Expression of heat shock protein 90 in microglia following intracerebroventricular kainic acid injection in the mouse hippocampus

Thesis (master`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :의학과 해부학전공,2004.Maste

Refractive error incidence in primary school children

의학과/석사[한글] [영문] It has generally been accepted that there is a direct relationship between excessively near-work such as writing and reading, and the incidence of myopia in primary school children. Hong et al (1967, 1968) reported a yearly increase in the incidence of myopia in primary school children in Seoul, Korea. The highest incidence of myopia was found among 5th and 6th graders. These children had to study hard for long hours in preparation for the entrance examinations into middle school. This study was on the incidence of myopia among primary school children was made to find the present incidence of refractive errors now that the entrance examination has been eliminated. In Seoul these examinations have been eliminated since 1969. This study was made in 1973. A comparison is made of the incidence of refractive errors before and after the elimination of the examination. Materials and Methods 645 primary school children (330 boys and 315 girls) between the ages of 7 and 12 were examined for refractive errors. Visual acuity was checked using the Snellen's E chart under a standard 10 foot candle illumination. There after 2% Cyclogyl solution was twice instilled in both eyes at 5 minute intervals. The subjective and objective refractive examination was done when the pupils were fully dilated and there was no reaction to light. Results 1. Ammetropia was more common than emetropia in all of the studies for primary school children (1967, 1968, 1973). 2. Hyperopia was more common than myopia in all of the studies of the incidence of ametropia. (1967, 1968, 1973) 3. The incidence of hyperopia increased until the age of 7 following which there was an annual decrease in the incidence. In contrast, the incidence of myopia showed an annual increase from the age of 8 years. 4. Although myopia was more commonly found among the girls in the 1967, 1973 studies, the 1968 study showed a higher incidence among boys. 5. The greatest incidence of refractive errors occurred at the age of 7 years. 6. The majority of refractive errors were less than 3 diopters. 7. "With the rule" astigmatism was more commonly found than "against the rule". 8. In 1973 the incidence of myopia among primary school children had ddropped to 13.7% as compared with a 19.37% incidence in 1967, and 22.9% incidence in 1968.restrictio

The Acetylation of Aromatics Using Zeolite Beta

Docto

(The) effect of oculomotor disturbances on the human saccadic eye movement system

