하 였다. 가설을 검정하기 위해서 주민들의 체감안전도를 종속변수로 활용하고자 한다. 체감안전도 점수는 경찰청 주관으로 2016년 7월부터 9월까지 시행된 2016년도 하반 기 체감안전도 조사 점수를 활용하여 측정한다. 독립변수는 두 가지 카테고리로 나 누었다. 먼저 사회 질서 수준으로는 ① 기초․집회시위 질서, ② 위험인물로부터의 안전도, ③ 교통법규 준수 수준을 활용하였다. 또다른 변수로는 지역사회 경찰활동 을 활용하였다. 이는, ① 경찰과 주민과의 소통 수준, ② 도보순찰 정도로 측정하였 다. 아울러, 연구의 인과관계에 영향을 줄 수 있는 다양한 변수들을 통제하였다. 주 요한 통제변수로는 성별, 연령, 경찰관 1인당 담당 인구 수, 5대 범죄 발생건수, 교 통사고 인피건수, 112신고건수, 경찰서 급지, 범죄 검거율이다. 위계적 선형모형(HLM: Hierarchical Linear Models)을 활용하여 개인수준의 변 수들을 1수준(level-1)으로, 개인을 포함하는 지역단위 수준의 변수들을 2수준 (level-2)으로 구분한 후 분석하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 거주 지역의 사회질서 수준이 높다고 느끼는 주민일수록 체감안전도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 거주 지역의 기초질서·집회시위 질서 준수 수준이 높을수록 주민들의 체감안전도가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 거주지역의 불량청소년 또는 노숙자 등 위험인물로부터 안전하 다고 느낄수록 체감안전도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 교통법규와 관련하여 거 주지역의 교통법규 수준이 높을수록 주민들의 체감안전도가 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 거주 지역의 지역사회 경찰활동이 적극적으로 이루어지고 있다고 느끼는 주민일수 록 체감안전도가 높게 나타났다. 구체적으로 거주 지역의 경찰과 주민간의 소통이 잘 이루어진다고 느낄수록 그리고 거주 지역의 경찰관들이 도보순찰을 많이 하고 있다고 느낄수록 주민들의 체감안전도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 분석결과 두 가지 가설을 모두 지지하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 여러 가지 시사점을 가진다. 지역사회 경찰활동과 관련하여 체감안전 도를 높이는 대책은 지역경찰의 가시적 치안활동을 활성화하는 것을 기본전제로 주 민과의 소통 및 참여를 유도할 수 있는 다양한 방안을 정책적으로 도입할 필요성이 있는 것으로 판단된다. 아울러, 체감안전도는 지역사회 경찰활동과 더불어 지역 내 무질서를 제거하는 것이 중요하며, 이는 경찰의 역할뿐만 아니라 지역사회와 협력 하여 이루어질 때 더욱 효과적이라는 것을 알 수 있으므로, 향후 치안정책은 지금 보다 더 지자체, 주민들과 소통하며 협력을 통한 공동체 치안을 실천해나가는 것이 중요할 것이라고 생각된다.Ⅰ. 연구의 목적 1 1. 연구의 목적과 필요성 1 2. 연구의 대상과 범위 8 Ⅱ. 이론적 논의와 선행연구 검토 9 1. 이론적 논의 9 2. 선행연구 검토 12 Ⅲ. 치안환경 분석 18 1. 치안활동의 개념 18 2. 치안환경 분석 20 3. 체감안전도와 국민행복 30 Ⅳ. 연구설계 및 분석방법 31 1. 연구 가설 및 연구의 분석틀 31 2. 측정 변수 35 3. 분석 자료와 분석 모형 41 Ⅴ. 분석결과 44 1. 표본 현황 44 2. 기술 통계 분석 45 3. 타당성 및 신뢰성 분석 50 4. 상관관계 분석 53 5. 위계적 선형 모형 분석 결과 55 6. 가설 검증 결과와 해석 62 Ⅵ. 결론 64 1. 연구 결과의 요약 64 2. 이론적 의의 및 정책적 시사점 65 3. 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구과제 72 설문문항 74 참고문헌 78 Abstract 81Maste

