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    ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ํ™˜์ž ์œ ๋ž˜ ์ƒ๊ฒ€์กฐ์ง ์ด์‹ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ์ž„์„์•„.Background: Metastatic breast cancer is a complex and life-threatening disease, although it is hard to cure, patients can get survival benefit from sequential anti-cancer treatment. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model is suggested as a practical tool to predict the clinical outcome of cancer treatment as well as to screen novel drugs. This study aimed to establish PDX models in Korean patients and analyze their genomic profiles and the utility for translational research. Methods: Percutaneous core needle biopsy or punch biopsy samples were used for xenotransplantation. The tumor tissue which has grown in the mouse was used for genome analysis. Whole exome sequencing and transcriptome analysis were performed to assess the genomic and RNA expression profiles, respectively. Copy number variation (CNV) and mutational burden were analyzed and compared with other metastatic breast cancer genomic results. The medical records were reviewed to understand the clinico-pathologic characteristic of enrolled patients. Moreover, the antitumor effect of an ATR inhibitor was tested in the relevant PDX model. Results: Of the 151 cases enrolled in this study, 40 (26%) PDX models were established. Notably, the take rate of all subtype, including hormone receptor-positive (HR+) subtype, exceeded 20%. The PDX model had genomic fidelity and CNV that represented the pattern of its donor sample. The somatic mutations of TP53, PIK3CA, ESR1, and GATA3 were frequently found. ESR1 mutation, CCND1 amplification, and APOBEC signature were significant features in HR+ HER2โˆ’ PDX model. Fulvestrant in combination with palbociclib showed partial response to the relevant patientโ€™s tumor harboring ESR1 mutation and CCND1 amplification found in PDX model. AZD6738, an ATR inhibitor, presented delayed tumor growth in a relevant PDX model. Conclusions: PDX model is well established using core needle biopsy samples from primary and metastatic tissues. Genomic profiles of the samples reflected their original tissue characteristics and could be used for the interpretation of clinical outcomes. These findings can increase the utility of this model in translational research.์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ˆํ›„๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ‘œ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•…ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•” ํ™˜์ž ์œ ๋ž˜ ์กฐ์ง ์ด์‹ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ (patient-derived xenograft: PDX) ์€ ํ‘œ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ญ์•”์ œ์˜ ํšจ๋Šฅ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ์จ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์˜ ํ™˜์ž ์œ ๋ž˜ ์กฐ์ง ์ด์‹ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์„œ์–‘์ธ์˜ ์›๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์œ ์ „์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘œ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์˜ ์ ์‘์ฆ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ”ผ์  ์ƒ๊ฒ€ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ NSG ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์— ์ด์‹ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์ฆ์‹ํ•œ ์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€์ด ๋ฐ RNA ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ whole-exome sequencing๊ณผ transcriptome sequencing์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณต์ œ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€์ด์™€ ์ข…์–‘ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์š”์ธ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋œ PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์˜ ํ•ญ์ข…์–‘ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด 130๋ช… ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ํš๋“ํ•œ 151๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ด์ข…์ด์‹์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด 151๊ฑด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ค‘ 40๊ฑด์˜ PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด 26.5 %์—์„œ PDX๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. PDX ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ HER2 ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„ํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์•„ํ˜•์—์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ  ๋˜ํ•œ 20%๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ์–‘์„ฑ ์•„ํ˜•์—์„œ๋„ 22%์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋œ PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€์ด ๋ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณต์ œ ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ์ •๋„๋„ PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž ์กฐ์ง๊ฐ„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. TP53, PIK3CA, ESR1 ๋ฐ GATA3 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ PDX ํ‘œ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€์ด ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋œ PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค‘, ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ์–‘์„ฑ ์•„ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ESR1 ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€์ด์™€ CCND1 ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฆํญ์ด ํ”ํžˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , APOBEC signature๊ฐ€ CpG signature์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ESR1 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ณ€์ด์™€ CCND1 ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฆํญ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž์—์„œ ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๊ฒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋ถ„ํ•ด์ œ์ธ fulvestrant๊ณผ CDK4/6 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ palbociclib์„ ๋ณ‘์šฉ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์ƒ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ATR ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ATR ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ AZD6738์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ์–‘์„ฑ ์•„ํ˜•์—์„œ๋„ 22%์˜ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ๋„ PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋žต ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ PDX ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์ด ์ค‘๊ฐœ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ABSTRACT --------------------------------------------------------------------------- i TABLE OF CONTENTS -------------------------------------------------------- iv LIST OF TABLES ----------------------------------------------------------------- v LIST OF FIGURES --------------------------------------------------------------- vi INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS ---------------------------------------------- 4 RESULTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 DISCUSSION ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 CONCLUSION --------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ------------------------------------------------------- 81 REFERENCES --------------------------------------------------------------------- 82 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN ----------------------------------------------------- 90Docto

