26 research outputs found
Expression of heat shock protein 90 in microglia following intracerebroventricular kainic acid injection in the mouse hippocampus
Thesis (master`s)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ํ๊ณผ ํด๋ถํ์ ๊ณต,2004.Maste
Refractive error incidence in primary school children
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
[์๋ฌธ]
It has generally been accepted that there is a direct relationship between
excessively near-work such as writing and reading, and the incidence of myopia in
primary school children.
Hong et al (1967, 1968) reported a yearly increase in the incidence of myopia in
primary school children in Seoul, Korea.
The highest incidence of myopia was found among 5th and 6th graders. These
children had to study hard for long hours in preparation for the entrance
examinations into middle school.
This study was on the incidence of myopia among primary school children was made
to find the present incidence of refractive errors now that the entrance
examination has been eliminated. In Seoul these examinations have been eliminated
since 1969. This study was made in 1973. A comparison is made of the incidence of
refractive errors before and after the elimination of the examination.
Materials and Methods
645 primary school children (330 boys and 315 girls) between the ages of 7 and 12
were examined for refractive errors. Visual acuity was checked using the Snellen's
E chart under a standard 10 foot candle illumination. There after 2% Cyclogyl
solution was twice instilled in both eyes at 5 minute intervals.
The subjective and objective refractive examination was done when the pupils were
fully dilated and there was no reaction to light.
Results
1. Ammetropia was more common than emetropia in all of the studies for primary
school children (1967, 1968, 1973).
2. Hyperopia was more common than myopia in all of the studies of the incidence
of ametropia. (1967, 1968, 1973)
3. The incidence of hyperopia increased until the age of 7 following which there
was an annual decrease in the incidence. In contrast, the incidence of myopia
showed an annual increase from the age of 8 years.
4. Although myopia was more commonly found among the girls in the 1967, 1973
studies, the 1968 study showed a higher incidence among boys.
5. The greatest incidence of refractive errors occurred at the age of 7 years.
6. The majority of refractive errors were less than 3 diopters.
7. "With the rule" astigmatism was more commonly found than "against the rule".
8. In 1973 the incidence of myopia among primary school children had ddropped to
13.7% as compared with a 19.37% incidence in 1967, and 22.9% incidence in 1968.restrictio
(The) effect of oculomotor disturbances on the human saccadic eye movement system
์ํ๊ณผ/๋ฐ์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
Saccade ์๊ตฌ์ด๋์ ํน์ฑ์ Dodge์ Cline(1901)์ด ์ ์ํ ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ด์ ํน
์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ต๊ทผ 20๋
๋์์๋ ์ ์ด์ด๋ก ์ ๋์
์ผ๋ก saccade์
์ฑ์ง์ด ๋์ฑ ๊ท๋ช
๋๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๋ค. ์๊ตฌ์ด๋๊ณ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ฃผ
์ข
์ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ผ๋ ์๊ตฌ์ด๋์ ์ธก์ ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ์์์ ์
์ฉ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ์ ์๋ค. Saccade์ด๋์ ํน์ง์ ์ต๋ ์๋์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๊ตฌ์ด
๋๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฐฐํ๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๊ด๊ณ๋๋ ์งํ์ ์ง๋จ์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์ ์ฉํ๊ฒ ์ฐ์ธ๋ค. Sacc
ade ์ต๋ ์๋๋ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์๋ ๋ณํ๋๋ฉฐ ์ง์ ์ ๋ฅ๋ ๋์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก saccade๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ต์
ํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์๊ตฌ์ด๋๊ณ์ ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ saccade๊ณ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋์ ์ค
ํ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ ์ ์ ์ ํฌ์ฌ๋ก ์๊ทผ์ ๋ง๋น๊ฐ ์ฌ ์ ์๋ ์ฝ๋ฌผ๋ก oxazepam๊ณผ secobarbit
al๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ๊ตฌํ์ฃผ์ฌ๋ก ์ ๊ฒฝ-๊ทผ์ก ์ฐจ๋จ์ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ ํ์ฌ ๋น๊ต์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์
์ ํ์ง ์์ ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ 10ยฐ์ 20ยฐ์ ๋ํ ์ํ saccade ์๊ตฌ์ด๋์ ํน์ฑ์ธ ์ต์ข
์์น ๋๋ฌ, ์ต๋์๋ ๋ณํ ๋ฑ์ ์ค์ ์ ๋์ด ๊ด์ฐฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ผ๋ก์ ์ ๋ง์ ๋ํด์๋ ๊ฒ
ํ ํ์๋ค.
