55 research outputs found

    ๋น„ํ‘œ์  ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒดํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด CYP3A ํ™œ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งˆ์ปค ๋™์ • ๋ฐ ํƒ์ƒ‰

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ์œ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ.Introduction: The measurement of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A activity has been quantitatively assessed using midazolam, which is a specific exogenous probe drug. To avoid unnecessary drug exposure and invasive sampling, evaluating an individuals CYP3A phenotype through measurement of sensitive endogenous biomarkers, especially urinary compounds, would be ideal. Quantitative models of endogenous metabolites are useful in predicting CYP3A-mediated drugโ€“drug interactions. This study aimed to identify novel predictive markers for the magnitude of CYP3A induction and inhibition in male and female subjects. Methods: Twenty-four Korean male and 12 female volunteers aged 20โ€“50 years were received intravenous midazolam during 3 study phases: phase 1, the control phase, in which we evaluated midazolam Pharmacokinetics (PK)phase 2, the CYP3A-inhibition phase, in which we explored the changes in midazolam PK caused by pretreatment with ketoconazoleand phase 3, the CYP3A-induction phase, in which we assessed the effects of pretreatment with rifampicin on midazolam PK. Their 12-h interval urine samples in each phase were analyzed for global metabolomics using ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. To identify endogenous metabolic markers associated with CYP3A inhibition and induction, we selected metabolic features that satisfied the following conditions in male or female subjects: (1) fold-change of mean relative intensity in inhibition versus control phase < 0.5, (2) fold-change of mean relative intensity in induction versus control phase > 2.0, and (3) correlation between relative intensity of the compound and midazolam clearance (Pearsons r > 0.7). To assess the enzyme kinetics, recombinant enzymes of CYP3A4, CYP4A11, and CYP4F2 were used, and Km, Vmax, and Vmax/Km values were compared. Results: We report five ฯ‰- or (ฯ‰-1)-hydroxylated medium-chain acylcarnitines as novel CYP3A4 markers. Recombinant enzyme assays were used to determine the ฯ‰- and (ฯ‰-1)-hydroxylation activities of CYP3A4, CYP4A11, and CYP4F2. CYP3A4 catalyzed ฯ‰- and (ฯ‰-1)-hydroxylated MCFAs with the lowest Km and highest Vmax/Km values. Finally, we derived a model to predict midazolam clearance using these markers and demonstrated that the predictive model including three ฯ‰- or (ฯ‰-1)-hydroxylated medium-chain acylcarnitines, 6ฮฒ-OH cortisol, and gender as covariates shows reliable predictability (r2 = 0.911). Ln(clearance) = 1.4443 โ€“ 0.5559 โˆ™ genderโ€  + 0.1637 โˆ™ ln(Car C8:1-OH II/Cr + 1) + 0.09661 โˆ™ ln(Car C10:2-OH/Cr+1) + 0.1261 โˆ™ ln(Car C11:2-OH/Cr + 1) + 0.1191 โˆ™ ln(6ฮฒ-OH cortisol/Cr + 1) โ€ male = 0, female = 1 Conclusions: Using a global metabolomics approach, we identified urinary hydroxy acylcarnitines as novel CYP3A biomarkers and found that CYP3A4 efficiently catalyzes the ฯ‰- and (ฯ‰-1)-hydroxylation of MCFAs. The selected markers of hepatic CYP3A activity and the proposed model can be applied to predict DDI mediated by CYP3A.INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS 4 Study design 4 Subjects 5 Chemicals and reagents 5 Pharmacogenetic assessments 6 Global metabolomics 6 Identification of CYP3A biomarkers 8 Quantification of CYP3A biomarkers 9 Microsomal incubations 9 Data and statistical analyses 10 RESULTS 12 Subjects 12 PK of midazolam 13 Genotype results 15 Global metabolome analysis 16 Structure identification of novel CYP3A biomarkers 20 ฯ‰- and (ฯ‰-1)-hydroxylations of octenoic acid by CYP3A4 28 Kinetic parameters of ฯ‰- and (ฯ‰-1)-hydroxylation by CYP3A4, CYP4A11, and CYP4F2 32 Inhibitory effect of ketoconazole on CYP3A4, CYP4A11, and CYP4F2 35 Metabolic marker changes by CYP3A activity states 37 Correlations of CYP3A markers with midazolam clearance 48 Construction of prediction model for midazolam clearance 50 Concentration differences of biomarkers between CYP3A5*3 genotype 56 DISCUSSION 59 REFERENCES 67 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 71Docto

