36 research outputs found

    (The) effect of human placenta extract in wound healing

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์ธ๊ฐ„ํƒœ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ๋””์˜ฅ์‹œ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค ๋ชจ์ด์–ดํ‹ฐ(deoxyribose moiety), ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ, ํšจ์†Œ, ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ๋ฟ ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž์™€ ์‹ธ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ ๋“ฑ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํƒœ๋ฐ˜์€ ํ™”์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ฐฝ์ƒ, ๋„“์€ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฒฐ์† ๋“ฑ ์™ธ์ƒ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฟ ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ํƒœ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ œํ’ˆํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญ ๋…ธํ™”, ์•„ํ† ํ”ผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—ผ, ์ฒœ์‹, ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œํ’ˆํ™”๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํƒœ๋ฐ˜์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์ด ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํƒœ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํšจ๋Šฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ํƒœ๋ฐ˜์ด ์ฐฝ์ƒ์น˜์œ ์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ํ™”์ƒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ƒ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์œ„์  ์ฐฝ์ƒ์น˜์œ  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ํƒœ๋ฐ˜์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฐฝ์ƒ์น˜์œ ์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ฐฝ์ƒ ์น˜์œ  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด 10๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค(ICR mouse, 5์ฃผ๋ น ์ˆ˜์ปท, 30g)๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ธก์— ์ง๊ฒฝ 8mm์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์กฐ์ง๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์šฉ ํŽ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „์ธต ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฐ์†์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์ƒ ์น˜์œ ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋น„์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 2.0 ร— 10-3 ml/30g ์„ ์ ์ • ๋†๋„๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐฝ์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์ƒ์„ 3์ผ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ 2์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์˜์ƒ ๋ถ„์„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์ƒ์น˜์œ  6์ผ, 14์ผ์— ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ƒ๊ฒ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ—ค๋งˆํ†ก์‹ค๋ฆฐ-์—์˜ค์‹  ์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฐฝ์ƒ ์น˜์œ ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ธ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ ์ค‘ TGF-ฮฒ์™€ VEGF์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต, ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด CD31+์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ์–ด ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์ƒ ์น˜์œ  ํ›„์— ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 14์ผ์— Massonโ€™s trichrome ์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์ƒ์น˜์œ  14์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐฝ์ƒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 3์ผ์งธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์ผ์งธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฐฝ์ƒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TGF-ฮฒ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ƒ์น˜์œ  6์ผ์— ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 14์ผ์—๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. VEGF๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ƒ์ด ์น˜์œ ๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ฐฝ์ƒ์น˜์œ  14์ผ์—๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. CD31+์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ƒ ์น˜์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์ƒ์น˜์œ  14์ผ์— ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ Massonโ€™s trichrome ์—ผ์ƒ‰์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์ƒ์— ์ธ๊ฐ„ํƒœ๋ฐ˜์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตญ์†Œ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฐฝ์ƒ ์น˜์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹ธ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ํƒœ๋ฐ˜์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ฐฝ์ƒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์ƒ ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ์ด‰์ง„๋˜์–ด ์ฐฝ์ƒ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์น˜์œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Human placenta has abundant amount of molecules which have high biological activities such as deoxyribose moiety, hormones, enzymes, vitamins, various growth factors and cytokines. Traditionally, human placenta has been used on burns, chronic ulcers, and skin defects of large areas. Recently, human placenta is widely used in the form of human placental extracts (HPE) in anti-aging therapy, atopic dermatitis, asthma, and liver diseases. However, it is unclear whether the effect of HPE is same as human placenta and the mechanism and the role of HPE has not been clarified scientifically. We observed the wound healing effect of human placenta and found that wound healing was indeed accelerated by HPE in an artificial wound model. The study was focused on the mechanism of how HPE influences the wound healing. A total of 10 mice (ICR mouse, 5 weeks old male, 30g) were divided into an experimental group and a control group and an 8mm diameter single full thickness skin defect was made on the dorsal side of the each mouse using a biopsy punch. Preparatory experiments were performed to find out the effective dose for wound healing in advance. As a result, 2.0 ร— 10-3 ml/30g HPE was injected into the margin of the wound. The change in wound size was measured by digital images taken every three days for two weeks and evaluated using a digital image analysis program. On days 6 and 14, tissue biopsies were performed and hematoxylin and eosin stain was done for histologic evaluation. For the evaluation and analysis of TGF-ฮฒ, VEGF, and CD31+, immunohistochemical staining was performed and the intensity of the staining was calculated. Also, to figure out the degree of collagen synthesis after the wound healing was complete, Massonโ€™s trichrome staining was done on the 14th day tissue samples. By evaluating the 14 days of wound healing, we found that the experimental group showed acceleration of the wound size reduction from the 3rd day to the 9th day of wound healing when compared to the control group. TGF-ฮฒ, on the 6th day of wound healing, showed statistically significant increase in experimental group