“Tail-Hanging Test” Behavioral Parameter of Vestibular Deficit and Compensation in Labyrinthectomized Mouse Model

Purpose: We are introducing a method to quantify the balance function in mouse with unilaterally damaged vestibular organ. The findings of this method were previously described in 1987 and were used to confirm the acute deficient status of rodents with unilateral or bilateral vestibular dysfunction. The method named as Tail-Hanging Test (THT) could be the useful method to test mostly vestibular system by confusing the somatosensory system and obstructing the visual input as like as like as posturography in human study. Materials and Methods: Fifteen mice underwent unilateral labyrinthectomy and five mice of control group underwent sham operation. After the surgery, the tail of mouse was fixed at the experiment stand and spinning motion was recorded at postoperative 24, 72, and 144 hours. In control group, recording was done at 24 hours. The recorded images were processed with the digitalvideo- based tracking system using image subtraction technique. Several numerical parameters were compared among different postoperative periods and control group. Results: Minimum angle (MA), mean angle changing velocity (MACV) and mean spinning velocity (MSV) showed the equal variance (p < 0.05, Bartlett’s test) and study group showed statistically different result from those of control group (p < 0.05, ANOVA), which means that these three parameters can be indicators to distinguish the normal mouse from the mouse with significant vestibular damage. The results about MA and maximum spinning width (MSW) among three different periods showed the statistically significant difference with equal variance (p < 0.05, ANOVA, Bartlett’s test), and it suggests two parameters reflects vestibular compensation depending on the elapsed times after the unilateral damage to the vestibular system. Conclusion: We successfully quantified the balance function in animal. It will be helpful & easy to estimate vestibular function and compensation status at laboratory. MA of THT could be used for evaluation of vestibular damage and compensation of it simultaneously.ope

371명의 돌발성 난청 환자를 대상으로 한 고실 내 스테로이드 주사법의 치료 효과

Background and Objectives: Intratympanic steroid injection is used for treatment of various inner ear diseases including intractable sudden sensorineural hearing loss. We studied the effectiveness of intratympanic steroid injection for sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and compared the effectiveness to other treatments as a primary treatment tool. Subjects and Methods: We reviewed the records of 371 patients (373 ears) seen in the past six years from January 2003 to June 2009 who had an initial diagnosis of idiopathic SSNHL. The patients were divided into 6 groups which were 46 ears treated with topical steroids (S)(Group 1), 223 ears treated with S and heparinization (H)(Group 2), 82 ears treated with S, H and intratympanic steroid injection (ITS)(Group 3), 9 ears treated with S, H, ITS and stellate ganglion block (SGB)(Group 4), 47 ears treated with S, H and SGB (Group 5), and 11 ears treated with ITS (Group 6). Results: There was no statistical difference among the treatment results of all groups. The hearing range of the air-conduction was statistically significant in the success group. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that ITS did not result in significant improvement in the treatment of SSNHL compared to other treatment.ope

Quantification of Vestibulospinal Reflex Under the Stress Condition on Both Soleus Muscles

Background and Objectives : Vestibulospinal reflex (VSR), which is measured in static state, tends to be compensated prior to vestibul-ospinal reflex. Therefore, by establishing method that enables to track and observe quantified VSR, the reliability of experiment is attempted to be increased. Materials and Methods : On five SD Rats to measure electromyogram (EMG), electrodes, in the form of stranded cables composed of seven wires, are chronically implanted on both sides of the soleus muscles. Pre and post operative condition of sitting still, standing, and ladder step walking was compared before, and six and twenty four hours after a unilateral labyrinthectomy with quantified muscle activity in maximal voluntary activity. Simultaneously by using multi modality electric potential plus package, the muscle activity between the two legs was tracked and compared. Results: In the sitting still position, the left/right soleus muscle activities were 25.7/26.0 μV before a unilateral labyrinthectomy which was changed after the surgery with the value of 23.1/8.1 μV and 23.4/14.3 μV when six and twenty four hours passed respectively. In the standing position, 92.8/124.0 μV of preoperative value was changed to 89.6/37.3 μV six hours after the unilateral labyrinthectomy, and it was 97.0/54.7 μV 24 hours after. The preoperative value in ladder step walking test was 56.2/86.0 μV, and postoperative ones were 54.9/21.2 μV and 55.7/38.0 μV after six and twenty four hours respectively. Conclusion: VSR assessment method by using quantitative EMG well reflects the process of vestibular compensation, and to maintain the tension of extensor muscles, ladder step walking test is shown to be useful.ope