    Efficacy of dentifrices containing policresulen in controlling dental plaque and gingivitis formation

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    Objectives : This clinical study aimed to investigate if dentifrices containing policresulen would help to control dental plaque and gingivitis. Methods : Seventy-eight eligible adults participated in this double-blind and randomized clinical study after an initial oral examination, calculus removal, and tooth prophylaxis. Two weeks after the procedure, the participants were assigned to three groups using the following dentifrices: (1) a dentifrice containing 0.22% NaF (control group); (2) a dentifrice containing 0.22% NaF and 100 ppm policresulen (policresulen group); and (3) a dentifrice containing 0.22% NaF, 100 ppm policresulen, and 1.00% bamboo salt (policresulen/bamboo group). The participants used only the provided dentifrice (for 1 min, twice a day, over 8 weeks) when brushing their teeth and followed their normal brushing habits. Dental plaque accumulation and gingivitis measurements were conducted using the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein plaque index (PI), the Lรถe and Silness gingival index (GI), and the percent bleeding on probing (%BOP) to obtain baseline data and 4- and 8-week data after grouping. Results : A total of 73 participants aged 35.92ยฑ11.46 years (meanยฑSD) completed the study. The results after 8 weeks demonstrated statistically significant group-by-time interactions for PI, GI, and %BOP (P<0.001). The PI observed in the control groups increased over time up to 6%, while that observed in the dentifrice groups containing policresulen decreased by 5% (P<0.001). For GI and %BOP, the control group exhibited significantly higher values after 8 weeks, while the policresulen and the policresulen/bamboo groups revealed similar index values as the baseline after 4 and 8 weeks. The changes in all indices were significantly different between the control and the two experimental groups. There were no significant differences in the results obtained from the policresulen/bamboo group and the results obtained from the policresulen group. Conclusions : Use of dentifrices containing policresulen over 8 weeks demonstrated anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis efficacy compared to a control dentifrice.ope

    Effect of polyacrylic acid concentration on producing artificial carious enamel lesions

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    Objectives. The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the effect of polyacrylic acid (Carbopol 2050) concentration on producing artificial carious lesions. Methods. Sixty bovine enamel specimens were selected by the initial surface microhardness (SMH) by measuring the Vickers microhardness number. The samples were immersed in five demineralizing gels with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0% Carbopol 2050 for 96 hours to produce artificial carious enamel lesions. After demineralization, the SMH was measured again to calculate the percentage of SMH reduction (โŠฟSMH%). The cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) was assessed to determine total mineral loss and total lesion depth. The Polarized light microscopy analysis was conducted to evaluate the lesion depth and the mineral distribution of upper part of lesions. Results. Based on the concentration of Carbopol 2050, the โŠฟSMH% did not decrease. CSMH test revealed that total lesion depths ranged from 84 to 96 ฮผm. The total mineral loss was significantly greater in the 0.8% group than in the 0.2% group (p๏ผœ0.05). According to PLM analysis, lesion depth to the dark layer was deeper in the higher concentration groups and mineral distribution showed a distinct pattern in five groups. The surface zone was observed in the lesions but no clear feature was observed in the higher concentration groups. Conclusions. The concentration of Carbopol 2050 affected mineral distribution and mineral loss, but did not affect surface protection and the total lesion depth of lesions.ope

    Analysis of the erosive effects of childrenโ€™s beverages using a pH-cycling model

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    Objectives The aims of this in vitro study were (1) to assess the erosive potential of several children's beverages in comparison to cola and orange juice, by using an in vitro pH-cycling model, and (2) to investigate the factors related to dental erosion caused by the beverages. Methods Eight different children's beverages (Chorongi, Capri-sun, Grateful nature wisdom, I-kicker, Koal-koal koala, My friend pororo, Qoo, and Strong zzanggu), Cola, and an orange juice, which are available in the Korean market, were used. To characterize each test beverage, the pH, titratable acidity to pH 7.0, concentration of calcium and phosphorus, and degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite (DSHAP) were analyzed. Erosive potential of the test beverages was assessed by the depth of enamel loss observed in specimens subjected to pH cycling for 8 days. This cycle consisted of exposure to each beverage for 20 min, thrice daily, and to a remineralizing solution every day. The correlation between the depth of the enamel loss and the chemical properties of the beverages was assessed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression tests (P<0.05). Results The depth of enamel loss caused by the beverages was found to vary from 0.11 to 105.47 ยตm. Enamel loss with all the children's beverages tested was lesser compared to that with Cola (P<0.05) but was similar or greater than that with orange juice, except in one beverage. The pH, concentration of calcium, and DSHAP were significantly correlated with the depth of enamel loss (ฯ=-0.842, ฯ=-0.796, and ฯ=-0.867, respectively; P<0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that pH and concentration of calcium were impact variables for the erosive potential of test beverages (P<0.05). Conclusions The children's beverages tested had lower erosive potential than Coca Cola, but five (I-kiker, Grateful nature wisdom, Qoo, Capri-sun, and Chorongi) of them had higher erosive potential than orange juice. Moreover, among the chemical properties of beverages, significant factors affecting enamel loss were pH value and concentration of calcium.ope

