Risk factors for oral cancer; A case-control study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between oral cancer and such factors as smoking and drinking pattern, oral health status, dietary intake pattern, socio-economic status. Oral cancer patients and other disease patients who visited Yonsei University Dental Hospital from May to September in 2000 were selected as the study subjects. The numbers of cases and controls were 41, 108, respectively. Two groups were matched with age and sex for case control study. Oral examination and questionnaires survey was performed by the dentist. To assess the strength of associations between oral cancer and other variables, chisquare tests were performed. The results were as follows : 1. The durations of smoking and alcohol drinking were not related significantly with oral cancer. But the doses of smoking and alcohol intake increased the risk of oral cancer significantly(OR=2.52, 4.11, p<0.05). 2. Denture wearing, the number of missing teeth and spicy and salty food, coffee, tea and fresh fruit intake frequency did not significantly increase the risk of oral cancer. But low education level, residency in rural area increased risk of oral cancer significantly(p<0.01).ope

치약 내 불소의 생리적 가용능 평가

Objectives : The aims of this study were to determine the total fluoride concentration and bioavailable fluoride concentration in different toothpastes, based on a newly suggested method by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and to compare the measured concentrations with the concentrations written on the packaging. Methods : The concentrations of total fluoride (TF) and bioavailable fluoride (BF) were measured in six toothpastes. For the TF measurement, 1 g of each toothpaste was mixed with dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4), and hydrogen chloride (HCl) was placed. After 24 hours, the samples were centrifuged and total ionic strength adjustment buffer (TISAB) solution was added. For the BF measurement, the toothpaste was mixed with K2HPO4 for only 1 minute. The samples were centrifuged, and then HCl was placed and allowed to stand for 24 hours. The TISAB solution was added subsequently. The concentration of fluoride ions was measured using a fluoride ion-selective electrode and calculated against a standard curve. Results : The six toothpastes were composed of different fluoride compounds and abrasives. The measured TF concentration ranged from 624.99 ppm to 1,353.00 ppm, and the similarity to the declared fluoride concentration ranged from 53.48% to 93.31%. The measured BF concentration ranged from 587.61 ppm to 1,360.05 ppm, and the similarity to the expected fluoride concentration ranged from 41.97% to 93.80%. Two samples were clearly separated when the samples were centrifuged, whereas the remaining four samples had unclear supernatants. The clearly separated toothpastes (i.e., toothpastes 5 and 6) had BF concentrations that were similar to or lower than the declared fluoride concentrations and the measured TF concentrations. However, the unclearly separated toothpastes showed inconsistent relationships between the measured TF and BF concentrations. Conclusions : The measured TF and BF concentrations of the six toothpastes did not reach the expected fluoride concentration. This finding resulted from the different compositions and forms of the toothpastes. Therefore, the properties of toothpastes need to be considered when measuring their fluoride concentrations.ope

Korean Caries Management by Risk Assessment (K-CAMBRA)

Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA), published by California Dental Association in 2003, is a customized caries care system that classifies individuals’ caries risk into 4 risk groups based on objective evidences and provides chemical treatments targeted for each caries risk level. However, this system was not only developed but also optimized for situation in the United States, resulting into many limitations to be used in Korea, and thus Korean CAMBRA (K-CAMBRA) that considers the clinical situation in Korea needs to be developed. K-CAMBRA includes various techniques that are newly developed in order to overcome the limitations. First, Q-ray, a new optical technology, is utilized in order to avoid the subjectivity of visual inspection during assessment of disease indicators and risk factors. Moreover, Cariview‚ that reflects the paradigm shift in cariology as a new form of caries assessment kit is used. In addition, considering the situation in Korea, where it is impossible to use high concentration fluoride product, Oral pack with a customized tray is added to increase the contact time of chemical substance. CAMBRA is believed to be the key clinical tool that overcomes the limitations of the paradigm of the conventional restorationbased surgical model of dentistry. Furthermore, it can be expected that Korean dentists can act as oral physicians who are able to control and care individuals’ caries risk rather than operative experts who only care about the outcome of caries.ope

Prevalence of demand for dentures in Korean elderly receiving governmental support funds

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Comparison between the National Oral Health Survey Systems of the United States and South Korea

In Korea, two kinds of National oral health surveys have been conducted to develop various oral health indices during the past decade. The system still needs to be improved further in terms of quality control for the examination system, data management, personnel empowerment, etc. Therefore, this study compares the National Oral Health Survey system of the United States (US) with that of South Korea. The US national surveys related to oral health were set from the 1970s, whereas Korea's national surveys have been initiated only recently; consequently, the US system is well organized and systematically managed by the professional personnel in governmental institutes, such as the Division of Oral Health in Centers for Disease Control. Furthermore, this study examines the scope of the examiner training program, and the methods for developing and implementing a standardized examination environment, data quality control, a data input system with automatic error checking, and data back up in the US. Considering the various factors involved in conducting nationwide epidemiological surveys as mentioned above, the structure and implementation methods of oral surveys in Korea clearly need to be improved.ope

Diagnostic predictability of self-reported questionnaire for periodontitis

Objectives : The present study aimed to evaluate the validity of a set of self-reported questionnaires for periodontitis for estimating the prevalence of chronic adult periodontitis in the Korean population. Methods : The questionnaire is comprised of a total of 14 questions with four summarized concepts including self-diagnosis of oral status, subjective signs related to oral health, smoking and drinking status, and use of auxiliary oral hygiene devices including scaling. The predictiveness of the measures from these self-reported questions was assessed by logistic regression modeling using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) statistics, sensitivity, and specificity. Results : The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC including all questions were 0.571, 0.768, and 0.781, respectively; the sum of sensitivity and specificity was 1.34. To gain robustness, a simplified predictive model was built with six questions. Its results were 0.536, 0.817, and 0.762 for sensitivity, specificity, and AUC, respectively. The sum of sensitivity and specificity was found to be 1.35. Conclusions :The self-reported questionnaire for periodontitis showed considerable validity, but further study is required to provide optimal validity and predictability.ope