but reduced in both groups by the 14th day. VEGF was increased in both groups and the increase progressed with wound healing. Especially on the 14th day, the experimental group showed statistically significant increase in VEGF than the control group. CD31+, which stains the vascular endothelial cells, was increased in experimental group as the wound healing progressed. However, no statistically significant difference between the two groups was noted despite the increase compared to the initial data. Total number of vessels was counted and the increase in neovascularization was confirmed in the experimental group but the difference between two groups was not statistical significant. There was no difference in the degree and arrangement of the collagen synthesis between two groups. HPE showed positive effects on wound healing when administered locally. Especially, inflammatory responses were increased in the early wound healing phase probably resulting from the increase in TGF-ฮฒ and neovascularization was increased in the late wound healing phase by the increase in VEGF. We conclude that HPE enhances the wound healing by influencing the cytokines related to the wound healing process.ope

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2016. 8. ์ •ํƒ๋™.Electrochemistry is an effective analytical method for biological and surface analysis because of monitoring substances without destruction. For this, various-sized probes are used and micro-sized probe is especially useful for practical purposes due to producing optimal spatial resolution. In Part 1, we introduce a outline of analytical methods and explain why micro-sized electrochemical probe is needed for biological and surface analysis. In Part 2, Nanoporous Pt with extremely small (1โ€“2 nm) and uniform nanopores, L2-ePt, was electrochemically investigated in embryo brain. For comparison study under precise control of electrochemical potential, we constituted an electrochemical cell beneath the embryo surface by introducing a flat and a nanoporous Pt twisted wires around which a Ag/AgCl wound. L2-ePt and flat Pt in the brain were compared with each other by conventional voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at the dc bias, which was carefully selected to minimize faradaic interference. The electrochemical behavior at L2-ePt implanted in embryo brain is immune to severe passivation and closer to an ideal capacitor than flat Pt. Lower electrode impedance of L2-ePt leads to less potential drop at the interface between the electrode and the extracellular solution, protecting the implanted system from unwanted faradaic reactions. Various aspects including the low electrode impedance and electrochemical stability of L2-ePt in the embryo brain suggest L2-ePt as a promising electrode material for effectively stimulating distant neuronal cells and recording local field potential signals. In Part 3, we suggest a new strategy for probe fabrication to simultaneously acquire electrochemical signals from ultramicroelectrode (UME) and spectroscopic information from surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The proposed Electrochemical-SERS (EC-SERS) probe was prepared by elaborately tuning the SERS-active gold microshell (ฮผ-shell) to maximize Raman scattering, mechanically fixing it at the end of micropipette, and electrically connecting with the ruthenium inner layer through electroless deposition process. This ฮผ-shell based SERS-active UME is barely smaller than the laser focal volume (ca. 2 ฮผm in diameter) but still visible through optical microscope. It proposes novel opportunities to scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) that enables gap-mode free in situ EC-SERS analysis in electrochemical and biological systems.PART 1. General Introduction 15 1. Introduction 16 2. References 20 PART 2. Specific Designed EC-microprobe for Neural Recording and Stimulation 23 1. Introduction 24 2. Experimental Methods 30 2.1. Reagents 30 2.2. Electrode Preparation and Electrodeposition of L2-ePt 30 2.3. Brain of Embryo as an Electrochemical Cell 34 2.4. Eelctrochemical Measurements 35 2.5. Fitting Procedure of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 36 2.6. Interpretation of the Bode plots 37 3. Results and Discussion 38 3.1. Voltammogram in the Cerebrum 38 3.2. Change of Electrode Impedance in the Brain 43 3.3. Comparison of the Capacitances and Influence of the Tissue 47 4. Conclusions 56 5. References 58 PART 3. Specific Designed EC-microprobe for EC reaction 63 1. Introduction 64 2. Experimental Methods 66 2.1. Reagents 66 2.2. Preparation of the in-situ EC-SERS probe 66 2.2.1. Fabrication of a SERS-active Gold Microshell 66 2.2.2. Preparation of a Ru Coated Micropipette 69 2.2.3. Permanently Sticking a Gold Microshell to the End of the Ru Coated Micropipette 70 2.3. Electrochemical and Optical Measurements 75 2.4. Evaluation of the Functions of the in-situ EC-SERS probe 75 2.5. Electrochemical Surface Area Calculation of the EC-SERS probe 76 2.6. In situ Electrochemical SERS Monitoring of NBT reduction Py Adsorbed on the EC-SERS probe 77 3. Results and Discussion 79 3.1. Preparation of Electrochemical SERS Monitoring System and the EC-SERS probe 79 3.2. Evaluation of the Functions of the in-situ EC-SERS probe 84 3.3. In situ Electrochemical SERS Monitoring of NBT reduction Py Adsorbed on the EC-SERS probe 86 3.3.1. In situ electrochemical SERS monitoring of NBT reduction 86 3.3.2. In situ electrochemical SERS monitoring of Py adsorbed 88 4. Conclusions 92 5. References 93 List of Publications 97 Abstract in Korean 99Docto

    ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ๋‚จํšจ์ˆœ.๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์€ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 1964๋…„ New York Times v. Sullivan ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์ดํ›„ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์ด ํ—Œ๋ฒ•ํ™”(constitutionalized)๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๋น„๊ตํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ผ๋Š” ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ €์šธ์งˆํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ทธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์ „์— ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋„, ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒฐ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์ง€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„(sociological tort)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹ ํ•˜์— ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ด๋ก ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์žฌํŒ์‹ค๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ์„  ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋‚จ์ง“์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ด์ „ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์€ ์„ ๋™์  ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†(seditious libel)์˜ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋“ฏ์ด, ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ„์••ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์•…์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 19์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ท€์กฑ์  ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กด์—„, ํ‰๋“ฑ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ „ํ†ต์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋…์ผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์˜๊ตญ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค 4๊ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด์™€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ œํ•œ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋ช…์˜ˆ ํ˜น์€ ํ‰ํŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™, ํ˜•๋ฒ•ํ•™ ๋“ฑ ์ธ์ ‘ ํ•™๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์†์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ „ํ†ต, ์‹ค์ •๋ฒ•, ์žฌํŒ์‹ค๋ฌด์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ „ํ†ต, ์‹ค์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์žฌํŒ์‹ค๋ฌด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ œ๋„์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์žฌํŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„, โ‘  ์ •์น˜์  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ, โ‘ก ๋น„์ •์น˜์ , ๊ณต์ต์  ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ, โ‘ข ๋น„์ •์น˜์ , ๋น„๊ณต์ต์  ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ, โ‘ฃ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ •๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด, โ‘ค ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด, โ‘ฅ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด, โ‘ฆ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ง€์œ„์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด ๋“ฑ 7๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์š”์†Œ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์Ÿ์ ์„ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ๋ฐ ํ•˜๊ธ‰์‹ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ข…๋ž˜ ๊ณต์ต์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜๋Š” ์œ„๋ฒ•์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ข€ ๋” ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ์ •๋„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฒ•์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์š”๊ฑด๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์žฌํŒ์‹ค๋ฌด๋Š” ๋„๋•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ž‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ์Ÿ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๊ณต์ธ์ด๋ก (public figure theory)์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•™์„ค์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ , ์ตœ๊ทผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์น˜์—ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ• ๋น„๋ฒ”์ฃ„ํ™”, ์ง„์‹ค์ ์‹œ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ํ์ง€๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ•จ์˜๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 I. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 II. ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ 4 III. ์ •๋ฆฌ 9 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ์„œ์ˆ ์ˆœ์„œ 9 I. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ๋ฒ”์œ„ 9 II. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์„œ์ˆ ์ˆœ์„œ 10 ์ œ2์žฅ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ• 12 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 12 ์ œ2์ ˆ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  13 I. ๊ฐœ์š” 13 II. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ๋„์  ์ด๋ก  14 ์ œ3์ ˆ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ• : ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 16 I. ์„œ์„ค 16 II. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ• 17 III. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์œ ํ˜• 21 1. ์„ ๋™์  ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†(seditious libel) - ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ์žฅ์น˜ 21 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ์š” 21 ๋‚˜. ์„ ๋™์  ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 22 (1) ์Šค์นธ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋‚˜ํˆผ(Scandalis Magnatum) - 1275๋…„ 22 (2) ๋ฆฌ๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์Šค ํŒŒ๋ชจ์‹œ์Šค(De Libellis Famosis), ์„ฑ์‹ค์žฌํŒ์†Œ(ๆ˜Ÿๅฎค่ฃๅˆคๆ‰€, Star Chamber) 15~17์„ธ๊ธฐ 23 (3) 19์„ธ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์„ ๋™์  ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† 26 2. ์‹ ์„ฑ๋ชจ๋…์  ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†(blasphemous libel) ๋ฐ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฒ•(ecclasiastical law)์ƒ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† - ์ •์‹ ์  ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ์žฅ์น˜ 28 ๊ฐ€. ์‹ ์„ฑ๋ชจ๋…์  ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†(blasphemous libel) 28 ๋‚˜. ๊ตํšŒ๋ฒ•(ecclasiastical law)์ƒ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† 29 3. ์™ธ์„ค์  ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†(obscene libel) 31 4. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํˆฌ(duel)์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 32 ๊ฐ€. ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ก  32 ๋‚˜. ๊ฒฐํˆฌ(duel)์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 34 5. ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋ฉด์ฑ…์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ 36 ๊ฐ€. 17์„ธ๊ธฐโ€“์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ๋ฉด์ฑ…์‚ฌ์œ  37 ๋‚˜. 19์„ธ๊ธฐโ€“์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋ฉด์ฑ…์‚ฌ์œ  38 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ 40 ์ œ3์žฅ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 41 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ฐœ์š” 41 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์˜ ํƒˆ์ •์น˜ํ™”(่„ซๆ”ฟๆฒปๅŒ–) - ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์„ ๋™์  ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†, ์ข…๊ต์  ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†์˜ ์†Œ๋ฉธ 42 I. ์„œ์„ค 42 II. ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 42 1. ์„ ๋™์  ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ๋ฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๋ น์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด 43 2. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ด๋…์  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ : ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ด๋ก  ๋“ฑ 47 ๊ฐ€. ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 47 (1) ์„œ์„ค 47 (2) ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 48 (3) ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ 50 ๋‚˜. ๊ธฐํƒ€์ด๋ก  53 (1) ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ž์น˜์ •๋ถ€(democratic self government) ์ด๋ก  53 (2) ์ž์œจ์„ฑ ์ด๋ก (autonomy theory) 56 ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฆฌ 59 III. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  : ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ์„œ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ• 60 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” - ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ • 61 I. ๊ฐœ์š” 61 II. ๊ทผ๋Œ€์ด์ „์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ๋… 62 III. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” : ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ • 64 1. ๋ณ€ํ™” 1 : ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… - ์‹œ์žฅ์‚ฌํšŒ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฃผ์˜, ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 64 ๊ฐ€. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์  ํ‰ํŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 65 ๋‚˜. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ์ด๋…์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 66 ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  69 2. ๋ณ€ํ™” 2 : ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์—„(human dignity)๊ณผ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ 70 ๊ฐ€. ์„œ์„ค 70 ๋‚˜. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ : ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์ธ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 70 ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์—„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 71 ๋ผ. ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 72 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  73 ์ œ4์ ˆ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์˜ ์žฌ์ •์น˜ํ™”(ๅ†ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅŒ–) - ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๊ณต์ธ์ด๋ก ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ 74 I. New York Times ํŒ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ธ์ด๋ก  74 1. New York Times ํŒ๊ฒฐ 74 2. New York Times ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์ด์ „ ๋ฉด์ฑ…ํŠน๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ธ์ด๋ก  75 II. ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์ƒ ํ˜„์‹ค์  ์•…์˜(actual malice)์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ณ€์ฒœ 78 III. ๊ณต์ธ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ 79 ์ œ5์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ 80 ์ œ4์žฅ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋ช…์˜ˆ, ํ‰ํŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 82 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜, ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋“ฑ 82 I. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 82 II. ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ตฌ์กฐ 84 1. ์„œ์„ค 84 2. ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต 86 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ์š” 86 ๋‚˜. ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค 88 III. ์ธ์ ‘ํ•™๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ช…์˜ˆ, ํ‰ํŒ ๊ฐœ๋… 89 1. ํ˜•๋ฒ•ํ•™ 89 2. ์ธ๋ฌธ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ๋ช…์˜ˆ, ํ‰ํŒ ๊ฐœ๋… 93 ๊ฐ€. ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™, ๋„๋•์ฒ ํ•™ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋ช…์˜ˆ(honor) ๊ฐœ๋… 93 ๋‚˜. ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ‰ํŒ(reputation) ๊ฐœ๋… 97 ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ 99 IV. ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์ •์„ค์˜ ์ž…์žฅ 99 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋ช…์˜ˆ, ํ‰ํŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 102 I. ๋ช…์˜ˆ(honor)๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ 102 1. ์˜๋ฏธ 102 2. ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 103 ๊ฐ€. ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ์ „๊ทผ๋Œ€์ , ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ 103 ๋‚˜. ํŠน์ •์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 104 ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ถ”์ •์  ์†ํ•ด(presumed damages)์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 104 ๋ผ. ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ‰ํŒ์นจํ•ด์™€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์  106 ๋งˆ. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 107 3. ๋ช…์˜ˆ(honor)์™€ ์กด์—„(dignity)์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๊ณ„ 108 II. ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ(property)์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ 109 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 109 2. ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์—์˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ 109 ๊ฐ€. ํ‰ํŒ์˜ ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋… 109 ๋‚˜. ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ์—์„œ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ๋กœ 110 ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜(utilitarianism)์™€ ์ •์ฑ…(policy)์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 111 3. ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 111 III. ์กด์—„(Dignity)์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ 112 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 112 2. ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์—์˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ - ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์ ๊ฒฉ(standing in the community) 113 3. ์กด์—„๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  114 ๊ฐ€. ์กด์—„๊ณผ ํ‰ํŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ 114 ๋‚˜. ์กด์—„ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํฌ๊ด„์„ฑ, ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ 115 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 117 IV. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๊ฐˆ์Œํ•˜์—ฌ โ€“ ๋ช…์˜ˆ, ํ‰ํŒ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ 117 ์ œ5์žฅ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  120 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์„œ์„ค 120 I. ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 120 II. ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ : ์ƒํ˜ธ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด 122 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  126 I. ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 126 1. ์„œ์„ค 126 2. ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  127 3. ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ : ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ• ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ด์ „ 128 ๊ฐ€. ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€ : ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋„ 128 ๋‚˜. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต 130 4. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 133 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ์š” 133 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ• 133 (1) ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›(House of Lords) ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋“ค 133 (2) ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž…๋ฒ• 138 (3) ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ 140 ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 142 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ 144 II. ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 144 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 144 2. ๋…์ผ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์—„์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  145 ๊ฐ€. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์—„์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ 145 ๋‚˜. ๋…์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  148 3. ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ• 151 ๊ฐ€. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กด์—„๊ณผ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ 151 ๋‚˜. ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ตํ˜•๋Ÿ‰ : ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค 153 4. ์ •๋ฆฌ : ๋…์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 158 III. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 160 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 160 2. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์—„๊ณผ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  160 ๊ฐ€. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์—„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 161 ๋‚˜. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  : ๊ฐ€์น˜์ค‘๋ฆฝ์„ฑ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์„ฑ 164 3. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ 166 ๊ฐ€. ๊ณต์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 167 ๋‚˜. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 168 ๋‹ค. libel-proof plaintiff doctrine์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 169 ๋ผ. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ฝ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ : ํ˜์˜คํ‘œํ˜„(Hate Speech)์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 172 ๋งˆ. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ 174 IV. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 174 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 174 2. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  175 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ์š” 175 ๋‚˜. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ : ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์ฃผ์˜ 176 3. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ 180 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ์š” 180 ๋‚˜. 1995๋…„ Hill v. Church of Scientology ํŒ๊ฒฐ 181 ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 183 (1) WIC Radio Ltd. v. Simpson ํŒ๊ฒฐ 183 (2) Grant v Torstar Corp ํŒ๊ฒฐ, Quan v. Cusson ํŒ๊ฒฐ 184 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  186 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ •๋ฆฌ 186 ์ œ6์žฅ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ• ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  189 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ 189 I. ์‹ค์ •๋ฒ• ์ฒด๊ณ„ 190 1. ํ—Œ๋ฒ• 190 2. ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๋ฒ•๋ น 190 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 193 II. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ : ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ธก๋ฉด 193 1. ์„œ์„ค 193 2. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ 194 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ์š” 194 ๋‚˜. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์ , ๊ด€๊ณ„์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™” 195 ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 199 3. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 201 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ์š” 201 ๋‚˜. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋‚ด์šฉ : ์„œ์–‘๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต 202 (1) ์„œ์„ค 202 (2) ๋ช…์˜ˆ(honor)๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํŒโ€“์„œ์–‘์ธ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ(honor)์™€ ๋น„๊ต 203 (3) ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ(reputation as property)์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด 205 (4) ์กด์—„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ(reputation as dignity)์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด 206 III. ์žฌํŒ์‹ค๋ฌด์ƒ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ 208 1. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ „์ œ : ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ํŠน์ง• 209 ๊ฐ€. ์ „์ฒด์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  209 ๋‚˜. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋น„๊ต 211 (1) ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ˆ˜, ์Šน์†Œ์œจ ๋ฐ ์ธ์šฉ๊ธˆ์•ก 211 (2) ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ 212 (3) ์‹ค์ œ์  ์†ํ•ด์˜ ์ž…์ฆ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ด€๋ จ 215 (4) ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด ๋ฐ ์†Œ์†ก๋น„์šฉ 217 2. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์žฌํŒ์‹ค๋ฌด์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ช…์˜ˆ, ํ‰ํŒ ๊ฐœ๋… - ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”ํ™”, ์ถ”์ƒํ™”๋œ ๋ช…์˜ˆ, ํ‰ํŒ ๊ฐœ๋… 217 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ์š” 217 ๋‚˜. ํ‰ํŒ์นจํ•ด์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค 219 (1) ์ •์น˜ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค 219 (2) ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” libel-proof plaintiff doctrine๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ 222 ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 224 (1) ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๋ช…์˜ˆ, ๋ช…์˜ˆ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ โ€“์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์—„์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 224 (2) ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๋ช…์˜ˆ, ํ‰ํŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†๋ฒ•์ƒ ํ•จ์˜ 226 IV. ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  228 1. ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์ด์ „ 228 ๊ฐ€. ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ€์กด์žฌ : ์„ ๋™์  ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†์˜ ์˜ˆ 228 ๋‚˜. ์ข…๊ต์ , ์™ธ์„ค์  ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†์˜ ์˜ˆ 231 2. ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์ดํ›„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  232 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  โ€“ ์„œ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต 234 V. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ : ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ 236 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ - ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ˜•๋Ÿ‰, ๊ณต์ธ์ด๋ก (ๅ…ฌไบบ็†๏ฅ)์˜ ๋„์ž… ๋…ผ์˜ ๋“ฑ 237 I. ์„œ์„ค 237 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹ 237 2. ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ํ˜•ํ‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 237 ๊ฐ€. ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •์˜, ํ˜•ํ‰ 237 ๋‚˜. ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ 241 II. ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๊ณต์ธ์ด๋ก (ๅ…ฌไบบ็†๏ฅ)์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 242 1. ์„œ์„ค 242 2. ๊ณต์ธ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• : ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๊ณผ์†Œ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ๊ณผ๋‹ค๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ์ด์ค‘์„ฑ 244 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ์š” 244 ๋‚˜. ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ณผ์†Œ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ 245 ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ธ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๊ณผ๋‹ค๋ณดํ˜ธ : ๊ณต์ธ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ 249 (1) ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ด€๊ณ„(Milkovich ํŒ๊ฒฐ) 250 (2) ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์Ÿ์  251 (3) ํ•˜๊ธ‰์‹ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ 252 (4) ๊ณต์ธ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ต์„ฑ, ์ƒ๋‹น์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ฉด์ฑ…๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋น„๊ต 254 (5) ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 255 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ 256 III. ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ 258 1. ์„œ์„ค 258 ๊ฐ€. ์œ„๋ฒ•์„ฑ ์กฐ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™” ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 258 (1) ๊ฐœ์š” 258 (2) ๋ฐ˜๋ก  ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ฐ˜๋ก  260 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ์ž…์žฅ 264 2. ์œ„๋ฒ•์„ฑ ์กฐ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค 267 ๊ฐ€. ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ 1 : ์ •์น˜์  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์„ฑ 267 (1) ์˜์˜ 267 (2) ์ •์น˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋น„์ •์น˜์  ๊ณต์ต์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 267 (3) ๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ๋“ค ๊ฒ€ํ†  269 (4) ํ†ต์‹œ์„ฑ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค 278 (5) ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  279 ๋‚˜. ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ 2 : ๋น„์ •์น˜์ , ๊ณต์ต์  ์‚ฌ์•ˆ 280 (1) ๊ฐœ์š” 280 (2) ๋น„์ •์น˜์  ๊ณต์  ์ด์ต์ด ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ๋“ค 282 (3) ๋ฌธ์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ต์ด ํ•™๋ฌธ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–‰์œ„์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 286 (4) ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ 293 ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ 3 : ๋น„์ •์น˜์ , ๋น„๊ณต์ต์  ์‚ฌ์•ˆ - ์ œ3์ž์˜ ์•Œ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ 294 (1) ๊ฐœ์š” 294 (2) ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์˜ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ 295 ๋ผ. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  298 ๋งˆ. ๊ด€๋ จ๋ฌธ์ œ โ€“ ํ˜์˜คํ‘œํ˜„(hate speech)์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 299 3. ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด 300 ๊ฐ€. ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ 4 : ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ •๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•ฉ์˜ 300 (1) ์ ์ •ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ v. ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  300 (2) ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฒ”์ ˆ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฐ•์ œ 306 (3) ํ†ต์‹œ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 308 ๋‚˜. ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ 5 : ๋ช…์˜ˆ ํ˜น์€ ํ‰ํŒ ๊ฐœ๋…(ํ˜น์€ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด 309 (1) ๊ฐœ์š” 309 (2) ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ‰ํŒ ์ €ํ•˜ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์  ์š”๊ฑด์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 309 (3) ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค 310 4. ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์‚ฌ์ • ๋“ฑ 313 ๊ฐ€. ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ 6 : ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ 313 (1) ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 313 (2) ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ ์›, ํ”ผ๊ณ ์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ 315 (3) ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค 319 (4) ๋ถ„์„ 322 (5) ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  327 ๋‚˜. ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ 7 : ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ง€์œ„ 329 5. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ 330 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ด€๋ จ๋ฌธ์ œ : ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†์ฃ„ ๋น„๋ฒ”์ฃ„ํ™”, ์ง„์‹ค์ ์‹œ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ํ์ง€๋ก  332 I. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค 332 1. ํ˜•์‚ฌ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋ฐ ์ง„์‹ค์ ์‹œ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ํ์ง€๋ก  332 2. ์กด์น˜๋ก  333 II. ๋ถ„์„ 334 1. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ „์ œ 334 2. ์‚ฌ๊ฒฌ 337 ๊ฐ€. ์ง„์‹ค์ ์‹œ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ํ์ง€ ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ 337 ๋‚˜. ๋น„๋ฒ”์ฃ„ํ™” ๋…ผ์˜ 340 ์ œ7์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  343 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 346 Abstract 369Docto

    ๋ฏธ์…ธ ํ‘ธ์ฝ”์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๋ก ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ : ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ „๋žต, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ๊ณ„๊ธ‰๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์™ธ๊ตํ•™๊ณผ,1996.Maste

    A Study on the Negative Expression Education Centered on Expressive Effect