    Ecological changes in oral microcosm biofilm during maturation

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    The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecological changes in the biofilm at different stages of maturation using 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing and to identify correlations between red/green (R/G) fluorescence ratio and ecological changes. An oral microcosm biofilm was initiated from the saliva of a single donor and grown anaerobically for up to 10 days in basal medium mucin. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence analysis was shown that the R/G ratio of the biofilm increased consistently, but the slope rapidly decreased after six days. The bacterial compositions of 10 species also consistently changed over time. However, there was no significant correlation between each bacteria and red fluorescence. The monitoring of the maturation process of oral microcosm biofilm over 10 days revealed that the R/G ratio and the bacterial composition within biofilm consistently changed. Therefore, the R/G fluorescence ratio of biofilm may be related with its ecological change rather than specific bacteria.ope

    Detection of early changes in caries lesion using QLF-D and OCT

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    Objectives: We aimed to compare the differences in caries lesion changes when measured by QLF-Das fluorescence loss and by SS-OCT as lesion depth with respect to demineralized time, during formation of artificial early caries lesion. We also demonstrated that QLF-D and SS-OCT can be used effectively in monitoring the longitudinal progression of simulated caries lesions. Methods: Ten bovine incisors were sectioned (5ร—4 mm) and embedded in epoxy resin. An acidresistantnail varnish was applied to a part of the tooth surfaces to protect sound enamel (2ร—4 mm). To generate lesions, each specimen was immersed in 40 ml of a demineralizing gel for 20 days at 37oC. To measure mineral loss of the demineralized specimens, fluorescence loss (ฮ”F, %) was measured byQLF-D and lesion depth (ฮผm) was determined by SS-OCT from the captured cross-sectional image. All the specimens were analyzed daily by QLF-D image analysis software and SS-OCT image analysis program for 20 days. The repeated measures analysis of ฮ”F and lesion depth was used. The pairedt-test was used to assess differences between each day. The correlation between ฮ”F and lesion depth was determined using the Pearson`s correlation coefficient. Results: On the 5th, 10th, and 15th day, compared to baseline values, ฮ”F decreased in 12.7%, 25.0%, and 33.6% of the specimens, respectively, and the lesion depth increased in 9.9%, 16.0%, and 22.6%of the specimens, respectively. However, after 15 days, there was no change in the ฮ”F and lesion depth. High significant correlation was identified between the resultant values of ฮ”F obtained by QLF-D and those of lesion depth obtained by SS-OCT (r = โ€•0.811, P<0.0001). Conclusions: The QLF-D and SS-OCT could detect subtle changes in mineral loss and lesion depth with respect to demineralized time. Furthermore, these devices were useful for monitoring changes in mineral amount and lesion depth.ope

    Prospective scenario writers/directors, what they are living through?: The ways of overcoming precarity