기타포괄손익이 재무보고의 불투명성과 주가급락에 영향을 미치는가

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 경영학과 회계학 전공, 2016. 2. 황이석.본 연구는 기타포괄손익과 그 구성요소와 관련하여 재무보고의 불투명성 및 주가급락 간의 관계를 살펴본다. 재무보고의 불투명성을 측정하는 지표로서 재량적 발생액의 3년간 이동 평균을 사용하였다. 연구 결과 당기에 보고된 기타포괄손익 총액이 음이고 그 금액이 많으면 재무보고의 불투명성이 증가하였다. 이 효과는 기타포괄손익 구성요소 중 외화환산손익 계정에 의하여 주도되고 있었다. 당기에 보고된 기타포괄손익 총액이 양이고 그 금액이 큰 경우에도 재무보고의 불투명성이 증가하였으나 그 효과는 기타포괄손익 총액이 음인 경우보다 작았다. 이 효과는 기타포괄손익 구성요소 중 퇴직연금과 관련된 계정에 의하여 주도되고 있었다. 당기에 보고된 기타포괄손익의 부호에 상관없이 당기에 보고된 기타포괄손익 총액이 클수록 주가급락위험은 감소하였다. 이 효과는 투자자들이 당기에 보고된 기타포괄손익의 부호가 양수인 경우에 더 민감하게 반응하거나 기타포괄손익의 수치가 양수인 것을 호재로서 해석하여 양의 수치에 고착되어있기 때문으로 보인다. 또한, 기타포괄손익이 재무보고의 불투명성에 미치는 영향이 주식시장에 직접 영향을 미치지 않고 다른 요소를 통하여 주식시장에 영향을 미치기 때문으로 보인다.This study examines the financial reporting opacity and the crash risk of a stock price that is relating to Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) and its components. Using the three-year moving sum of absolute value of discretionary accruals as a measure of financial reporting opacity, I find out that negatively high amount of total OCI reported at the current period increases the financial reporting opacity, driven by the account of adjustment of foreign currency translation. The positively high amount of OCI also increases financial reporting opacity, but the degree of the effect is smaller than the subsample of the negative amount of total OCI. The effect of the positive amount of total OCI is driven by adjustment of pension related issues. A considerable value of total OCI decreases the crash risk of stock return, regardless of the sign of the total amount of OCI. This phenomenon is because investors seem to react to the positive amount of OCI more sensitive, or the investors might partially fixate on the positive number so that they interpret the positive number of OCI as good news and the effect of OCI on opacity does not go directly to stock market, rather go through another factor.1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT 12 3. SAMPLE SELECTION AND VARIABLES 19 3.1 Sample Selection 19 3.2 Variables 20 4. RESEARCH DESIGN 27 4.1 Other Comprehensive Income and Financial Reporting Opacity 27 4.2 Other Comprehensive Income and Crash Risk 28 5. RESULTS 30 5.1 Descriptive Statistics 30 5.2 Other Comprehensive Income and Financial Reporting Opacity 32 5.3 Other Comprehensive Income and Crash Risk 35 6. ADDITIONAL TESTS 37 6.1 Partitioning Sample Based on Firm Size 37 6.2 Alternative Measure of Crash Risk 38 6.3 Non-zero Samples of TOCI, AFS, HDG, PEN, and FCT 39 7. CONCLUSION 40 APPENDIX 42 REFERENCES 45 국문초록 65Maste

Trust and Labor Market Participation

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 경제학부, 2013. 2. 김병연.This paper investigates the relationship between trust and individuals labor market participation by using the United States General Social Survey. This study utilizes instrumental variable and pseudo-panel estimation methods in addition to simple Probit models, which enhance the reliability of results. The findings suggest that trust as an individuals attitude is significantly associated with the probability of the individuals labor market participation, and that the inherited component of trust affects individuals decision to participate in the labor market. The results from the pseudo-panel, constructed by taking the average values of the agegroup cohort within the same region, imply that trust at the regional level, but not at the cohort level, is significantly associated with the proportion of people involved in the labor market in the United States.1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 2.1 Trust as a measure of social capital 2.2 Social capital and labor market 3. Data 4. Empirical Strategy 5. Estimation Results 6. Conclusion AppendixMaste

Orally Administered 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonate (F-53B) Causes Thyroid Dysfunction in Rats

The compound 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), a replacement for perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in the electroplating industry, has been widely detected in numerous environmental matrices, human sera, and organisms. Due to regulations that limit PFOS use, F-53B use is expected to increase. Therefore, in this study, we performed a subchronic oral toxicity study of F-53B in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. F-53B was administered orally once daily to male and female rats for 28 days at doses of 5, 20, and 100 mg/kg/day. There were no toxicologically significant changes in F-53B-treated rats, except in the thyroid gland. However, F-53B slightly reduced the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine, compared with their concentrations in the vehicle group. F-53B also induced follicular hyperplasia and was associated with increased thyroid hormone biosynthesis-associated protein expression. These results demonstrate that F-53B is a strong regulator of thyroid hormones in SD rats as it disrupts thyroid function. Thus, caution should be exercised in the industrial application of F-53B as an alternative for PFOS.ope

HMGB1 orchestrates STING-mediated senescence via TRIM30α modulation in cancer cells

Although cellular senescence has emerged as a novel therapeutic concept in cancer, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) are involved in senescence. However, their interactions in senescence have not been reported. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the relationships between HMGB1 and STING in senescence in cancer and other cells. In mouse melanoma cells and several other cell lines, doxorubicin treatment induced senescence in an HMGB1-dependent manner. These responses were mediated by STING, and this function of STING was negatively regulated by the E3 ligase tripartite motif protein 30α (TRIM30α). We also found that HMGB1 bound to the TRIM30α promoter and then suppressed its expression by inhibiting its transcription, which enhanced STING-induced senescence. This mechanism was further mediated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and p21. Overall, our findings demonstrated that HMGB1 orchestrated STING-STAT6-p21-mediated senescence by regulating TRIM30α as an alternative anticancer mechanism.ope