의학과/박사[한글] Saccade 안구운동의 특성을 Dodge와 Cline(1901)이 정의한 이래 여러 분야에서 이의 특 성에 관한 많은 연구가 이루어졌으며 최근 20년 동안에는 제어이론의 도입으로 saccade의 성질이 더욱 규명되기에 이르렀다. 안구운동계의 연구는 근본적으로 의학적인 연구가 주 종을 이루고 있으며 그 연구분야는 안구운동의 측정과 모델링에 기본을 둔 것과 임상적응 용에 목적을 둔 것으로 나눌 수 있다. Saccade운동의 특징은 최대 속도에 있으며 안구운 동계를 지배하는 신경기전이 관계되는 질환의 진단에 이 데이터가 유용하게 쓰인다. Sacc ade 최대 속도는 약물종류에 따라서도 변화되며 진정제류는 대체적으로 saccade계를 억제 한다. 본 연구는 안구운동계의 장애가 saccade계에 미치는 영향을 추구하기 위하여 사람을 실 험 대상으로 하여 전신적투여로 안근에 마비가 올 수 있는 약물로 oxazepam과 secobarbit al를 사용하고 구후주사로 신경-근육 차단을 모방하는 방법을 선정하여 비교적 타 연구에 서 하지 않은 광범위한 각변위 10°와 20°에 대한 수평 saccade 안구운동의 특성인 최종 위치 도달, 최대속도 변화 등에 중점을 두어 관찰하였으며 앞으로의 전망에 대해서도 검 토하였다. 안구운동을 측정하기 위하여 안구운동모니터, 시표발생장치, 기록기, 기타 각종 고정장 치로 측정 시스템을 구성하고 3명의 남자성인을 피검자로 선정하여 약물투여와 구후주사 실험을 실시하였다. 실험은 3주에 걸쳐 암실에서 수행하였으며 본 실험전에 정상 데이터 를 측정하여 기록하였다. 기록지에서 saccade의 위치, 최대속도, 반응시간, drift 등에 관하여 면밀히 관찰하였고 데이터는 통계적으로 처리하였으며 t-검정을 거쳐 5%의 유의미 한 레벨을 구하여 실험결과를 얻었다. 1. LED(light emitting diode)를 쓰도록 제작한 시표발생장치는 saccade제의 연구에 아 주 적합하다. 2. Secobarbital 투여시; (1) Saccader계는 장애를 받으며 최대속도는 감소되고 corrective movement,가 발생된 다. (2) 최대속도는 각변위 10°에서 평균 35%, 20°에서 평균 41%정도 감소된다. (3) Corrective movement의 발생은 10°의 경우 평균 36.7%, 20°의 경우 평균 56.2%로 정상인 보다 훨씬 높으며 대부분이 크기 1°정도의 glissadic drift를 수반하여 때로는 multi-step saccade를 나타낸다. (4) Ist corrective movement의 경우 RT^^1 은 210 msec정도로서 정상값(125-130msec) 보다 80 msec 정도 길고 정상반응시간 (약 260 msec) 보다는 짧다. 3. 구후차단시: (1) 신경-근육차단은 saccade계에 장애를 주며 최대속도는 감소되고 빈번한 correctiv e movement를 발생시킨다. (2) 최대속도의 감소율은 각변위 10°에서 평균 20%, 20°에서 평균 25% 정도로서 감소 율의 폭은 secobarbital의 경우보다 적다. (3) Corrective movement의 발생은 매우 심하여 각변위 10°에서는 50%, 20°에서는 70 %정도 나타난다. RT^^1 은 184 msec정도로서 정상값보다 55m sec정도 길으나 정상반응시 간보다는 짧다. (4) Corrective movement에 있어서 대부분의 경우 크기 1°정도의 drift(glissadic 또 는 overlapping)를 수반하며 때로는 multi-step saccade도 나타낸다. 4. 본 연구의 결과를 종합하면 전신진정제를 경구투여하거나 안근을 국소마비시키면 sa ccade계에 장애를 가져와서 saccade최대속도는 감소되며 빈번하고 비정상적인 corrective movement를 발생시킨다. [영문] In the early part of this century the characteristics of saccadic eye movements were defined (Dodge and Cline, 1901) and the properties of saccades have been identified more precisely with aid of the control theory during the last two decades. The oculomotor system has been the subject of many studies, mainly in the field of medical application; firstly, basic measurements of eye movement and models of the control system, and other studied have been designed primarily to yield data relating to abnormal oculomotor conditions in human subjects. Saccadic peak velocity measurements have been used to characterize saccades. Such measurements may substantiate the clinical observation of slow saccades as a clinical sign of disease involving the neural mechanisms controlling eye movements. Sedative drugs selectively supress certain types of eye movement. The effect of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and ethyl alcohol upon saccadic eye movement is to reduce the peak saccadic velocity and frequently to produce a corrective movement(CM). This study aims to investigate changes in human saccadic eye movement system behavior due to oculomotor disturbances from drugs which have tranquilizing and muscle-relaxing properties(oxazepam and secobarbital), and mimicking neuromuscular block after retrobulbar injection. The measurement of range of angular distance was 10 and 20 degrees for the horizontal saccadic eye movement. The results are discussed in terms of saccadic peak velocity and accuracy of final position as well as of future prospects for clinical and research tools. The experimental apparatus was consisted Biometrics eye movement monitor, oscillographic recorder, target function generator and other fixation devices. The eye position signals were measured in terms of peak velocity (the steepest tangent line), reaction time, amplitude and drift. In order to determine if oxazepam or secobarbital and retrobular block had any effects on the saccadic system behavior, three kind of experiments were designed and performed by three subjects equally. All experiments were performed in a darkened room. Immediately before the drug was administered, 10 or more saccades were recorded to establish the reference values of the parameters being measured. The results before and after each administration were tested for significant change with the use of Student's t-test at the 5% level. 1. A target function generator using LED (light emitting diode) is proved to be very suitable for the study of the saccadic eye movement system. 2. In the secobarbital administration; 1) The saccadic system is supressed and peak velocity is reduced and produces frequent CMs. 2) The average decrease of peak velocity is about 35% in 10 degrees and 41% in 20 degrees and over-all trends reveal that the reduction rate is increased due to the angular distance. 3) Production rate of CMs is higher than in normals and is accompanied by about 1 degree amplitude glissadic drifts. 3. In retrobular injections mimicking neuromuscular block; 1) The neuromuscular block supresses the saccadic system and shows saccadic peak velocity decrement and produces CMs. 2) The average decrease of peak velocity is about 20% in 10 degrees and 25% in 20 degress. 3) Production rate of CMs is about 55% in 10 degrees and 70% in 20 degrees, and the reaction time of first CM is about 184 msec. 4) Most of the CMs show glissadic and overlapping saccades, and multi-step saccades are observed frequently. 4. Summarizing the results; The sedative drugs and local neuromusculr block supress the saccaddic eye movement systems and show a decrease of saccadic peak velocity and produce anomalous CMs.restrictio