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์–ธ๋ก ์ •๋ณดํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ๊ฐ•๋ช…๊ตฌ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ํ™”์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ(precarity) ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ(insecurity)๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์›๋™๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๊ฒ‰๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Š˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ•œ๋ณตํŒ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋น„ํŒ์— ์น˜์ค‘ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ญ๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•ด ์˜จ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ด๋ถ€์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ‘๊ทผํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜๋˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ(precarity)์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ, ์ ์  ๋” ์œ ๋™์  ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ(precarity), ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์ธ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ(insecurity), ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์ธ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ(uncertainty)์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘(reaction)์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •๋™์  ์—ด์ •(passion)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ(practice)๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ •(emotion)์  ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐ๋งํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ด์ •์˜ ์ด๋ก ํ‹€์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์  ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค 15๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์ธต ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ง์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋ง์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์€ ํ™€๋กœ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ, ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋ด‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ํ˜‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฅ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ, ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ํด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ • ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋””ํดํŠธ(default) ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ์›”๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์–‘๋ถ„ ์Œ“๊ธฐ, ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๊ตฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ž‘์„ฑ, ์ดฌ์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ์„ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋…ธ๋™ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์—…์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ์ปจํŠธ๋กคํƒ€์›Œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋” ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์„ ๋ฌด์—‡์œผ๋กœ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์—ด์ •(passion)์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์ธ ์˜์ง€(conatus)์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ด์ •์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ขŒ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ขŒ์ดˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ธ์ œ ๋๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ง€๋ง์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์†ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ์ž‘์—…์— ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ์ •๋ˆ์„ ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฒ ๋‘์ฒ ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋์œผ๋กœ, ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋˜ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋น„ํŒ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ฟ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ๊ทธ ์žฅ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ฐฉ์ทจ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ญ๋™์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ „์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฒฌ๋””๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ •๋ˆ๊ณผ ์˜์ง€์˜ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด, ์ฆ‰ํฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์ฉํ•จ, ์ฆ‰ํฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์‹ฌ์ธ ๊ฒƒ, ๋ถ€์ง€๋Ÿฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ, ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ˆ๊ธฐ์™€ ์„ฑ์‹ค๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์†์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ •๋ˆ๊ณผ ์˜์ง€์˜ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ ๋‚ธ ์ดํ›„์—, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฐฝ์˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™ ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™ ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„ํˆฌ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ค์ณ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ •์ฑ…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™ ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๊ธธ์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„์šธ ๋“ฑ๋Œ€์™€ ํฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์ง„ ์ดํ›„์—์•ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ฐ 6 1. ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 6 2. ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ 8 3. ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฒ€ํ†  11 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ 16 1. ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ(Precarity)์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 16 2. ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์˜๋…ธ๋™ 19 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทน๋ณต 22 1. ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ด์ •๊ณผ ์ฐฉ์ทจ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ • 22 2. ์ •๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ด์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™” 26 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 30 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 30 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 32 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 32 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 33 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ธ์‹ 38 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ 38 1. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ 39 2. ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•จ 43 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ์›” 46 1. ๋””ํดํŠธ(Default) ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ 47 2. ์˜ํ™”ํŒ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŽธ์•ˆํ•จ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ 51 3. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ์—ญ์ „ 53 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ์ • 58 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์–‘๋ถ„ ์Œ“๊ธฐ 59 1. ์ธ๋ฌธํ•™์  ๋‚ด์‹ค ๋‹ค์ง€๊ธฐ 60 2. ์ž๊ทน ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ 61 3. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์†Œ์žฌ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ 64 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๊ตฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ž‘์„ฑ 66 1. ๊ตฌ์ƒ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 66 1) ๋ฉ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ 67 2) ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ 70 2. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘์„ฑ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 73 1) ์ด์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์œจํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ 73 2) ์ •์„œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์“ฐ๊ธฐ 75 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ดฌ์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ 76 1. ์ƒ์—…์˜ํ™” ์—ฐ์ถœ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ 77 1) ํ˜„์žฅ์„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ 77 2) ์˜ํ™” ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ์ธ๋งฅ ๋‹ค์ง€๊ธฐ 79 3) ์˜ํ™”๋กœ ์ƒ๊ณ„์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ 82 4) ์˜ํ™”์ธ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ 83 2. ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ™” ์ฐ๊ธฐ 85 1) ์—ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ 86 2) ํ˜‘์—… ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ 86 3) ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๋Š” ์ปจํŠธ๋กค ํƒ€์›Œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ 88 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 89 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทน๋ณต 91 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์—ด์ • 91 1. ์—ด์ •๊ณผ ์˜์ง€์˜ ์œ ์ง€ 92 2. ์ฒ ๋‘์ฒ ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘(reaction) 96 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ์ž‘์—…์— ๊ทœ์น™ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ 98 1. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€/๊ฐ๋… ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ์‚ฌ์ดํด 99 2. ๋ฐ๋“œ๋ผ์ธ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ 101 3. ์ž‘์—…๊ทœ์น™ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ 103 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ง€๋ง์ƒ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์žˆ๊ธฐ 107 1. ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…, ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋˜ ๊ฐ™์ด 107 2. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๋งฅ 111 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 114 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ 114 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 120 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 123 Abstract 129Maste