    The effect of health jogging and circuit training on elementary student's physical fitness

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    This study, by analyzing the program's effect, attempts to provide basic information on a healthy jogging and circuit-training program for the improvement of physical fitness and body composition for elementary students. The subjects of this study were twenty students from B City elementary school who were divided into two groups of ten, experimental and control groups. The physical fitness of both groups was pre-tested, and then post-tested after operating the program over the course of eight weeks. Using the SPSS statistical program for the processing of the pre- and post-test physical fitness data, the differences between groups were t-tested while the differences within the groups were pair t-tested. The results of this testing suggest the following: First, with respect to the state of physical fitness, the experimental group showed a statistically significant difference in muscular- cardiopulmonary endurance and flexibility, but showed little improvement in grip muscle strength: no significant difference. The control group showed a decline in grip muscle strength and cardiopulmonary endurance, although there was a small but not significant improvement in muscular- cardiopulmonary endurance and flexibility. Second, with respect to body composition, both height and weight improved significantly in both groups by the end of the programhowever, the experimental group showed a significant decline in body fat percentage, BMI (body mass index) and WHR. The control group showed an increase (though not significant) in body fat percentage, BMI and WHR. These results of study mean that the 8 week program of health jogging and circuit training have positive effect on students' a muscular ยท cardiopulmonary endurance, flexibility and body composition. Accordingly, this program should be studied and developed continuously to meet students' physical state and need.โ… . ์„œ๋ก 1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ 3 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ3 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ4 1. ์ฒด๋ ฅ4 2. ์ฒด๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•9 3. ์•„๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ11 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•17 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ17 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ17 3. ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ18 4. ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ฒด๋ ฅ ์ธก์ • ํ•ญ๋ชฉ18 5. ์šด๋™ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ20 โ…ฃ. ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„22 โ…ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ23 โ…ฅ. ๋…ผ์˜32 โ…ฆ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ37 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ39 Abstract4

    ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ `์น˜์•„ ์ฃผ์ œ` ์œ ์•„๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ต์œกํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ(์‚ฌํšŒ์น˜์˜ํ•™์ „๊ณต),2008. 8.Maste