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ(๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต), 2019. 2. ๊ตฌ๋ณธ๊ด€.Negative expressions are used not only to deny a situation but also to express various expressive intentions of a person. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the syntactic characteristics of negative expressions but also to the choice of negative expressions in which various contextual factors are considered. This study revealed how negative expressions are used for expressive effects and analyzed learners selecting process of negative expression. Based on the results of this research, this study constructed contents of negative expression education that enable learners to utilize knowledge of negative expression actively and strategically in the phase of text understanding and production. Then, this study verified the effect of education mentioned above. This study focuses not on the syntactic characteristics of negative sentences but on the effect of negative expressions. Thus, the concept of negative expression, which has been defined mainly from a syntactic point of view, has been redefined as an extended concept covering a semantic perspective. This study also suggested the concept of grammar education centered on expression effect which aims at the teaching of grammatical knowledge that can be used to understand a text and produce established text. Through this, this study secured the educational significance of negative expressions which can increase the linguistic resources that can be used as a rhetorical strategy and increase the linguistic sensitivity by paying attention to language expression. Then, the background of the expression effect of negative expression, the mechanism of context, and the context factors involved in the choice of negative expressions were examined to establish the basis for the contents of education of negative expression. In addition, the problems of the negative expression education were examined by surveying teachers' recognition of current negative education. In chapter โ…ข, as preliminary work to of prepare the contents of negative expression, this study analyzed the aspect of students selecting negative expression through on a survey of 476 students. In addition, this study compared the learners from the first grade of a middle school to the second grade of high school and selected the grade education. Based on the theoretical basis, the learner's process of selecting negative expression was analyzed based on whether the context was considered, whether it constituted the optional system and whether the expression intention was considered. According to these analyses, the learner 's process of selecting negative expressions was typified into five. And the students who were in the 3rd grade of high school or higher grade were selected for education by comparing the selection patterns of negative expressions from the first year of middle school students to the second year of high school students. In chapter โ…ฃ, this study establishes the aims of a negative expression education centered on expressive effect and systematizes the relevant educational content based on the discussion up to chapter โ…ข. Based on this, this study presented the direction and the actual structure of the educational contents and then conducted the suggested education and verified its effectiveness. In this paper, it was suggested that the direction of the composition of education contents should be integrated with the understanding and production of actual text based on the experience of inquiry about the effect of negative expression according to context. For this purpose, the goal of education of negative expression is set in three stages: recognition, inquiry, use. Three directions for the educational content organization for embodying educational objectives are suggested: the contextual factor centered, the optional system centered, and the integration for reading and writing. According to these directions, this study constructed actual class and practiced the class and verified its effectiveness. In this study, concrete contents of negative expressions were designed as contents of grammar education which can contribute to the enhancement of communication ability. This study is significant in that it has analyzed actual texts to reveal the realization patterns of negative expressions, pointed out the learners perception of negative expressions through empirical research. Organizing contents of negative expression education centered on expressive effect and practiced the class constructed based on this discussion and analyzed it is also significant.๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ํƒ๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์–ธ์–ด ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ํƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์š”์ธ์ด ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์„ ํƒ ์–‘์ƒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์˜ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ˜• ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ถ€์ •์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ†ต์‚ฌ๋ก ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋˜์–ด์˜จ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™•์žฅ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ง€์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹ ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ƒ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์  ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์  ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด ํ‘œํ˜„ ์ž์›์„ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์–ธ์–ด ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์‹ ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ธ์‹ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹คํƒœ์™€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋งˆ๋ จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ค‘ยท๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ํ•™์Šต์ž 476๋ช…์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ์„ ํƒ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ์„ ํƒ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํ•™๋…„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์œก ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ•™๋…„์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ์„ ํƒ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์„ ํƒํ•ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ํ‘œํ˜„ ์˜๋„ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ์„ ํƒ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ์„ ํƒ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํ•™๋…„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 3ํ•™๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋ฅผ ๊ต์œก ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ…ฃ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” โ…ข์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋’ค ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ๋ฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์ธ์‹, ํƒ๊ตฌ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ์„ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ํ•„์ž์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ž์›์ž„์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค., ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค., ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์—์„œ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ํ•„์ž์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์  ์ „๋žต์˜ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์š”์ธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ์„ ํƒํ•ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต ํ™œ๋™ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต์˜ ์‹ค๋ก€(ๅฏฆไพ‹)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต ๊ตญ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‹ ์žฅ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์„ ํƒ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ฐํžŒ ์ , ์‹ค์ฆ์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์ธ์‹ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ฐํžŒ ์ , ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ 6 2.1. ์ƒ์„ฑ์  ์ง€์‹์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ต์œก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 2.2. ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 13 โ…ก. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ† ๋Œ€ 19 1. ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์  ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •๋ฆฝ 19 1.1. ๋ถ€์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์  19 1.2. ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์  ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •๋ฆฝ 24 2. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •๋ฆฝ 32 2.1. ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์„ ํƒ ๊ณผ์ • 34 2.2. ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์„ ํƒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 39 2.3. ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”์  ํŠน์„ฑ 45 2.4. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •๋ฆฝ 54 3. ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ 57 3.1. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ: ๊ณตํ†ต๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 57 3.2. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ œ: ์ „๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 64 3.3. ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์„ ํƒ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์š”์ธ 69 (1) ํ‘œํ˜„ ํƒœ๋„ ์š”์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ ํƒ ์–‘์ƒ 70 (2) ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ ํƒ ์–‘์ƒ 81 4. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  85 5. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์˜์˜ 91 5.1. ์ƒํ˜ธ์กฐ์œจ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์‹ ์žฅ: ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์  ์ „๋žต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ž์›์˜ ์ฆ๋Œ€ 91 5.2. ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ ์‹ ์žฅ: ์–ธ์–ด ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฐ์‹์•ˆ ํ™•์žฅ 94 โ…ข. ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ์„ ํƒ ๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ 99 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 100 1.1. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 100 (1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 100 (2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 101 1.2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 105 (1) ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 105 (2) ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 112 2. ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ์„ ํƒ ๊ณผ์ • ์œ ํ˜• 113 2.1. ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์„ ํƒ 113 (1) ์œ ํ˜•1 : ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ง๊ด€์— ์˜์กดํ•œ ์„ ํƒ 115 (2) ์œ ํ˜•2 : ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์„ ํƒํ•ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ 117 2.2. ์„ ํƒํ•ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ ํƒ 119 (1) ์œ ํ˜•3 : ๋‹จ์ผ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ ์„ ํƒ 119 2.3. ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์„ ํƒํ•ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ 121 (1) ์œ ํ˜•4: ํ‘œํ˜„ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์„ ํƒ 123 (2) ์œ ํ˜•5: ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์„ ํƒ 124 3. ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ํ•™๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ต์œก ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ•™๋…„ ์„ ์ • 128 4. ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ์„ ํƒ ๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  134 4.1. ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ธ์‹ ๋ฐ ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š” 134 4.2. ๋งฅ๋ฝ ๊ณ ๋ ค์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์„ ํƒํ•ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ•„์š” 136 4.3. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์  ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์  ์ „์ด ํ•„์š” 138 โ…ฃ. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹ค์ œ 141 1. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 141 2. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 144 2.1. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ 144 (1) ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ 145 (2) ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ ์„ ์ • 151 2.2. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋‘ ์ธก๋ฉด 157 3. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ 159 3.1. ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์š”์ธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ: ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์š”์ธ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ 159 3.2. ์„ ํƒํ•ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ: ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์š”์ธ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํƒํ•ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ 161 3.3. ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ 163 4. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต์˜ ์‹คํ–‰ ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ 169 4.1. ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต์˜ ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐœ์š” 169 (1) ์‹คํ—˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ 171 (2) ๋น„๊ต ์ง‘๋‹จ 171 4.2. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต์˜ ์‹คํ–‰ 172 (1)๋งฅ๋ฝ ์š”์ธ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ž ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์–‘์ƒ 172 (2)๋งฅ๋ฝ ์š”์ธ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํƒํ•ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ž ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์–‘์ƒ 176 (3)ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ž ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์–‘์ƒ 178 4.3. ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 182 (1) ๋ถ€์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ์„ ํƒ ๊ณผ์ • ์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™” 184 (2) ๋งฅ๋ฝ์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 185 (3) ์„ ํƒํ•ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 186 (4) ํ‘œํ˜„ ์˜๋„ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 189 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  192 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 197 ๋ถ€๋ก 217 Abstract 231Maste
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