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    Thesis(master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2005.Maste

    Behavior Patterns of Oral Care Providers and Resistiveness to Care of Persons with Dementia

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ œ๊ณต์ž์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด 70๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜์ƒ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ œ๊ณต์ž์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์น˜๋งค ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™์€ ํ–‰๋™๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” SPSS Statistics 25.0 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ STATA version 16.0 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„, ๋…๋ฆฝํ‘œ๋ณธ t-๊ฒ€์ •, ๊ต์ฐจ๋ถ„์„, ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ ํ˜•ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ์ด 23๋ช…์˜ ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ ์ค‘ 91.3%๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์†Œ ํ•œ ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ค‘์— ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 70๊ฑด์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” 82.9%์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ œ๊ณต ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋นˆ๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™์€ โ€˜๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ธฐ(pull away)โ€™๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™์€ โ€˜์ž… ์•…๋ฌผ๊ธฐ(clench mouth)โ€™๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์˜์กด๋„์™€ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ œ๊ณต์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ํ–‰๋™์—์„œ ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ โ€˜ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ (cooperatively negotiating)โ€™๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋นˆ๋„๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ โ€˜๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์†๋„์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ(adjusting to residentโ€™s pace)โ€™ ํ–‰๋™์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ œ๊ณต์ž์˜ ์—…๋ฌด์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ์ค‘์—์„œ โ€˜๊ถŒ์œ„์ ์ธ ๋งํˆฌ(verbally controlling)โ€™ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋นˆ๋„๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” โ€˜์‹ ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ(physically controlling)โ€™ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ๊ทธ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1. ๊ฐ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ํ–‰๋™ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—…๋ฌด์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์™€ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋ถ„ ๋‹น ๋นˆ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์˜์กด๋„์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ํ–‰๋™ ์–‘์ƒ์˜ โ€˜ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ'์™€ โ€˜ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ธฐโ€™๊ฐ€, ์—…๋ฌด์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ํ–‰๋™ ์–‘์ƒ์˜ โ€˜์‹ ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐโ€™๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์˜์กด๋„, K-MMSE ์ด ์ ์ˆ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—…๋ฌด์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ํ–‰๋™์˜ โ€˜๊ถŒ์œ„์ ์ธ ๋งํˆฌโ€™, โ€˜๋ผ์–ด๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”์ฃผ์ œ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐโ€™, โ€˜์‹ ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐโ€™๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ œ๊ณต์ž๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ์ด ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ”ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™์˜ ์™„ํ™”์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญํ–‰๋™์€ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์˜์กด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ฐ ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กด์ค‘์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์‹œ ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ์ด ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ถ”ํ›„ ์น˜๋งค๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ œ๊ณต์ž ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. This descriptive correlation study used video analysis to identify the association between behavior patterns of oral care providers and resistiveness to care of persons with dementia, as well as the factors affecting on resistiveness to care of by persons with dementia in long-term care facilities. The behavior patterns of oral care providers and resistiveness to care of persons with dementia were extracted in the form of frequency and duration of each behavior from 70 videos, using a coding scheme for behavioral observation. The data were analyzed to examine factors affecting the resistiveness to care of persons with dementia using linear mixed model analysis considering repeated measurement of data. Results showed that โ€œassessing the comfort of resident,โ€ and โ€œcooperatively negotiatingโ€ in the Person-Centered Behavior Inventory, โ€œphysically controllingโ€ in the Task-Centered Behavior Inventory, and dependency on oral care were significant factors affecting the rates of resistiveness to care. โ€œVerbally controlling,โ€ โ€œinterrupting or changing topic,โ€ and โ€œphysically controllingโ€ in the Task-Centered Behavior Inventory, dependency on oral care, and Korean version of Mini Mental Status Exam (K-MMSE) scores were identified as significant factors affecting the relative duration of resistiveness to care. The duration of the nonverbal category in the person-centered behavior of oral care providers negatively correlated with the relative duration of resistiveness to care. The findings of the study suggest that physical control can have a significant effect on resistiveness to care. Further, the resistiveness to care of persons with dementia occurs as a condition of high dependence on oral care or reduced cognitive function. Therefore, when providing oral care to persons with dementia, individualized oral care based on the functional status of each person with an attitude of respect for the persons with dementia is needed. It is recommended that oral care providers try to create a comfortable environment considering the preferences of persons with dementia. This study provides basic data for the development of education for oral care providers in long-term facilities and for future management programs for oral care of persons with dementia.open์„
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