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    The Effect of News Literacy on Citizenship Self-efficacy among Adolescents

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์ผ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ „๊ณต), 2023. 2. ๋ฐ•์„ฑํ˜.Citizenship refers to the universal rights, qualifications, and virtues owned by citizens. There are common civic values pursued by societies based on democracy, but the specifics of citizenship required within a society varies depending on the historical and environmental context. Therefore, in line with the changing society, citizenship education is necessary to grow an individual into an independent citizen who respects the values of democracy. Among the elements of citizenship needed to achieve the purpose of citizenship education, there is the concept of citizenship self-efficacy. This is confidence and assurance in one's ability to effectively play a role as a citizen. The formation and promotion of citizenship self-efficacy is important, because it is directly related to the political and social participation of members and the growth of civil consciousness. In the meantime, various in-school and outside social participation activities have attracted attention as factors that increase the adolescents' citizenship self-efficacy. As citizenship self-efficacy is closely related to social participation competence, it emphasizes adolescents' experience in areas other than curriculum education based on emotional and behavioral aspects. However, the cognitive aspect of learning knowledge and function as independent participants in a democratic society should not be overlooked. In particular, social studies has a curriculum characteristic that most actively learns and considers societal issues closely related to our life, so the learning experience of social studies to form and promote citizenship self-efficacy is more meaningful. However, currently, social studies education is not paying enough attention to the cognitive aspects of curriculum education in promoting citizenship self-efficacy. Starting with this awareness of problems, this study sought ways to promote citizenship self-efficacy within the curriculum education of the social studies and suggested improvements. In particular, the study paid attention to news literacy as a new factor in enhancing citizenship self-efficacy. This is because news literacy has a strong cognitive element that begins with understanding and exploring the content of the news text, with the ultimate goal of fostering citizenship. Based on this, the following research hypothesis was established to clarify the relationship between news literacy and adolescents' citizenship self-efficacy. โ–  Hypothesis. The higher the adolescents' news literacy, the higher their citizenship self-efficacy. In order to verify the research hypothesis, a survey was conducted on 246 first-year middle school students in small and medium-sized cities in Jeollabuk-do province. Regression analysis was conducted with the collected data. The results of the study are as follows. First, as a result of examining the linearity between news literacy and citizenship self-efficacy through correlation analysis, the two variables showed positive correlation and met the basic assumption. Based on this, as a result of identifying the acceptance through simple linear regression analysis of the main hypothesis, it was found that the suitability of this regression model was verified, and that news literacy had a significant impact on citizenship self-efficacy, but it was somewhat less convincing. On the other hand, the study conducted hierarchical regression analysis based on gender, participation experience, and leader experience that may affect citizenship self-efficacy, and the impact of news literacy on citizenship self-efficacy has increased slightly. In sum, besides in-school and outside-school participation activities, news literacy education in social studies curriculum also had a positive effect on enhancing citizenship self-efficacy. In other words, this study proved the possibility of fostering value attitudes through knowledge education, and this suggests that news literacy education is essential as a learning experience in social studies within the subject education that all students can receive equally. For adolescents to become desirable members to actively and positively participate in society, specific methods and content elements related to news literacy education should be further discussed and devised as a way to promote citizenship self-efficacy in the citizenship education of the social studies in the future.์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ์ž์งˆ, ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ฑ(citizenship)์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ž๊ฒฉ, ๋•๋ชฉ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋ฐœ๋งž์ถฐ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์  ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด๋ž€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์ด์ž ํ™•์‹ ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฆ์ง„์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์ •์น˜ยท์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜์‹์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ต๋‚ดยท์™ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์•„ ์™”๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŒํผ, ์ •์„œ์  ํ–‰๋™์  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์ด ๊ต๊ณผ๊ต์œก ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ตํžˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์  ์ธก๋ฉด ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋˜์–ด์„  ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์•ˆ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ, ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋”์šฑ ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ต์œก์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ํ•จ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ธ์ง€์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์„ ์ ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘์„ ๊ถ๊ทน์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„, ๋‰ด์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์  ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์™€ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ–  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค : ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ถ์ง€์—ญ ์ค‘์†Œ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ 246๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‘ ๋ณ€์ธ์€ ์ •(+)์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์„ ํ˜•ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณธ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ฐธ์—ฌํ™œ๋™ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์ž„์› ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„๊ณ„์  ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์†Œํญ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ต๋‚ดยท์™ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ™œ๋™ ์ด์™ธ์— ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ต์œก์—์„œ์˜ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ต์œก ์—ญ์‹œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ์ฆ์ง„์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ง€์‹๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜ํƒœ๋„์˜ ํ•จ์–‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์–ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฆ์ง„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๋”์šฑ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜, ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 7 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 9 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 12 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ 12 1. ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ 12 2. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 17 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ์˜์˜ 20 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ์™€ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ 22 1. ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๋‰ด์Šค ์ด์šฉ 22 2. ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 30 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ์™€ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ๊ต์œก 39 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ 41 1. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 41 2. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 43 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  46 1. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 46 2. ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 48 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 51 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 51 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 52 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 52 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 53 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€์ธ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ • ๋„๊ตฌ 55 1. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ธ : ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ 55 2. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ธ : ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ 55 3. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ธ 56 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 57 โ…ฃ. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 59 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ .๊ธฐ์ดˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 59 1. ์ธก์ • ๋ณ€์ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 59 2. ์ธก์ • ๋ณ€์ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„ 63 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 64 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  67 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  67 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ. ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 70 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 72 ๋ถ€๋ก 80 Abstract 85์„

    Analysis of the casualty type, genetic and morphological sexing and treatment results of northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis and common kestrel Falco tinnunculus

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ดํ•ญ.๋„์‹œํ™”, ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€ํ™” ๊ฐ™์€ ํ† ์ง€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€์™€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋‚ด๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ ์กฐ๋‚œ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถฉ๋‚จ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘์ˆ˜๋œ ์ฐธ๋งค์™€ ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด ์ด 634๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์™€ ์ข… ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ๋‚œ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์žฌํ™œ๊ณผ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ณด์ „๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋„๋ก ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1) ์ฐธ๋งค์™€ ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด ๋‘ ์ข… ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์ž์—ฐ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ™œ๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์กด์ด ์œ„ํ˜‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2) ์ฐธ๋งค์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฃผ์š” ์กฐ๋‚œ ์›์ธ์€ ์ธ๊ณต๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ถฉ๋Œ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด๋„ ๋ฏธ์•„๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์›์ธ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์œ„ํ˜‘์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ฐธ๋งค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€์™€ ์ˆฒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋ณต๋œ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ(์ฃผํƒ, ๊ณต๊ณต๊ฑด๋ฌผ)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ธ๊ทผ์— ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ(์ฃผํƒ, ๊ณต์žฅ, ๊ณต๊ณต๊ฑด๋ฌผ)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์†Œ์ง€ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์‹ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์™€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด ๋ฏธ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ, ํŠนํžˆ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์™€ ๊ณต์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3) ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋˜ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์›์ธ์€ ๋ฏธ์•„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฏธ์•„๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ œ ๋ฏธ์•„ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์ œ ๋ฏธ์•„๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ์ดํƒˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์ด์†Œ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜์†Œ์ง€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ •๋ณด ๋ˆ„๋ฝ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ •์ƒ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4) ์ฐธ๋งค์™€ ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ์™€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๋นˆ๋„์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๋งค ์œ ์กฐ๋Š” 6์›”~8์›” ์ด์†Œ์™€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ๋‚œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์„ฑ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ›„ ๊ฐ€์„์ฒ  ์ด๋™์—์„œ ๋ด„์ฒ  ์ด๋™๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐธ๋งค ํ…ƒ์ƒˆ์™€ ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋ณต๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฐธ๋งค๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์›์ธ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์—ฐ๋ น์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์กฐ๋‚œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” 5~6์›”์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋ผ์™€ ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์†Œ ์ง์ „, ์งํ›„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒˆ์‹ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ ์œก์ถ”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— 1ํšŒ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๊นƒ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์กฐ ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์•”์ปท์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋จน์ด ํ™•๋ณด ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ›„ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „ ์ด๋™ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 1ํšŒ ๊ฒจ์šธ๊นƒ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์กฐ ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์˜ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 5) ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ธ์œ„์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ•œ ์ข…์ด๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ฐธ๋งค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…์ด๋”๋ผ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์กฐ๋‚œ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋†’์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ฐธ๋งค๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ์ข…์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ฐธ๋งค์™€ ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์˜ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์›์ธ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‘์— ์žˆ์–ด, ๋‘ ์ข… ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์ข… ํŠน์ด์  ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. 