์๊ตฌ์ด๋์ ์ธก์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์๊ตฌ์ด๋๋ชจ๋ํฐ, ์ํ๋ฐ์์ฅ์น, ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ธฐ, ๊ธฐํ ๊ฐ์ข
๊ณ ์ ์ฅ
์น๋ก ์ธก์ ์์คํ
์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ณ 3๋ช
์ ๋จ์์ฑ์ธ์ ํผ๊ฒ์๋ก ์ ์ ํ์ฌ ์ฝ๋ฌผํฌ์ฌ์ ๊ตฌํ์ฃผ์ฌ
์คํ์ ์ค์ํ์๋ค. ์คํ์ 3์ฃผ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์์ค์์ ์ํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ ์คํ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ
๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ก์ง์์ saccade์ ์์น, ์ต๋์๋, ๋ฐ์์๊ฐ, drift ๋ฑ์
๊ดํ์ฌ ๋ฉด๋ฐํ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๊ณ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ t-๊ฒ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 5%์ ์ ์๋ฏธ
ํ ๋ ๋ฒจ์ ๊ตฌํ์ฌ ์คํ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.
1. LED(light emitting diode)๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋๋ก ์ ์ํ ์ํ๋ฐ์์ฅ์น๋ saccade์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์
์ฃผ ์ ํฉํ๋ค.
2. Secobarbital ํฌ์ฌ์;
(1) Saccader๊ณ๋ ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ต๋์๋๋ ๊ฐ์๋๊ณ corrective movement,๊ฐ ๋ฐ์๋
๋ค.
(2) ์ต๋์๋๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ 10ยฐ์์ ํ๊ท 35%, 20ยฐ์์ ํ๊ท 41%์ ๋ ๊ฐ์๋๋ค.
(3) Corrective movement์ ๋ฐ์์ 10ยฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํ๊ท 36.7%, 20ยฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํ๊ท 56.2%๋ก
์ ์์ธ ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ 1ยฐ์ ๋์ glissadic drift๋ฅผ ์๋ฐํ์ฌ ๋๋ก๋
multi-step saccade๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.
(4) Ist corrective movement์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ RT^^1 ์ 210 msec์ ๋๋ก์ ์ ์๊ฐ(125-130msec)
๋ณด๋ค 80 msec ์ ๋ ๊ธธ๊ณ ์ ์๋ฐ์์๊ฐ (์ฝ 260 msec) ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์งง๋ค.
3. ๊ตฌํ์ฐจ๋จ์:
(1) ์ ๊ฒฝ-๊ทผ์ก์ฐจ๋จ์ saccade๊ณ์ ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์ต๋์๋๋ ๊ฐ์๋๊ณ ๋น๋ฒํ correctiv
e movement๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ํจ๋ค.
(2) ์ต๋์๋์ ๊ฐ์์จ์ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ 10ยฐ์์ ํ๊ท 20%, 20ยฐ์์ ํ๊ท 25% ์ ๋๋ก์ ๊ฐ์
์จ์ ํญ์ secobarbital์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ณด๋ค ์ ๋ค.
(3) Corrective movement์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ฌํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ 10ยฐ์์๋ 50%, 20ยฐ์์๋ 70
%์ ๋ ๋ํ๋๋ค. RT^^1 ์ 184 msec์ ๋๋ก์ ์ ์๊ฐ๋ณด๋ค 55m sec์ ๋ ๊ธธ์ผ๋ ์ ์๋ฐ์์
๊ฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์งง๋ค.
(4) Corrective movement์ ์์ด์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ 1ยฐ์ ๋์ drift(glissadic ๋
๋ overlapping)๋ฅผ ์๋ฐํ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ก๋ multi-step saccade๋ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.
4. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข
ํฉํ๋ฉด ์ ์ ์ง์ ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํฌ์ฌํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์๊ทผ์ ๊ตญ์๋ง๋น์ํค๋ฉด sa
ccade๊ณ์ ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์์ saccade์ต๋์๋๋ ๊ฐ์๋๋ฉฐ ๋น๋ฒํ๊ณ ๋น์ ์์ ์ธ corrective
movement๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ํจ๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
In the early part of this century the characteristics of saccadic eye movements
were defined (Dodge and Cline, 1901) and the properties of saccades have been
identified more precisely with aid of the control theory during the last two
decades. The oculomotor system has been the subject of many studies, mainly in the
field of medical application; firstly, basic measurements of eye movement and
models of the control system, and other studied have been designed primarily to
yield data relating to abnormal oculomotor conditions in human subjects. Saccadic
peak velocity measurements have been used to characterize saccades. Such
measurements may substantiate the clinical observation of slow saccades as a
clinical sign of disease involving the neural mechanisms controlling eye movements.
Sedative drugs selectively supress certain types of eye movement. The effect of
diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and ethyl alcohol upon saccadic eye movement is to
reduce the peak saccadic velocity and frequently to produce a corrective
movement(CM).
This study aims to investigate changes in human saccadic eye movement system
behavior due to oculomotor disturbances from drugs which have tranquilizing and
muscle-relaxing properties(oxazepam and secobarbital), and mimicking neuromuscular
block after retrobulbar injection. The measurement of range of angular distance was
10 and 20 degrees for the horizontal saccadic eye movement.