    Experience of family & nurse related to the process of DNR decision

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    ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ „๊ณต/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‹ฌํ์†Œ์ƒ์ˆ  ๊ธˆ์ง€(DNR) ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ํ™˜์ž ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด๋‚˜, DNR์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , DNR ํ™˜์ž ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ง€์นจ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์˜ DNR ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ œ๊ณต์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒช๋Š” ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ DNR ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ฐ€์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋„์™€ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ญํ•  ์ง€์นจ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.DNR ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ 2005๋…„ 12์›” ๋™์•ˆ S์‹œ ์†Œ์žฌ A๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค์— ์ž…์›ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ DNR์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์ง€๋ฅผ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, DNR ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ œ๊ณต์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ DNR์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์˜ํ•œ 20์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ DNR ์ฃผ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์ž 10๋ช…๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.DNR ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋„ DNR ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” 3๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ 10๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.1. DNR์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ DNR์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์—ฐ๋ น์ธต์€ 70์„ธ ์ด์ƒ(50%)์œผ๋กœ ํ‰์†Œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ €์กฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žฆ์€ ์ž…์›์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 30% ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. DNR ๊ฒฐ์ •์‹œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜์‹์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ํ˜ผ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ 50%, ๋ฐ˜ํ˜ผ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ 50%๋กœ DNR ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ , DNR ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋Š” ์ž๋…€60%, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž 20%, ๋ถ€๋ชจ 10%, ์†์ž 10% ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.DNR ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ๊ทน์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์—†์ด DNR์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 80%, ๊ฐ€๋ง์—†๋Š” ํ‡ด์›์ด 20%์˜€๊ณ , DNR ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋‹น์‹œ APACHE III ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  119.5์ , MOF ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  4.6๊ฐœ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์†์ƒ ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 7.5์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. DNR ์œ ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 1-3์ผ์ด 60%, 4-6์ผ์ด 20%, 7์ผ ์ด์ƒ์ด 20%๋กœ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 4.3์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.2. ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ œ๊ณต์ž์™€์˜ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ DNR ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ์•…ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์น˜์˜์˜ ์„ค๋ช…, ์ฃผ์น˜์˜์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ , ๊ฐ€๋ง ์—†๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ข‹์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์œผ๋กœ DNR์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ, ๊ฐ€๋ง ์—†๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹, CPR๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ƒ์ „์˜ ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์—์„œ DNR์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. DNR ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ›„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ, ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ, ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ์ƒ์‹ค ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ง, ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ช…์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„, ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต ์—†๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ง, ์ƒ์ „์˜ ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ง, ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ค€๋น„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ์ƒ์‹ค ๋ฐ˜์‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์ฃฝ์Œ ํ†ต๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ, ๋– ๋‚˜๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์ค€๋น„์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.3. ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ DNR ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ, ๊ฐ€๋ง ์—†๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹, ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ , ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ, ์ƒ์ „์˜ ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ง์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ DNR์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, DNR ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ฃผ์น˜์˜์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ ์— ์ด์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ณ , ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ •์„œ์  ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ์น˜์˜์™€์˜ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์ฃผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ฉดํšŒ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, DNR ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” DNR ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ›„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‹ค๊ฐ, ์Šฌํ””, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •, ๋– ๋‚˜๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์ค€๋น„์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž„์ข…ํ™˜์ž์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋ณด์‚ดํ”ผ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”๊ตฐ๋‹ค๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ž„์ข…์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ž„์ข…์„ ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ๊ณ  ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด ์—„๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ž„์ข…์ด ์“ธ์“ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด DNR์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ํ™˜์ž ๊ณ์— ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์•„์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ฃฝ์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž„์ข…ํ™˜์ž ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์กฑ์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ์ž„์ข…์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค๋„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค.์ด์— DNR ๊ฒฐ์ •์—์„œ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž์œจ์  ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์กด์—„์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์˜นํ˜ธ์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ DNR ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์นจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•™๋ถ€๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ DNR์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์ธ์  ๋Œ๋ด„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์Šคํ”ผ์Šค ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ์™€ ์ œ๋„์  ์ •์ฐฉ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The decision to ban the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNR) of seriously ill patient causes the ethical conflict to medical staffs, patients and families of patients, but the criteria to make DNR decision is not clear and there is no guideline on nursing DNR patients. To make it worse, no sufficient studies have been conducted which include nursing of patients or the participation of families.In response to that, this study sheds light on what characterizes the DNR decision for patients and figures out the experience and demand of daytime nursing providers related to the decision-making and considers how much understanding families have as to the DNR decision by nurses in intensive care unit who participate in this process together, as well as the details of provided nursing, in order to provide the basic data required to craft a guideline on the role of nurses.Among the patients in intensive care unit of A university hospital located in S-si(city), medical records of DNR patients in December 2005 were analyzed in terms of frequency and percentage. And the experience of daytime nurses related to the decision on DNR was analyzed through the contents analyzing method by using the data obtained from the in-depth interview with 10 major decision makers of DNR at the age of more than 20 out of families who decided DNR and approved and agreed to participate in the study.In relation to the decision on DNR, contents analyzing method was used to analyze the data from the in-depth interview with 10 nurses who have taken care of patients, for whom DNR was decided, for more than 3 years.The findings of this study is like this:1. Patients over the age of 70(50%) had the highest rate of DNR decision, and those who are in poor shape or repeatedly hospitalized accounted for 30% respectively, which we found from the perspective of general characteristics of DNR patients. In making decision on DNR, those in comatose state accounted for 50% and semi comatose state 50%, respectively, a situation where no participation in DNR decision was made.As to the determinants of NDR, children accounted for 60%, spouse 20%, parents 10%, grandchildren 10%, respectively. 80% of all NDR patients were conducted without positive treatment, and 20% of patients were released from hospital without any hope. As to the APACHE III scores at the time of NNR decision, the average score was 119.5. The MOF organ had an average of 4.6 scores and damaged organ had 7.5 scores. DNR sustenance period from one day to three days accounted for 60%, 4~6 days accounted for 20% and over 7 days accounted for 20%. The average period was found to be 4.3 days.2. Considering the DNR decision and related experience uncovered during the interview with daytime nurses, families were found to make decision on DNR for the patient''s good death selectively after they get doctor''s explanation about the aggravated condition of patient, recommendation of doctor, take hopeless condition of patient into account, and finally reach a consensus among family members. They were found to make decision on DNR in the hope of relieving the patient of the pain, lessening the financial burden of medical expenses, and the recollecting good memories about the patient when the patient was alive and in consideration of hopeless patient and negative experience related to CPR.Experience following the DNR decision can be divided into three categories like the details of medical treatment, acceptance of death and expected loss. Among them, the detail of medical treatment contains the hope for miracle and dissatisfaction with the medical treatment to keep the patient alive. The acceptance of death contains the hope for painless death, desire to recollect the patient exactly what the patient was in life, the period of preparation to accept the death. Finally, the reaction of expected loss contains the pity for the patient, as well as the fear of sudden notification of death, and the emotion related to the psychological preparation for saying goodbye to the dead patient.3. Considering the process of DNR decision and related experience, which was found in the interview with the nurses in intensive care unit, nurses said that families make DNR decision in the hope of relieving the family of the financial burden to pay for the medical expenses, relieving the patient of the pain and recollecting good memories about the patient exactly as what the patient was in life and in consideration of the perception of family toward the hopeless patient. DNR decision was found to be made first by the recommendation of doctor to which families agree, and then by the agreement of family members.In this process, nurses provided psychological and emotional support, helped arrange interview with doctor, and arranged meeting time to ensure all families can join, but they said that they were not direct part in DNR decision. Finally, nurses predicted that families would feel guilty and have a sense of loss, experience the denial of present moment and make psychological preparation to say good bye to the dead patient.One of the most difficult thing for nursing is to take care of the patients very close to death and families. Furthermore, more patients die in hospital than at home, and the access to patients in intensive unit is strictly limited, making the last moment of life dreary and lonely. Though a lot of nurses and families think that it would be better for them to stay close to the DNR patients, helping families talk about death, this is not the case in reality. Rather, little attention is paid to death, and to make it worse, sufficient number of nurses are not deployed and almost no consideration is given to family room or deathbed.In response to that, discretionary intention of patients should be positively reflected to minimize the dilemma in DNR decision and derive the ethical decision-making. Nurses should play the role of advocate to help patients and families respect the dignity and look back on the life of patient. A consensus should be reached on the criteria or guideline on the DNR decision across the medical circles, and education should be provided on the ethical decision-making, starting from the curriculum of university. Moreover, the hospice system that can provide the care to DNR patient should be spread and taken root institutionally.prohibitio