6) ์ฐธ๋งค์˜ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์›์ธ์ด ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ” ์ฃผ์š” ์ง„๋‹จ๋„ ๊ณจ์ ˆ/ํƒˆ๊ตฌ, ์™ธ์ƒ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ๋‡Œ์ง„ํƒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณจ์ ˆ/ํƒˆ๊ตฌ ์‹œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๋ฅ  37.5%๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์˜์†Œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์œ ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์กฐ๋‚œ์›์ธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณจ์ ˆ/ํƒˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐธ๋งค์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ 36.5%์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 7) ์ฐธ๋งค์™€ ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์˜ ๊ณจ์ ˆ/ํƒˆ๊ตฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ณจ์ ˆ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณจ์ ˆ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณจ์ ˆ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ณจ์ ˆ ๋ถ€์œ„ ๊ณ ์ •๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํšŒ๋ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์žฌํ™œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์˜ ๊ณจ์ ˆ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์„ธ ๊ณณ ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ์‡„/๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ์‡„ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๋งค์˜ ๊ณจ์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” ์˜คํ›ผ๊ณจ, ์ƒ์™„๊ณจ, ์š”๊ณจ/์ฒ™๊ณจ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด๋Š” ์ƒ์™„๊ณจ, ์ฒ™๊ณจ, ์š”๊ณจ ์ˆœ์„œ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๋งค์™€ ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” ๊ฒฌ๊ด€์ ˆ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ฐธ๋งค๋Š” ๊ฒฌ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์™„๊ด€์ ˆ, ์ง€๊ด€์ ˆ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๊ด€์ ˆ ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 8) ์ฐธ๋งค์™€ ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์˜ ๊ณจ์ ˆ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„์นจ์Šต์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์นจ์Šต์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ƒ์™„๊ณจ ๊ณจ์ ˆ ์‹œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์†์ƒ, ๊ดด์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํšŒ๋ณต ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํƒœ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „ ์•ˆ๋ฝ์‚ฌ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒ์™„๊ณจ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์นจ์Šต์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฐธ๋งค์—์„œ๋Š” ์นจ์Šต ๋ฐ ๋น„์นจ์Šต์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๋ฅ ์˜ ์œ ์˜์  ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์นจ์Šต์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ์•ˆ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๋ฅ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌ์œ ๋Š” ๊ณจ์ ˆ ์œ ํ•ฉ ๋ถ€์ „์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์™„๊ณจ ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ์š”์ฒ™๊ณจ ๋™์‹œ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ์นจ์Šต์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์š”๊ณจ ๋‹จ๋… ๊ณจ์ ˆ์€ ๋น„์นจ์Šต์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์ฒ™๊ณจ ๋‹จ๋… ๊ณจ์ ˆ์€ ๋น„์นจ์Šต์ /์นจ์Šต์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฐธ๋งค๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๋ฅ  ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ‰๋Œ€ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‘ ์ข… ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์นจ์Šต์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์žฌํ™œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ง€ ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ์˜ ์žฌํ™œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ ๊ณจ์ ˆ ์‹œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์นจ์Šต์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ํ•˜ํ‡ด๊ณจ์€ ํ›„์ง€ ๋ถ€์œ„ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„์นจ์Šต์ /์นจ์Šต์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ์ด ์—†์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ณจ์ ˆ๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ณ ์ •์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. 9) ๋งน๊ธˆ๋ฅ˜ ์žฌํ™œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ ์‹ ์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒํƒœ์  ํŠน์ง•, ์ข…๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ, ๋น„ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์žฌํ™œ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๋ฐฉ์ƒ ํ›„ ์ƒ์กด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฌํ™œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 10) ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ƒ ํ›„ ์ƒ์กด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์„ ๋ณ„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ˆ๋ฝ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 11) ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์ƒ ํ›„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์žฌํ™œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กฐ๋‚œ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ํ™๋ณด์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ฐธ๋งค์™€ ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์˜ ์กฐ๋‚œ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์  ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์Šต์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๋งน๊ธˆ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์ข… ๋ณด์ „ ์ „๋žต์— ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์กฐ๋‚œ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์žฌํ™œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์„ ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.Land changes, such as urbanization and agricultural land, destroy habitats and ecosystems of existing life communities. Wild animals die as a natural process, but due to environmental changes by humans, many wild animals have been endangered or extinct over the past few centuries. Wildlife distress is showing a side of the process. This study was conducted on 634 individuals of northern goshawks and common kestrels, which were rescued at the Chungnam Wild animal Rescued Center from 2010 to 2019. The purpose of this study is to examine the distress cause and evaluate the accident trends through the damage analysis at individual and species levels. The results will provide basic data for wild animal rescue, treatment, rehabilitation, management and, conservation programs. The results of this study are as follows. 1) Both northern goshawks and common kestrels had a high proportion of unnatural accidents. For that reason, their survival was threatened by direct and indirect influence by human activities. 2) The main distress reason of northern goshawks was a collision with artificial structures and vehicles, so was common kestrels except orphanage. The main threat leading to the collision of artificial structures was buildings (residence and public buildings) near farmland and forest edges for northern goshawks and nearby buildings (residence, factories and public buildings) with farmland for common kestrels. Particular as the selection of a nest in the city made the birds expose to collision risks, both the adults and young individuals seem to be in danger. The site where common kestrel orphans were mainly located was a building (apartments, factories, etc.) with farmland nearby. 3) The most common cause of distress in common kestrels was orphanage. Except for the actual orphanage, there were many cases of unnecessary rescues in the young birds in normal nest leaving. In the process, some young birds were released right after discovery by the center, but others became forced orphans. 