The results are discussed in terms of saccadic peak velocity and accuracy of
final position as well as of future prospects for clinical and research tools.
The experimental apparatus was consisted Biometrics eye movement monitor,
oscillographic recorder, target function generator and other fixation devices.
The eye position signals were measured in terms of peak velocity (the steepest
tangent line), reaction time, amplitude and drift. In order to determine if
oxazepam or secobarbital and retrobular block had any effects on the saccadic
system behavior, three kind of experiments were designed and performed by three
subjects equally. All experiments were performed in a darkened room. Immediately
before the drug was administered, 10 or more saccades were recorded to establish
the reference values of the parameters being measured. The results before and after
each administration were tested for significant change with the use of Student's
t-test at the 5% level.
1. A target function generator using LED (light emitting diode) is proved to be
very suitable for the study of the saccadic eye movement system.
2. In the secobarbital administration;
1) The saccadic system is supressed and peak velocity is reduced and produces
frequent CMs.
2) The average decrease of peak velocity is about 35% in 10 degrees and 41% in 20
degrees and over-all trends reveal that the reduction rate is increased due to the
angular distance.
3) Production rate of CMs is higher than in normals and is accompanied by about 1
degree amplitude glissadic drifts.
3. In retrobular injections mimicking neuromuscular block;
1) The neuromuscular block supresses the saccadic system and shows saccadic peak
velocity decrement and produces CMs.
2) The average decrease of peak velocity is about 20% in 10 degrees and 25% in 20
degress.
3) Production rate of CMs is about 55% in 10 degrees and 70% in 20 degrees, and
the reaction time of first CM is about 184 msec.
4) Most of the CMs show glissadic and overlapping saccades, and multi-step
saccades are observed frequently.
4. Summarizing the results;
The sedative drugs and local neuromusculr block supress the saccaddic eye
movement systems and show a decrease of saccadic peak velocity and produce
anomalous CMs.restrictio
A clinical study on the mechanical ventilation during anesthesia for thoracotomy
Many of the lung cancer. bronchiectasis. mediastinal
tumor. lung abscess and pulmonary tuberculosis
are treated occasionally by the surgical operation
and most of the cases are performed in the lateral
position.
Several studies were reported about the effect of
lateral position on the pulmonary ventilation and
perfusion and about the preventive methods of
hypoxia which may be issued in the lateral position.
Recently we have studied the influence of the
changes of tidal volume and frequency at the
same minute volume in the lateral position on the
AaDO,. In spite of changes of tidal volume and
frequency, we could not find any differences in the
arterial oxygenation and the CO, elimination at the
same minute volume
An Evaluation of Anesthetic Experiences in Past Two Years (l979~1980)
21, 156 anesthetic experiences performed from
January 1, 1979 to December 31, 1980 were analyzed
according to age. sex, department and anesthetic
method.
Moreover those were compared with previous
report.
The following results were obtained.
1. The most prominant age group was between 21
and 40 years old. It was 37. 2% in 1979 and 36.2
% in 1980. It is interesting that the number of
patients under 1 year and over 70 has been
increased year by year.
2. There was no significant differences between
male and female.
3. The most outstanding feature in department distribution
was increasing tendency of patients in
Chest Surgery. Before 1972, the ratio occupied
by Chest Surgery had been 3.7% of total cases,
but it was 6.4% in 1980.
4. The number of spinal anesthesia was decreased
from 15.9% in 1979 to 8.0%in 1980, which was
inversely proportional to general anesthesia (66. 6
% in 1979 and 74.1%in 1980)
A Review of 418 Anesthetic Consultations The Anesthetic Problems and Their Managements of Preoperative Surgical Patients
418 surgical patients with anesthetic problems
were evaluated preoperatively, according to age, sex,
department and their problems.
In addition to this evaluation, we mentioned special
peri operative anesthetic managements of the patients
who had have cardiopulmonary disorders, neurosurgical
diseases, hepatic dysfunctions, diabetes mellitus
and hyperthyroidism.
The findings obtained from the evaluation were
as follows.
1. The most prominant age group was 41 to 50
years, showing 22.596. It is interesting that the
ratio occupied by the patients under 1 year and
over 70 years was 7.996.
2. The sex distributions were 57.2% in male and
42.896 in famale.
3. Related to departments, cardiothoracic surgery,
general surgery, orthopedic surgery and obstetrics
and gynecology were 30.996, 20.896, 12.996 and
11. 796 respectively.
4. Related to problems, cardiopulmonary disorders
occupied 60.296, suggesting that the anesthesiologists
should focus their interest mainly on cardiopulmonary
system in preansthetic consultation.
Moreover hepatic dysfunction, diabetes mellitus
and hyperthyroidism were main anesthesia-related
problems.
So perioperative managements of above mentioned
cases were reviewed with several references of
literature