    ์‚ผ์ค‘์Œ์„ฑ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ Src๊ณผ tubulin์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” KX-01์˜ ํ•ญ์ข…์–‘ํšจ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ข…์–‘์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2014. 8. ์ž„์„์•„.Background: Src kinases have been involved in cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis and is one of the highly expressed oncogenes in breast cancer. Therefore, it could be a reasonable target for therapeutic strategy. Although several Src inhibitors, targeting the ATP binding site, were developed, none of them have shown remarkable responses as monotherapeutic agents in breast cancer clinical trials. KX-01 (KX2-391) is a novel peptidomimetic agent, and a non ATP-competitive Src inhibitor, which has potent efficacy for inhibiting both Src as well as tubulin polymerization. Its dual inhibition effects could potentially overcome the limitations of the Src inhibitors that have been evaluated previously. Materials & Methods: To determine the antitumor effect of KX-01, MTT assay was performed to test cytotoxic effect of KX-01 on breast cancer cell lines. Then, through flow cytometry assay, cell cycle changes and aneuploidy population changes were examined after KX-01 treatment. Migration inhibitory effect was examined by wound healing assay and expression of protein molecular level changes by KX-01 treatment was verified by western blotting. The microtubule polymerization inhibitory effect was checked by immunofluorescence assay. Mouse xenograft model bearing MDA-MB-231 tumor was used to demonstrate in vivo effect of KX-01. Results: KX-01 effectively inhibited cell growth in most breast cancer cells including ER/PR/HER2 negative breast cancer cells. KX-01 down-regulates the phospho-Src expre- ssion. Phosphorylated FAK, ERK, AKT and STAT3 were also down-regulated by KX-01 treatment in MDA-MB-231, -468 and BT-549 cells. By wound healing assay, migration inhibitory effect of KX-01 was confirmed in BT-549 cells. Increase of G2/M cell cycle arrest was observed in KX-01 sensitive cell lines by dose dependent manner. In addition, increased multi-nucleated cells were observed along with the elevated aneuploidy levels in KX-01 sensitive cell lines indicating that mitotic catastrophes could be induced by KX-01 treatment. The in vivo data also showed that delay of tumor growth in MDA-MB-231 mouse xenograft model. Conclusion: Inhibition of cell growth and migration, as well as an induction of mitotic catastrophe, were observed in triple negative breast cancer cell lines treated with KX-01. Moreover, using mouse xenograft model, I confirm antitumor effect of KX-01 in vivo. Our data strongly supports utilizing KX-01 as a new therapeutic agents for treating triple negative breast cancer.TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ---------------------------------------------------------------------- i TABLE OF CONTENTS ----------------------------------------------------------- iv LIST OF TABLES ----------------------------------------------------------------- v LIST OF FIGURES ---------------------------------------------------------------- vi INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS ------------------------------------------------------ 4 RESULTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 DISCUSSION --------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN ---------------------------------------------------------- 41Maste