4) There were differences in distress patterns and frequency according to life history, age and, gender of goshawks and kestrels. It was assumed that the accident incidences of northern goshawk juveniles were increased as the bird gradually dispersed to a wide area because nest leaving occurs from June to August. On the contrary, northern goshawk adults were mainly active inside the forest during the breeding season, and it was never rescued by distress at this time. Since then, from autumn to spring migration, as the residents and winter visitors are encountered, the number of accidents increased due to population increase and energetic activities during migration. Also, the results showed that the cause of the distress was different according to gender. The most frequent distress that occurred in the whole age of the common kestrel was concentrated in May and June. That was due to the active hunting for rearing the young birds of the breeding population and the nest leaving of the young birds. Especially at this time, 1st summer plumage and adult males experienced more accidents than females, which seem to have occurred mainly due to the role of the males in securing food. After that, the number of distress decreased, and then the distress increased in 1st winter plumage and adult caused by the active movement before the start of the breeding season. 5) Even a species adapted to urban environments like common kestrel, was suffering from various causes of distress. On the other hand, even a species that tends to avoid people like northern goshawk, could not escape from the influence of people, and the continued reduction of habitat will increase the possibility of further exposure to the risk of distress. In particular, northern goshawks are endangered species with a small population, so its impact is likely to be large. Therefore, when the counteractions to prevent the distress of goshawks and kestrels are planned, the common cause of distress and the species-specific features of distress need to be considered. 6) The main cause of the distress of northern goshawk was related to many collisions. So, the major diagnoses were relevant to collisions such as fracture/luxation, trauma, and concussion. The fracture/luxation showed a lot of serious conditions and the rate of releases was 37.5%; lower rate than other main diagnostic results. The main diagnostic result of the distressed common kestrel was normal status. Probably this is because common kestrels chose the breeding site around the city, and many people found the juvenile in the normal nest leaving process. The second most frequently identified diagnosis was fracture/luxation caused by the distress related to the collision, resulting in a 36.5% of release rate similar to that of the goshawk. 7) The most frequent fracture/luxation type of northern goshawk and common kestrel was fracture. The probability of recovery depends on the fracture condition, and fracture site fixation seems to affect the rehabilitation result rather than the number of fractures. However, in cases with more than three fracture places, the rate of release after rehabilitation decreased or there were no release cases at all in some cases. The results of the closed/open fracture showed that the case of the closed fracture had higher rate of release than the open fracture. The major fracture sites of the northern goshawk were coracoids, humerus, and radius/ulna in order, while in the common kestrel, the order was humerus, ulna, and radius. The most frequent dislocated site of northern goshawks and common kestrels was shoulder joint. The number of dislocations of metacarpal joint and interphalangeal joint was the same with shoulder joint in northern goshawks. 8) In the cases of humerus fracture, there were many euthanasia measures before treatment because recovery was not possible due to delayed time after fracture, nerve damage or, necrosis. Invasive treatment was mainly applied. However there was no significant difference in the rate of release in the goshawk between invasive and non-invasive treatments for humerus fracture. In kestrel, invasive treatment had higher rate of release than noninvasive treatment, but euthanasia rate was higher than release rate after invasive treatment, and the main reason was nonunion. In the cases of antebrachial fracture, the simultaneous fracture of radius and ulna occurred a lot, and invasive treatments in these cases were recorded that the release rate was high. Non-invasive treatment was usually applied to the single radial fracture and non-invasive/invasive treatments were applied to the single ulnar fracture. The results of the single fracture in part of antebrachium in two species showed high rate of survival. In the cases of the thoracic girdle fracture, non-invasive treatment was mostly applied in both species, and the results showed high release rates. The results of pelvic limb showed that invasive treatment was applied in most cases of femur fractures in common kestrels and the release rate was high. Tibiotarsus was the most common part of pelvic limb fracture and both non-invasive/invasive treatments were applied. It seems that the treatment type applied depended on the condition of the fractured part and the level of maintenance for selecting the treatment. 9) Rehabilitation plans based on understanding of ecological characteristics, species features, flight, hunting types as well as physical conditions of raptors can suggest directions for rehabilitation management to increase the possibility of survival after release. 10) In coping with the increasing number of distressed wildlife in wild animal rescue centers with limited resources lately, the results of this study could be referred to develop criteria for screening process (triage) to determine the priority of treatments considering the probability of survival after treatment and animal welfare. 11) The wild animal rescue centers should be able to evaluate and improve the treatment and rehabilitation system through post-release monitoring for protection at the individual level. Public endorsement and an appropriate legal system should be supported for the ultimate conservation of wildlife and the environment. For this purpose, proper analysis on records of distressed wild animals should be utilized for education, promotion and policy developments. At the point of the expanded urbanization, the analysis results of distress and damage on both northern goshawk and common kestrel could be applied not only to understand the influence of people but also to species conservation strategy. In addition, these results are expected to provide a direction and an improvement plan for the successful rescue, treatment and rehabilitation of distressed wild animals.์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  3 ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 2.1 ์žฌ๋ฃŒ 4 2.2 ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ •๋ณด 4 2.3 ์—ฐ๋ น ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ 5 2.3.1 ์ฐธ๋งค์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ 5 2.3.2 ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ 7 2.4 ์กฐ๋‚œ ์›์ธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 14 2.4.1 ๋น„์ž์—ฐ์  ์›์ธ 14 2.4.2 ๋น„์ž์—ฐ์ /์ž์—ฐ์  ์›์ธ 15 2.4.3 ์ž์—ฐ์  ์›์ธ 16 2.5 ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 16 2.6 ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 17 ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ 19 3.1 ์กฐ๋‚œ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ 19 3.1.1 ์กฐ๋‚œ ์›์ธ ์œ ํ˜• 19 3.1.2 ์กฐ๋‚œ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ถ„์„ 27 3.1.3 ์กฐ๋‚œ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„, ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 35 3.2 ์ง„๋‹จ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ 43 3.2.1 ์กฐ๋‚œ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ถ„์„ 43 3.2.2. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณจ์ ˆ/ํƒˆ๊ตฌ ๋ถ€์œ„์™€ ์œ ํ˜• 52 3.3 ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 59 3.3.1 ์ง„๋‹จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 59 3.3.2 ๊ณจ์ ˆ/ํƒˆ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 66 ํŠน์ด์‚ฌ๋ก€ 99 4.1 ์ฐธ๋งค ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ƒ 99 4.2 ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 100 ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ 104 5.1 ์กฐ๋‚œ ์œ ํ˜• 104 5.1.1 ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ˆ˜ 104 5.1.2 ์ž์—ฐ์ , ๋น„์ž์—ฐ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  104 5.1.3 ์ธ๊ณต๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ถฉ๋Œ 105 5.1.4 ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ถฉ๋Œ 108 5.1.5 ๋ฏธ์•„ 110 5.1.6 ๋„์‹œ ๋งน๊ธˆ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ๋‚œ ์›์ธ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ 112 5.1.7 ์„ฑ๋ณ„/์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ์กฐ๋‚œ ๋ถ„์„ 113 5.2 ์ง„๋‹จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์žฌํ™œ 118 5.2.1 ์ง„๋‹จ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 118 5.2.2 ๊ณจ์ ˆ/ํƒˆ๊ตฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋ถ€์œ„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 119 5.2.3 ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณจ์ ˆ/ํƒˆ๊ตฌ ๋ถ€์œ„์™€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 120 5.2.4 ์ฐธ๋งค์™€ ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด ์žฌํ™œ ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ 125 5.3 Triage 128 5.4 ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ์—ญํ•  132 ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  134 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 136์„

    Pregnant women's perception of prenatal ultrasound

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    ๋ณ‘์›ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์ตœ๊ทผ ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์˜์ƒ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์•„ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ด๋‚˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2000๋…„ 10์›” 17์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10์›” 28์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์šธ ์‹œ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์ „์ง„์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ชจ ์ค‘ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์‹ค์„ ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ 285๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์ž„์‹  ์ฃผ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒœ์•„์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์˜ณ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ์ด์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ง„๋‹จ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์˜ณ๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ „ ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ „ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์€ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4. ์„ธ ๋ณ‘์› ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ณ‘์›๊ฐ„์— ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 1์ฐจ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์น˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” A๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ „๋ฌธ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ๋‚ด๋ฌธ์ด ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” B๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. 5. ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์€ B๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ๋ถˆ๊ต์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์›”ํ‰๊ท ์†Œ๋“์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ํƒœ๋„๋Š” A๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์™€ ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ต์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ, ์ž„์‹  ๋ง๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” A๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์›”ํ‰๊ท  ์†Œ๋“์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘ ์Œ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹๋„๋Š” ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ, ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์ „ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ „๋žต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The purpose of this study is to assess the pregnant womenโ€™s knowledge, attitude and satisfaction of prenatal ultrasound and to find out the factors. A self-administered questionnaires survey was conducted to two hundred eighty five pregnant women who visited obstetric departments of three hospitals located in Seoul from October 17, 2000 to October 28, 2000. The major results are as follows. 1. Overall, respondents did not fully understand the purpose of prenatal ultrasound. The majority of respondents stated that the main purpose of prenatal ultrasound was to check for age, growth and development of the baby but only 44.5% of respondents understood the fact that chromosomal abnormalities cannot be diagnosed only by prenatal ultrasound. The majority of respondents were aware of the diagnostic limitations of ultrasound. 2. While the majority of respondents were aware of the importance of pre-examination information, only 31.8% of respondents received the information from their health care providers and only 38.1% of respondents stated that the received information was useful. 3. Regarding the examination quality, respondents were highly satisfied with the competency of the examination. But they stated the cost and waiting time were not acceptable. 4. The knowledge, attitude and satisfaction of prenatal ultrasound showed statistically significant differences according to the characteristics of each hospital. 5. In the result of multiple regression analysis, major factors for knowledge of prenatal ultrasound were characteristics of hospitals, religion, income and gestational age. Major factors for attitude toward prenatal ultrasound were characteristics of hospitals, religion and gestational age. Major factors for satisfaction with prenatal ultrasound were characteristics of hospitals, income and drinking during the pregnancy. In conclusion, the respondentโ€™s perception of prenatal ultrasound is considerably low. More effective educational material or program with prenatal ultrasound information should be provided to pregnant women prior to prenatal ultrasound. New strategy such as process reengineering is recommendable to increase the satisfaction with prenatal ultrasound.ope

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    (The) results of molecular biologic method for detecting HBV-DNA in the sera which showed positivity for both hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ์€ Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค (hepatitis B virus)์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ, ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—๋Š” Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ HBsAg๊ณผ anti-HBs๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผ์ธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ์นจ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” HBsAg๊ณผ anti-HBs๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, HBsAg๊ณผ anti-HBs๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜๋Š” 83 ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์ด์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒ€์ง„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘ anti-HBc๋งŒ ์–‘์„ฑ์ธ 22์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ž„์˜์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ HBV-DNA ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘๋ฒ• (polymerase chain reaction, PCR)์œผ๋กœ HBV-DNA ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ •์„ฑ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐœ๊ด‘๋ถ„์ž๋ณดํ•ฉ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฒ• (chemiluminescent molecular hybridization assay, CMHA)๊ณผ branched DNA (bDNA) nucleic acid hybridization๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ HBV-DNA ์ •๋Ÿ‰๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์ƒ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. HBsAg๊ณผ anti-HBs๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์กดํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์ง„๋‹จ์€ 13์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ฆ์ƒ๋ณด์œ ์ž, 