Assessment of Clinical Applicability of a New Plaque Scoring System Using Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence-Digital

The aim of this study was to suggest a convenient method of monitoring the gingival state through plaque detection. Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF-D), which can assess mature plaque, can be used to assess the oral hygiene status of individuals and to establish an adequate intervention plans for them. The subjects of the study participated in the clinical training at Department of Dental Hygiene, N University. The subjects completed questionnaires on general characteristics and oral hygiene methods. Then, photographs of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth of the subjects were taken using the QLF-D. After the oral examinations, gingival state was recorded according to the Löe & Silness's Gingival Index (GI). In addition, a plaque control record was calculated in percentage using disclosing agent. The analysis of the relation between the plaque control record and the QLF-D scores showed positive correlation (r=0.638, p＜0.001), and the analysis of the relation between the QLF-D scores and the gingival bleeding index scores also showed positive correlation (r=0.562, p＜0.001). Besides, the study classified the participants into healthy gingiva group and the gingivitis group according to the classification criteria of GI, and when the difference of QLF-D scores between the groups was analyzed, the QLF-D scores were statistically significantly higher (t=－2.785, p=0.007) in the gingivitis group (1.71±1.545) than the healthy gingiva group (0.74±1.290). When the differences in mean values of the QLF-D scores were analyzed against and the gingival bleeding index scores, the QLF-D scores of 0 and 1 belonged to the category of normal gingival state while the QLF-D scores of 2, 3 and 4 belonged to the category of gingivitis state. Therefore, it is deemed that the red fluorescence detected by the QLF-D from the mature supragingival plaque can be used for monitoring the state of gingivitis.ope

치태의 산생성 능력을 이용한 새로운 우식활성검사법의 임상적 활용 가능성 평가

Objectives : This study was aimed at evaluating the clinical usability of a new caries activity test (Cariview®), which was based on the acidogenic potential of plaque by evaluating it's correlation with the DMFT index and comparing the results of Cariview® with those of previous caries activity tests in an adult group. Methods : Teeth of 74 subjects were examined, and the DMFT index was calculated according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria to determine the past caries experience. Caries activity tests were performed according to manufacturer's instructions. For Cariview® test, plaque samples were collected from the tooth surface by using a sterile cotton swab and incubated at 37℃ for 48 h; an indicator was added to observe the color changes according to the plaque acidogenicity. The subjects were classified into three groups (Low, Moderate, High) according to the level of caries risk. The data were assessed using one-way ANOVA to compare the caries experiences of risk groups according to the caries activity test results, and the relationships between the caries activity tests and the DMFT index were evaluated. Results : The overall mean DMFT index was 5.70±4.42. There was a significant difference in the DMFT index among the caries risk groups (Low, Moderate, High) according to the Cariview® test result (P=0.036). Further, there was a positive correlation between the Cariview® score and the DMFT index (r=0.23, P=0.047) and between the Cariview® score and the previous caries activity tests score (P<0.01). Conclusions : The new caries activity test (Cariview®) can be easily used at dental clinics and enables precise caries risk assessment.ope

Teaching Cariology in Asia and Arabia

The European Organisation for Caries Research education platform 2020 had the aim to assess the undergraduate curriculum in cariology in Asian and Arabian countries in order to support structured teaching of cariology in these countries with about almost half of the global population. Representatives of 4 Asian and 4 Arabian countries completed a comprehensive questionnaire on structure of dental education in their country in general and the extent, the content, the responsibilities, structure and standardization regarding cariology in particular. In spite of a wide range from very few universities (Lebanon 3) to larger numbers of dental schools (India 313, China 121, Russia 52) there were similar statements on the list of content for cariology teaching. Often the catalogue was close to the Undergraduate Core Curriculum in Cariology (UCCC) covering most of the 5 domains from basic science to dental public health, but a national curriculum for cariology or dentistry was mostly missing. With various departments being involved, a need of coordination is obvious. Most representatives thought it possible and feasible to teach a standardized curriculum in cariology on the basis of the UCCC. In conclusion, many Arabian and Asian countries have implemented modern, evidence-based curricula in their universities, but an obligatory national curriculum in cariology would be advisable to standardize the quality in teaching.ope

Assessment of Acidogenic Potential for Dental Biofilms by Periodontal Health Condition

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the relationship between periodontal health condition and the results of a new method such as Cariview which could evaluate the acidity of dental biofilms. Fifty four subjects more than 20 years old were selected for the candidates of this study. The periodontal health conditions of the candidates were divided into 4 groups according to the assessment of X-ray and Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF-D; Inspektor Research Systems BV) images; gingivitis, slight periodontitis, moderate periodontitis, severe periodontitis. The biofilm acidogenicity of each subject was examined using Cariview (All in ONE BIO) according to manufacturer’s instruction, and the Cariview score was calculated. The mean differences of Cariview score between 4 groups of periodontal health condition were examined by ANCOVA test with the covariance of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index. As a result, the mean Cariview score was different, however it was not significantly different from the 4 groups (p=0.12). The mean score was the lowest in the gingivitis group (40.54±11.01), and the highest in slight periodontitis group (57.26±20.51). In conclusion, the significant mean differences were not confirmed in Cariview score according to the periodontal health condition.ope