    (The) effect of patient safety activity on patient safety culture perception of dental health care employees

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    ๋ณ‘์›๊ฒฝ์˜์ „๊ณต/์„์‚ฌ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์น˜๊ณผ๋ณ‘์› ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๋ฌธํ™” ์ธ์‹์ด ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ „๊ตญ 11๊ฐœ ์น˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›, 6๊ฐœ ์„œ์šธ ์†Œ์žฌ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์› ๋‚ด ์น˜๊ณผ, 4๊ฐœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์น˜๊ณผ๋ณ‘์›(์น˜๊ณผ์˜์› ํฌํ•จ)์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๊ณผ๋ณ‘์› ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 2014๋…„ 3์›” 17์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4์›” 1์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 3์ฃผ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํฌ๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ 803๋ถ€ ์ค‘ 713๋ถ€(89%)๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™์— ํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌํ•ญ ์—†์Œ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ์ฒดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์€ ํ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด 428๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” SAS(ver. 9.2) ํ†ต๊ณ„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„(t๊ฒ€์ •, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„, ๋‹จ์ˆœ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ถ„์„)๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„(๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์น˜๊ณผ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ํ‰๊ท  3.25์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ถ€์˜์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ์ง์†์ƒ๊ด€/๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์˜ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ 3.46์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ณผ์ •์ด 2.86์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ •๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์€ 2.75์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜๋ถ€์˜์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ™˜์žํ™•์ธ์ด 3.57์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜ํ˜ˆ ์‹œ ์•ˆ์ „๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ™œ๋™์ด 1.92์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ถ€์„œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ™”์žฌ์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” r=.237(p=.001)๋กœ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ์ง์†์ƒ๊ด€/๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์˜ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” r=.213(p=.000)์œผ๋กœ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฒ€ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” r=-.258(p=.001)๋กœ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(r=.293, p<.001). ์…‹์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ™˜์žํ™•์ธ, ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…, ๋‚™์ƒ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น๋ณ‘์› ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ถ€์„œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ 5-10๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•œ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž(p<.05)๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ถ€์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์•…์•ˆ๋ฉด์™ธ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ™˜์žํ™•์ธ์—์„œ 3.75์ (p<.05)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚™์ƒ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ™œ๋™์€ ์ง์ข…์—์„œ ์น˜๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 2.45์ (p<.0001)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ •๋„์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ๋†’์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ง์ข…์€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๋ฌธํ™” ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ ์ค‘ โ€˜๋ณ‘์›ํ™˜๊ฒฝ(p<.05)โ€™์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๋ฌธํ™” ์ธ์‹์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™์„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‚™์ƒ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ™œ๋™, ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™, ํ™”์žฌ์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™, ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฒ€ํ™œ๋™, ์‘๊ธ‰์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋Œ€๋น„ ํ™œ๋™ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์น˜๊ณผ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๊ต์œกํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „์˜ ๋‚  ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ง€์›์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™์ด ๋”์šฑ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‹ฌ์šฉ์–ด: ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „, ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๋ฌธํ™”, ํ™˜์ž์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™ope