30์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ๊ฐ„์—ผ, 12์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€, 28์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์•”์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. HBsAg๊ณผ anti-HBs์˜ ํก๊ด‘๋„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ HBsAg์ด ๋†’๊ณ  anti-HBs๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฐ์ด 84.3%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, HBsAg์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ตฐ์ด HBsAg์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด ๋” ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค (p<0.05). HBeAg์ด ์–‘์„ฑ์ด๊ณ  anti-HBe๊ฐ€ ์Œ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ HBeAg์€ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๊ณ  anti-HBe๋Š” ์–‘์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ 43.4%์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญํ•™์  ํ‘œ์ง€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Œ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 13.3%์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , anti-HBc IgM์€ 27.7%์—์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. HBV-DNA์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ƒ PCR๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” 51.8%๊ฐ€ ์–‘์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, CMHA๊ณผ bDNA๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 53.0%, 60.2%๊ฐ€ cut-off์น˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•„์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. HBV-DNA ์ •๋Ÿ‰๋ฒ•์ธ CMHA์™€ bDNA๋ฒ•์€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ (r=0.923, p<0.05), PCR๋ฒ•๊ณผ CMHA ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ์ •์šฐ๋Š” 9์˜ˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ 8์˜ˆ๋Š” bDNA๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋งŒ ์–‘์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. PCR๋ฒ•๊ณผ CMHA์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ bDNA๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ์–‘์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 3์˜ˆ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด 83์˜ˆ ์ค‘ 32์˜ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญํ•™์  ํ‘œ์ง€์ž์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ HBeAg์ด๋‚˜ anti-HBc IgM์ด ์–‘์„ฑ์ธ ๊ตฐ์ด ์Œ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด PCR๋ฒ•, CMHA ๋ฐ bDNA๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค (p<0.05). ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒ€์ง„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์„ ๋ณ„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ anti-HBc๋งŒ ์–‘์„ฑ์ด๊ณ  HBsAg๊ณผ anti-HBs๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ์ธ 22๊ฒ€์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š” HBeAg, anti-HBe, anti-HBc IgM๊ณผ PCR๋ฒ•, CMHA๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ HBV DNA๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•  ๋•Œ, HBsAg๊ณผ anti-HBs๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์–‘์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 51.8%-60.2%์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๋‚ด HBsAg์˜ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๊ทธ ํก๊ด‘๋„์น˜์— ๋” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญํ•™์  ํ‘œ์ง€์ž๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ•ด์„์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์™€ ํŠน์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค [์˜๋ฌธ] Serologic markers are commonly used to screen and diagnose the hepatitis B virus infection. In endemic area of hepatitis B, the coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs was frequently observed. This finding is unusual and difficult to interpret. In this study, we performed molecular biologic assays to detect HBV-DNA with the sera which showed positive HBsAg and anti-HBs. And we investigated the relationship between coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs and clinical characteristics. HBsAg and anti-HBs were detected by EIA from clinical specimens of Yonsei Medical Center Severance Hospital collected in the period between January 1996 -December 1996. Eight three specimens from Severance hospital and twenty two speciments from Health care center were available and were subjected to HBV-PCR, CMHA and HBV bDNA assay for the presence of HBV-DNA. The patients were divided into 4 groups on the basis of EIA results. Group โ…  (high HBsAg and high anti-HBs) consisted of 6 cases; group โ…ก (high HBsAg and low anti-HBs) consisted of 70 cases; group โ…ข (low HBsAg and high anti-HBs) consisted of 1 case; group โ…ฃ (low HBaAg and low anti-HBs) consisted of 6 cases; Among 83 cases, the positive rates were using PCR method, 43 cases (51.8%), CMHA 44 cases (53.0%), bDNA 50 cases (60.2%). HBeAg and anti-HBc IgM were helpful to predict the presence of HBV DNA in the sera. From these results, we concluded that about half of the patients from Severance Hospital who showed positive for both HBsAg and anti-HBs were positive for HBV DNA detection by molecular biologic methods. In contrast, no one showed positive result whose serologic markers were only anti-HBc(+) without HBsAg and anti-HBs positivity which were collected from Health care center. Taken together, the management and follow-up of the patients of HBV infection could be greatly aided by combined adoption of molecular biologic assay of HBV-DNA with other serologic markers such as HBeAg and anti-HBc IgM.restrictio

    A study on the difference in occurrence of bone metastasis according to androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer patients

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    Background and Purpose Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide, and it is known that 900,000 people are newly diagnosed with prostate cancer every year. The main treatment options for prostate cancer include prostatectomy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy(ADT). Initially, testosterone blockade was used only in patients with metastatic prostate cancer, but now it is used as an adjunct to radiation therapy for locally or locally advanced cancer, and it can also be used when prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels rise after prostatectomy. Several randomized studies have shown that testosterone blockade improves overall survival in prostate cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of risk of male hormone blockade therapy on the development of bone metastasis, a major complication of prostate cancer patients. Subject and Methods This study is a retrospective cohort study using a sample cohort of the National Health Insurance Corporation from 2002 to 2013. A landmark analysis was performed to remove the immortal time bias that overestimated the survival function of the treatment group including testosterone blockade. In order to exclude patients with prostate cancer who may have been treated for prostate cancer, subjects with a diagnosis in 2002 were excluded, and subjects who did not receive direct treatment after diagnosis of prostate cancer were sequentially excluded and analyzed. Afterwards, the landmark period was set to 1 and 3 years from the first diagnosis of prostate cancer. Those who had bone metastasis or died during the landmark period were excluded from the analysis, and a total of 759 and 652 people were selected as subjects for the study and testosterone hormone. The analysis was carried out by dividing the group into an inclusion group and a non-inclusion group according to the presence or absence of blockade therapy. The Chi-square test was performed to confirm the general characteristics of the subjects, and the Kaplan-Meier curve was confirmed to estimate the survival curves of the two groups for the occurrence of bone metastases. In addition, the Hazard Ratio was calculated using the Cox proportional risk model. Finally, the relationship between testosterone blockade therapy and bone metastasis was analyzed by dividing into subgroups according to the treatment method. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4. Results As a result of the analysis, most of the subjects who received treatment were elderly subjects over 60 years old, 41.03% in their 60s and 46.50% in their 70s or older in the group without testosterone blockade, and those in their 70s or older in the group including testosterone blockade. It was confirmed as 73.02%. The risk of bone metastasis was high in the group including testosterone blockade for both 1 year and 3 years of landmark time, and was 5.71 times higher at landmark 1 year and 8.55 times higher at landmark 3 years, which was statistically significant. In the sub-analysis results confirmed by treatment regimen, the risk of bone metastasis was 5.06 times higher in the subjects who underwent prostatectomy, and 3.74 times higher in the subjects who received radiation therapy. It was lower than that of the prostatectomy group, but it was not statistically significant. Conclusions This study not only confirmed that the risk of bone metastasis was different depending on whether or not male hormone blockade was applied, but also showed that there is a difference in the risk of occurrence depending on the treatment regimen (prostatectomy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy). However, in order to accurately confirm the effect of male hormone blockade therapy on the occurrence of bone metastases, long-term studies including test results that can accurately confirm the progress of the disease and the timing of metastasis and recurrence will be required. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ : ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•”์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์•”์ด๊ณ  ๋งค๋…„ 90๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•”์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•, ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ•(Androgen deprivation therapy, ADT)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ•๋Š” ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•” ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์†Œ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ฑ ์•”์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ํŠน์ดํ•ญ์›(Prostate- specific antigen, PSA)์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ•์ด ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค(์‹ ๋ณด์„ฑ ์™ธ, 2016). ์ด์— ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ•์ด ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์ธ ๊ณจ ์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2002๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2013๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๊ณต๋‹จ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ›„ํ–ฅ์  ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ• ํฌํ•จ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ƒ์กดํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๋Œ€์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” Immortal time bias๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Landmark analysis๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•”์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ค ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ค‘์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๋ณ‘์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 2002๋…„ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ํ›„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋žœ๋“œ๋งˆํฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•” ์ตœ์ดˆ ์ง„๋‹จ์ผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1๋…„๊ณผ 3๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋žœ๋“œ๋งˆํฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณจ ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ์ž๋Š” ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 759๋ช…๊ณผ 652๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ• ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌํ•จ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„ํฌํ•จ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Chi-square test๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณจ ์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ƒ์กด ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Kaplan-Meier curve๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฝ•์Šค๋น„๋ก€์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณจ ์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜๋น„(Hazard Ratio)๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•˜์œ„์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ณจ ์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์€ SAS version 9.4๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ 60๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ น ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ , ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ• ๋น„ํฌํ•จ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 60๋Œ€ 41.03%, 70๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ 46.50%์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ• ํฌํ•จ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 70๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์ด 73.02%๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋žœ๋“œ๋งˆํฌ ํƒ€์ž„ 1๋…„๊ณผ 3๋…„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ• ํฌํ•จ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ณจ ์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋žœ๋“œ๋งˆํฌ 1๋…„์—์„œ 5.71๋ฐฐ, ๋žœ๋“œ๋งˆํฌ 3๋…„์—์„œ๋Š” 8.55๋ฐฐ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒ์š”๋ฒ•๋ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ํ•˜์œ„๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณจ ์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 5.06๋ฐฐ์ด๊ณ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 3.74๋ฐฐ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์–ด, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ณจ ์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณจ ์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์š”๋ฒ•(์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ณจ ์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ์ „์ด ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ฐœ ์‹œ์ ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.open์„

    Structural equation modeling on life satisfaction in grandmothers parenting grandchildren

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ(๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™ ์ „๊ณต),2009.2.Docto

    ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์งˆ์  ์ •์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ฑ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 2. ์ด๊ฒฝ๋ฌต.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์  ์ •์„œ(dispositional affect)๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํ–‰์œ„๋‚˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. Relational demography์™€ Affect ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์  ์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์†ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์ •์„œ์™€ ์„œ๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ์ง€ (ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹, ํƒœ๋„ ๋ฐ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ด๋ก ์ , ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. Similarity-attraction ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์  ์†์„ฑ, ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ uniqueness theory๋‚˜ optimal distinctiveness theory์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด, ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์†์—์„œ, ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋™์‹œ์— ํƒ€์ž์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ฑ, ์ฆ‰ ๋‚จ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‹œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. Relational demography ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ–‰๋™์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์งˆ์  ์ •์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉํŠน์„ฑ(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด Big 5์˜ Extraversion)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜(์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์ง€, ๋Œ€์ธ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ํ˜น์€ ์—…๋ฌด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์„ฑํ–ฅ ๋“ฑ)์™€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธํ–‰๋™(๊ด€๊ณ„์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํ–‰๋™)์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์งˆ์  ์ •์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ •์„œ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ(affective context)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋จ์„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„(multilevel analysis)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์งˆ์  ์ •์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์˜ ์ •์„œ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ–‰์œ„(LEMB)์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. 