The Effect of Intretympanic Streroid Injection as a Primary Treatment for the Patients with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing LossⅡ

Background and Objectives: Steroids are the only proven drug in the treatment for the idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). The intratympanic steroid injection (ITS) is thought to induce higher perilymph levels in the recent studies. However, the effect of ITS for SSNHL has not been confirmed. We studied the effectiveness of the intratympanic steroid injection for SSNHL and compared the effectiveness to other treatments as a primary treatment tool. Subjects and Methods: We reviewed the records of 226 patients seen in the past seven years from December 2002 to March 2008 who had an initial diagnosis of idiopathic SSNHL. The patients were divided into 4 groups; 78 ears treated with topical steroids (S) and heparinization (H)(Group 2), 83 ears treated with S, H and intratympanic steroid injection (ITS) (Group 3), 12 ears treated with S, H, ITS and stellate ganglion block (SGB)(Group 4), and 54 ears treated with S, H and SGB (Group 5). Results: There were no statistical differences among the treatment results of all groups. However, the theory that ITS makes the recovery of hearing earlier in the SSNHL has statistical significance. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that ITS did not result in significant improvement of hearing, but is effective to shorten the time to reach the final hearing in the treatment of SSNHL compared to other treatments.ope

Autoantibodies and Complements in Acute Peripheral Vestibulopathy

Background and Objectives: The etiology and pathophysiology of acute peripheral vestibulopathy are largely unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the manifestation of the autoantibodies and complements in patients with acute peripheral vestibulopathy. Materials and Methods: We checked anti-ds-DNA, rheumatoid factor, anti phospholipid IgG and IgM, anti nuclear antibody (ANA), C3, C4 in 72 patients who were diagnosed as acute peripheral vestibulopathy on physical examination and the caloric test. The results of the patients with unilateral acute peripheral vestibulopathy were compared to those of the patients with bilateral acute peripheral vestibulopathy. Results: Twelve patients (16.6%) in anti-ds-DNA, 4 patients (5.5%) in C3, 10 patients (13.8%) in C4, 2 patients (2.7%) in anti-phospholipid IgG and 13 patients (18%) in antinuclear antibody (ANA) showed abnormal findings among patients with acute peripheral vestibulpahty. There was no difference in the manifestation of the autoantibodies and complements between the patients with unilateral and bilateral acute peripheral vestibulopathyope

Assessment of environmental carrying capacity and the effectiveness of access restriction policy on a marine protected area