Role of Nox4 in Mitigating Inflammation and Fibrosis in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis

Background & aims: Fibrosis development in ulcerative colitis is associated directly with the severity of mucosal inflammation, which increases the risk of colorectal cancer. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is an important source of tissue fibrogenesis, which is stimulated directly by reactive oxygen species produced from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX). Among members of the NOX family, NOX4 expression is up-regulated in patients with fibrostenotic Crohn's disease (CD) and in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis. The aim of this study was to determine whether NOX4 plays a role in fibrogenesis during inflammation in the colon using a mouse model. Methods: Acute and recovery models of colonic inflammation were performed by DSS administration to newly generated Nox4-/- mice. Pathologic analysis of colon tissues was performed, including detection of immune cells, proliferation, and fibrotic and inflammatory markers. RNA sequencing was performed to detect differentially expressed genes between Nox4-/- and wild-type mice in both the untreated and DSS-treated conditions, followed by functional enrichment analysis to explore the molecular mechanisms contributing to pathologic differences during DSS-induced colitis and after recovery. Results: Nox4-/- mice showed increased endogenous TGF-β signaling in the colon, increased reactive oxygen species levels, intensive inflammation, and an increased fibrotic region after DSS treatment compared with wild-type mice. Bulk RNA sequencing confirmed involvement of canonical TGF-β signaling in fibrogenesis of the DSS-induced colitis model. Up-regulation of TGF-β signaling affects collagen activation and T-cell lineage commitment, increasing the susceptibility for inflammation. Conclusions: Nox4 protects against injury and plays a crucial role in fibrogenesis in DSS-induced colitis through canonical TGF-β signaling regulation, highlighting a new treatment target.ope

Mean platelet volume is elevated in patients with psoriasis vulgaris

PURPOSE: This retrospective study was done to investigate the mean platelet volume (MPV) level in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and its relationship with disease severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We undertook a cross-sectional study on 176 patients and 101 healthy controls to examine the association between MPV and psoriasis. Various clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: Platelet distribution width and MPV were significantly higher in patients with psoriasis than controls. In addition, there was positive correlation between Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) and MPV. When psoriasis patients were grouped into mild psoriasis (PASI<10) and moderate to severe psoriasis (PASI≥10), the MPV of the latter group was significantly elevated. Nevertheless, patients with higher MPV level (MPV≥10.4 fL) did not show higher PASI than lower MPV level (MPV<10.4 fL). MPV levels significantly decreased after improvements of psoriasis with various treatments. The variations of MPV and PASI also showed significant correlation. CONCLUSION: We have shown that MPV is increased in psoriasis patients and correlates with disease severity. Therefore, MPV levels may be considered as a marker of disease severity of psoriasis.ope

Laboratory information management system for COVID-19 non-clinical efficacy trial data

Background: As the number of large-scale studies involving multiple organizations producing data has steadily increased, an integrated system for a common interoperable format is needed. In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a number of global efforts are underway to develop vaccines and therapeutics. We are therefore observing an explosion in the proliferation of COVID-19 data, and interoperability is highly requested in multiple institutions participating simultaneously in COVID-19 pandemic research. Results: In this study, a laboratory information management system (LIMS) approach has been adopted to systemically manage various COVID-19 non-clinical trial data, including mortality, clinical signs, body weight, body temperature, organ weights, viral titer (viral replication and viral RNA), and multiorgan histopathology, from multiple institutions based on a web interface. The main aim of the implemented system is to integrate, standardize, and organize data collected from laboratories in multiple institutes for COVID-19 non-clinical efficacy testings. Six animal biosafety level 3 institutions proved the feasibility of our system. Substantial benefits were shown by maximizing collaborative high-quality non-clinical research. Conclusions: This LIMS platform can be used for future outbreaks, leading to accelerated medical product development through the systematic management of extensive data from non-clinical animal studies.ope

Comparison of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in K18-hACE2 mouse and Syrian golden hamster models

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19, causes life-threatening disease. This novel coronavirus enters host cells via the respiratory tract, promoting the formation of severe pulmonary lesions and systemic disease. Few animal models can simulate the clinical signs and pathology of COVID-19 patients. Diverse preclinical studies using K18-hACE2 mice and Syrian golden hamsters, which are highly permissive to SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract, are emerging; however, the systemic pathogenesis and cellular tropism of these models remain obscure. We intranasally infected K18-hACE2 mice and Syrian golden hamsters with SARS-CoV-2, and compared the clinical features, pathogenesis, cellular tropism and infiltrated immune-cell subsets. In K18-hACE2 mice, SARS-CoV-2 persistently replicated in alveolar cells and caused pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease, resulting in fatal outcomes. Conversely, in Syrian golden hamsters, transient SARS-CoV-2 infection in bronchial cells caused reversible pulmonary disease, without mortality. Our findings provide comprehensive insights into the pathogenic spectrum of COVID-19 using preclinical models.ope