    A Study on the differential functions of counselor`s verbal restatement

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์ƒ๋‹ด ์ „๊ณต,2001.Docto

    ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ผ์ฐจ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ ‘๊ทผ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™์ „๊ณต,2000.Maste

    ์ผยญ๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ง„์ถœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์ „์˜ํ•œ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ง„์ถœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ์ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ƒ์Šน ์ถ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋„ ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ ์ •์ฑ…๋„ ์ ๊ทน ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„์ƒ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ํ•ด์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ ๊ทน ์ถ”์ง„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ง ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋น„์œจ์€ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ • ์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ง„์ถœ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ฌํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ ํ™œ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ง„์ถœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ง„์ถœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์Šน์ง„์ž์ˆ˜์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์Šน์ง„๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ ํ™œ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์ œ๋„ ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ ๋„์ž… ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ™” ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ์„ ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ ์—…์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ ํ™œ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ง„์ถœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ ์—…์ข…์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๋„์  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋ถ„์„์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ •์ฑ…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์ฃผ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ 2014๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์žํŒจ๋„์กฐ์‚ฌ 5์ฐจ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 195๊ฐœ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘ ๊ฒฐ์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 191๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์Šน์ง„์ž์ˆ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ง„์ถœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฒˆ๋“ค ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ ๋„์ž… ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์Šน์ง„์ž์ˆ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ, ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์Šน์ง„๋น„์œจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ทœ๋ชจ, ์—…์ข…์— ์˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ถœ์•ก, ๋…ธ๋™์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ, ์ง๋ฌด๋ชฐ์ž… ์™ธ์— ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ง„์ถœ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ง„์ถœ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ, ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒˆ๋“ค ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ง„์ถœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•ยท์ œ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋„์ž…ยทํ™œ์šฉํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ…์ธ ๋งŒํผ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋‹จ์œ„ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์กฐ์ง๋‹จ์œ„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์„ ํ–‰์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ง„์ถœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‘ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ง„์ถœ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •๋„ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋™์‹œ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„(simultaneity analysis)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 6 1. ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ •์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ 6 2. ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ง ์ง„์ถœ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ 10 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  11 1. ์ผ-๊ฐ€์ • ์–‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๋„ 11 2. ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ง ์ง„์ถœ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ 16 3. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 17 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์„ค์ • 19 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 19 2. ๊ฐ€์„ค ์„ค์ • 20 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • 25 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 25 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 25 3. ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 27 4. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 28 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 30 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 30 2. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 31 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 32 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 32 1. ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 32 2. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 35 3. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 35 4. ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 42 5. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 43 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 45 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 47 1. ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ์ง„๋‹จ 47 2. ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 48 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„ 51 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ์—…์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„ 56 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  61 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  61 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 63 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 65 Abstract 70Maste
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