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 환경대학원 환경계획학과, 2021.8. 홍종호.Marine protected areas are a widely used management tool to conserve marine species and habitats and provide a variety of benefits to humans and nature. The number and area of marine protected areas in Korea have increased since 2001 when they were first designated. However, practical measures such as no-take zones or restricted access zones, which are key to marine protection zones' success, have not been implemented. Effective management is necessary to ensure that marine protected areas do not become ‘paper parks’. At the same time, there is a need for sustainable use that maximizes the benefits to humans within the limits of what the natural environment can accept. This study aims to suggest a plan for harmonious conservation and use, focusing on recreational activities in marine protected areas. To this end, the sustainability of the current recreational use of the marine protected area of interest was evaluated based on its environmental carrying capacity. This study presented an alternative policy and evaluated its effectiveness in terms of economic value and acceptance. The contributions of this study are that it provides scientific data for implementing policies and that it combines biophysical and preference-based methodologies. The first study evaluated the sustainability of recreational activities through environmental carrying capacity and the value of the Munseom Marine Protected Area (MPA) by applying the emergy evaluation method, a type of biophysical-based evaluation method. The annual value of the natural environment of the Munseom MPA was 2.40×109 sej (solar joule), about KRW 2.4 billion in monetary units, and the value per area was about KRW 1.84 million per hectare. The carrying capacity of scuba diving was evaluated by the Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI). The ESI was 6.75, which was less than 10, indicating that it was not sustainable. If the current annual number of divers is reduced by about 20%, ESI becomes sustainable. Exceeding the environmental capacity of current use means that intervention through policy is necessary. This study is significant in that it presented a framework for evaluating the environmental carrying capacity of recreational activities. The second study proposed the island rest system, a policy that restricts spatial and temporal access within the Munseom MPA, and estimated divers' preferences and economic value. As for methodology, a choice experiment, a preference-based valuation method, was applied. A total of 533 questionnaires were collected from divers through online and field surveys, among which 296 were finally analyzed after excluding insincere responses. As a result, the marginal willingness to pay for a six-month closure was found to be KRW 8,637 per diver per dive. The positive marginal willingness to pay means that the respondent prefers the island rest system and is likely to accept the island rest system. The total value multiplied by the number of divers per year is about KRW 233 million, which can be used as a benefit item in the cost-benefit analysis of introducing an island rest system. The significance of this study is that it considered divers as a partner to marine conservation and applied the choice experiment for the first time in Korea. The limitation is that it did not reflect the perspectives of other stakeholders, such as recreational fishers (anglers), residents, and divers operators. The third study analyzed the factors influencing recreational fishers' support for marine protected areas. Recreational fishers are a major stakeholder group concerning recreational activities in marine protected areas along with divers. The need for a policy to restrict fishing in marine protected areas stems from the expectation that the continuous increase of the fishing population and the absence of management such as through a fishing license system will highly impact the marine environment in Korea. To find out the acceptance of anglers to alternative policies, factors affecting the support of marine protected areas were analyzed. A total of 942 responses from