A Study on the tert-butylation of hydroquinones

Maste

A clinical study on the mechanical ventilation during anesthesia for thoracotomy

Many of the lung cancer. bronchiectasis. mediastinal tumor. lung abscess and pulmonary tuberculosis are treated occasionally by the surgical operation and most of the cases are performed in the lateral position. Several studies were reported about the effect of lateral position on the pulmonary ventilation and perfusion and about the preventive methods of hypoxia which may be issued in the lateral position. Recently we have studied the influence of the changes of tidal volume and frequency at the same minute volume in the lateral position on the AaDO,. In spite of changes of tidal volume and frequency, we could not find any differences in the arterial oxygenation and the CO, elimination at the same minute volume

An Evaluation of Anesthetic Experiences in Past Two Years (l979~1980)

21, 156 anesthetic experiences performed from January 1, 1979 to December 31, 1980 were analyzed according to age. sex, department and anesthetic method. Moreover those were compared with previous report. The following results were obtained. 1. The most prominant age group was between 21 and 40 years old. It was 37. 2% in 1979 and 36.2 % in 1980. It is interesting that the number of patients under 1 year and over 70 has been increased year by year. 2. There was no significant differences between male and female. 3. The most outstanding feature in department distribution was increasing tendency of patients in Chest Surgery. Before 1972, the ratio occupied by Chest Surgery had been 3.7% of total cases, but it was 6.4% in 1980. 4. The number of spinal anesthesia was decreased from 15.9% in 1979 to 8.0%in 1980, which was inversely proportional to general anesthesia (66. 6 % in 1979 and 74.1%in 1980)

A Review of 418 Anesthetic Consultations The Anesthetic Problems and Their Managements of Preoperative Surgical Patients

418 surgical patients with anesthetic problems were evaluated preoperatively, according to age, sex, department and their problems. In addition to this evaluation, we mentioned special peri operative anesthetic managements of the patients who had have cardiopulmonary disorders, neurosurgical diseases, hepatic dysfunctions, diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism. The findings obtained from the evaluation were as follows. 1. The most prominant age group was 41 to 50 years, showing 22.596. It is interesting that the ratio occupied by the patients under 1 year and over 70 years was 7.996. 2. The sex distributions were 57.2% in male and 42.896 in famale. 3. Related to departments, cardiothoracic surgery, general surgery, orthopedic surgery and obstetrics and gynecology were 30.996, 20.896, 12.996 and 11. 796 respectively. 4. Related to problems, cardiopulmonary disorders occupied 60.296, suggesting that the anesthesiologists should focus their interest mainly on cardiopulmonary system in preansthetic consultation. Moreover hepatic dysfunction, diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism were main anesthesia-related problems. So perioperative managements of above mentioned cases were reviewed with several references of literature