recreational fishers were obtained through an online survey. The dependent variable was support for marine protected areas. The explanatory variables were related to the attitude toward the marine protected area, recreation specialization, and the theory of planned behavior. As a result of the ordered probit model, the more people recognized marine protected areas and their positive effects, the more they supported them. However, the more experience they had in fishing in the marine protected area, the less they supported it. The recreational specialization had a positive effect on the support toward marine protected areas. As for the consumptive orientation, the tendency ‘not to keep fish’ and the tendency ‘to catch trophy fish’ had a positive effect on the support of marine protected areas, but the tendency ‘to catch something’ had a negative effect. It was found that the variables of the theory of planned behavior had a positive effect. This shows that there is a possibility that recreational fishers may accept fishing restriction policies in marine protected areas. The limitation is that additional investigation is needed for those who mainly fish in marine protected areas. The study presented the scientific basis for the introduction of management policies by analyzing the effects from a balanced perspective between the ecosystem and users. Since it becomes more important to conserve and wisely use the marine environment, the methods and results of this study can be used in research and management policies on marine protected areas.해양보호구역은 해양 종(種)과 서식지를 보전하고자 전 세계적으로 널리 쓰이고 있는 관리 도구이며, 인간과 자연에 다양한 혜택을 제공한다. 우리나라는 2001년 처음으로 해양보호구역을 지정한 후 해양보호구역의 개소와 면적은 증가하였다. 그러나 해양보호구역 지정의 성공적 핵심이라 할 수 있는 채취금지구역이나 출입 제한구역 등의 제도는 시행되지 않고 있다. 해양보호구역이 문서상으로만 존재하는 보호지역이 되지 않으면서 동시에 자연환경이 수용할 수 있는 범위 내에서 인간이 얻는 혜택을 최대화 하려면 효과적인 관리 정책이 필요하다. 이 연구는 해양보호구역 내 여가활동에 초점을 맞추어 해양보호구역의 조화로운 보전과 이용을 위한 방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이 논문은 정책 시행을 위한 과학기반 근거를 제시한다는 점에서 정책적 의의가 있으며, 잘 사용되지 않는 생물리 기반과 선호도 기반 방법론을 적용하였다는 점에서 학술적 기여가 있다. 이 논문은 세 개의 소논문으로 구성되어 있다. 첫 번째 소논문은 해양보호구역 내 여가 이용의 환경수용력 산정을 통해 지속가능성을 진단하고, 정책 개입의 과학적 근거를 마련하였다. 방법론은 생물리 기반 평가법의 하나인 에머지(emergy) 평가법을 적용하였다. 문섬 해역 자연환경의 연간 가치는 2.40×109sej(solar joule), 약 24억 원으로 나타났다. 에머지지속성지수로 평가한 스쿠버 다이빙 활동은 지속가능하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 두 번째 소논문은 해양보호구역 출입관리 정책을 대안 정책으로 제시하고 정책의 경제적 가치와 이용자 선호도 분석을 통해 효과성을 평가하였다. 대안 정책은 문섬 해역 해양보호구역에 출입제한 구역과 시기를 지정하는 섬 휴식제로 설정하였다. 다이버를 대상으로 방법론은 선호도 기반 평가법인 선택실험법을 적용하였다. 섬 휴식제 6개월 시행에 대한 다이버 1인당 연간 한계지불의사액은 약 8,637원, 총 가치는 연간 약 2억 3,320만 원으로 도출되었다. 이는 섬 휴식제의 경제적 가치가 문섬 해역 해양보호구역 관리예산 규모와 비견할 정도이며 섬 휴식제가 도입되었을 때 다이버가 수용할 가능성이 있다는 것을 의미한다. 세 번째 소논문은 출입관리 정책의 수용성과 효과성을 평가하기 위해 여가이용자의 해양보호구역 지지 영향 요인 분석을 수행하였다. 연구 방법은 낚시인을 대상으로 설문조사로 자료를 수집하고 해양보호구역 지지도를 종속변수로 하는 회귀분석을 수행하였다. 해양보호구역 인식과 태도는 해양보호구역 지지에 긍정적인 영향을 끼쳤으나 여가전문화는 부정적인 영향을 끼쳤다. 그 외에 자원소비성향과 계획행동이론 변수의 영향도 살펴보았다. 이 논문의 결과는 생태계와 이용자의 균형 잡힌 시각으로 관리제도의 도입과 효과를 분석하여 관리정책 도입의 근거를 과학적으로 제시하였다. 그러나 공식 통계의 부재로 인한 자료 부족과 모든 이해관계자의 관점이 반영되지 못했다는 한계가 있다. 해양환경을 보전하면서도 현명하게 이용하는 것이 그 어느 때보다 중요한 이때 이 연구에서 제시한 방법론과 결과는 해양보호구역 연구와 관리정책에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.제１장 서론 1 제１절 연구 배경 및 목적 1 제２절 연구 대상 및 범위 11 1. 연구 대상지 선정 11 2. 제주도 문섬 주변 해역 보호구역 지정 현황 12 3. 문섬 해역의 생물상과 생물다양성 16 4. 문섬 해역 사회·경제적 이용 현황과 이해관계자 구조 19 제３절 연구 방법 24 제２장 문섬 해역 가치평가와 지속가능성 평가: 에머지 평가법 적용 26 제１절 서론 26 제２절 선행연구 31 제３절 연구 방법 33 1. 에머지 개념 33 2. 에머지 평가절차 35 제４절 결과 및 토의 39 1. 에머지 시스템 다이어그램 39 2. 자연환경에너지 가치평가 40 3. 문섬 해역의 문화서비스 평가 43 4. 다이빙 활동의 지속가능성 평가 45 제５절 소결 50 제３장 연산호 서식지 출입 제한구역제도의 다이버 선호도 및 경제적 가치 추정 52 제１절 서론 52 제２절 선행연구 55 제３절 연구 방법 58 1. 선택실험법 설계 58 2. 분석 모형: 조건부로짓모형과 혼합로짓모형 60 3. 자료 수집 62 제４절 결과 및 토의 63 1. 응답자 기초 통계 63 2. 조건부로짓모형 추정 65 3. 혼합로짓모형 추정 67 4. 한계지불의사액 추정 69 5. 시사점 71 제５절 소결 72 제４장 여가낚시인의 해양보호구역 지지 영향 요인 분석 73 제１절 서론 73 제２절 선행연구 76 제３절 연구 방법 79 1. 연구 설계 79 2. 순차형 프로빗 모형 82 3. 자료 수집 83 제４절 결과 및 토의 84 1. 기초통계 84 2. 해양보호구역 지지도(종속변수) 응답 90 3. 설명변수의 탐색적 요인 분석 91 4. 순차형 프로빗 모형의 설명변수 95 5. 순차형 프로빗 모형 결과 96 제５절 소결 99 제５장 결론 101 제１절 요약 및 시사점 101 제２절 연구 한계 및 향후 연구 방향 105 참고 문헌 107 부록 1. 서론 자료 119 부록 2. 다이버 섬휴식제 선택실험법 설문지 126 부록 3. 여가낚시인의 해양보호구역 지지도 설문지 128 Abstract 134박

Diagnostic Dehydration Testings for Endolymphatic Hydrops

ope

The Comparison of the Magnetic Resonance Images in the Patient With Definite Meniere’s Disease Before and After Endolymphatic Sac Decompression

Endolymphatic hydrops is believed to be underlying pathophysiology of Meniere’s disease. The degree of endolymphatic hydrops observed by MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) in patients with Meniere’s disease offers a new method to study the progression of Meniere’s disease. There have been multiple attempts to diagnose Meniere’s disease with the help of radiologic tests including MRI in Korea. We describe a case report of a patient with Meniere’s who showed changes of endolymphatic sac in MRI after endolymphatic sac decompression.ope

C-fos Expression of Vestibular Nucleus in C57BL/6 Mouse Under the 7 Tesla Ultra High Magnetic Field

Background and Objectives: A typical side effect of super high magnetic field is dizziness and it is expected that 7 Tesla (T) super high magnetic field will have temporary influence on vestibular nucleus. Prevalence rate of dizziness generally increases with advancing years, so this study discusses whether the influence of 7 T super high magnetic field differs depending on the age. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice weighting from 10-40 g were categorized into 4-week-old and 16-week-old groups. They were exposed to 7 T magnetic field and immunohistochemical staining was done to observe expression of c-fos protein in vestibular nucleus of mice. Results: Control group with normal vestibular system did not show c-fos protein. However, mice exposed to 7 T magnetic field showed c-fos expression selectively on medial and lateral parts of vestibular nucleus and there was no significant difference of c-fos expression between both sides (p<0.05). There was statistically significant difference between the different age group: 16-week-old mice group showed higher number of cells expressing c-fos protein than 4-week-old mice group did (p<0.05). Conclusion: It is statistically significant that 7 T super high magnetic field is more influential to older age groupope

A Case of Multiple Perilymph Fistula Induced by Tympanostomy Tube Insertion

This controversial diagnosis centers around the phenomenon of perilymph leaking from the inner ear into the middle ear cleft through the oval window, round window or other fissures in the bony labyrinth that may be abnormally patent. A perilymph fistula may develop after stapedectomy surgery, penetrating middle ear trauma, head trauma, barotrauma, or possibly spontaneously. Uncertainty regarding the clinical criteria for the diagnosis and the inability to document the presence of a microfistula at surgery contribute to the problematic nature of this diagnosis. However, this condition should be seriously considered in the patient with vertigo after head trauma, barotrauma injury, or previous middle ear surgery. It is particularly likely in patients with penetrating middle ear trauma with vertigo. Most authors agree that perilymph fistulas generally heal spontaneously, therefore a few days of bed rest is appropriate in acute cases. Cases suspected after penetrating trauma should be explored early if symptoms persist. Here, authors report a case of multiple perilymph fistula possibly caused by tympanostomy tube insertion in a 48-year-old man with a review of the literatureope