66๊ฐœ ์ž‘์—…์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์†ํ•œ 293๋ช…์˜ ์ข…์—…์›์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ์งˆ์  ์ •์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™” ๋ฐ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑํ–ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ง€ํ–ฅํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์  ์ •์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ(์ง‘๋‹จ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ธ์ •์  ์ •์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ๊ธ์ •์  ์ •์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ •์ฒด๊ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ธ์ •์  ์ •์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋”์˜ ์ •์„œ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์  ์ •์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ฆํญ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ •์„œ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค.This dissertation examines how an individuals dispositional affect may interact with those of group members to generate important individual outcomes, such as helping behavior and change-oriented behavior. Drawing upon research in relational demography and affect, this study focuses specifically on the effects of dissimilarity between a persons affect and that of others in the same work group in terms of the individual outcomes of that person. Whereas prior studies have overemphasized the collective character of the group based on the similarity-attraction paradigm and have largely predicted negative consequences of individual dissimilarity, this study explores the possibility that being affectively different may lead to positive outcomes. Social psychological research, such as uniqueness theory and optimal distinctiveness theory, suggests that differentiation in itself is the basic human drive behind how an individual selects a social identity even when working dependently within groups. The present study identifies an intervening mechanism that opens the possibility for both positive and negative effects of affective dissimilarity on individual outcomes through examining various mediating variablesโ€”such as identity-related, interpersonal, and task-related variablesโ€”and integrating different types of outcomes, including both relationship and change-oriented behaviors. Moreover, this dissertation provides a multilevel conceptualization of affective dynamics in groups and examines whether the individual outcomes of affective dissimilarity may vary depending on the group affective context of the individual. This study also examines the moderating role of leaders emotion management behavior (LEMB) on the relationship between members affective dissimilarity and their identity-related cognition. Multilevel analyses of data collected from 293 employees from 66 work teams reveal that affective dissimilarity serves as a basis for individual distinctiveness or differentiation, which in turn leads to a risk-taking orientation and change-oriented behavior of the individual. In addition, the results of this study show that positive affect (PA) diversity neutralizes the negative effects of PA dissimilarity on group identification, whereas it has facilitating effects on individual differentiation, confirming the context-dependency of the affective processes. LEMB is found to intensify the positive influence of PA dissimilarity on individual differentiation. In conclusion, affective processes in groups should be conceptualized as context-dependent, multilevel phenomena that require further elaboration of their boundary contingencies.Abstract.........................................................................i List of Figures...............................................................vi List of Tables...............................................................vii CHAPTERS...................................................................1 I. INTRODUCTION..........................................................1 Dispositional Affect and Performance.......................3 Dispositional Affect in Group Research.....................5 A The Effects of Affective Dissimilarity: Birds of a Feather Flock Together versus Opposites Attract......................................6 II. LITERATURE REVIEW................................................16 A Review of Relational Demography........................16 Definition of Relational Demography within Groups..................................................16 Theoretical Foundations of Relational Demography....................................18 Diversity Dimensions.......................................20 Effects of Relational Demography on Individual Outcomes....................................21 A Review of Affect Research..................................23 Definition of Dispositional Affect.........................23 Dispositional Affect in Relation to Big 5 Personality Traits....................................23 Dispositional Affect and Voluntary Work Behavior...................................24 Emotion Management......................................32 III. THEORY DEVELOPMENT AND HYPOTHESES.............34 Overview of the Model...........................................34 Hypotheses..........................................................38 The Effects of Dispositional Affect on Identity-Related Cognition............................38 The Effects of Affective Dissimilarity on Individual Performance................................41 Conceptualization of Affective Dissimilarity...41 The Effects of Affective Dissimilarity on Individual Behavior......................................42 The Importance of Affective Dissimilarity In Individual Behavior.................................42 Person-Group Fit Theory as a Theoretical Background....................43 The Effects of Affective Dissimilarity on Identity-Related Cognitions..........................48 Two Types of Identity-Related Cognition: Group Identification versus Individual Differentiation..............................48 The Effects of Identity-Related Cognition on Interpersonal Relationship............................52 Group Identification and Interpersonal Relationship...........................52 The Effects of Identity-Related Cognition on Task-related Orientation...............................52 Individual Differentiation and Task-Related Orientation............................48 The Effects of Interpersonal Relationship on Relationship-Oriented Behaviors..................53 The Effects of Risk-taking Behavior on Change-Oriented Behaviors..............................54 Mediating Role of Identity-related Cognition, Interpersonal Relationship, and Task-related Orientation...................................55 Cross-Level Interaction between Group Affective Diversity and Affective Dissimilarity................................57 Salience of Affective Dissimilarity: Moderating Role of Affective Diversity.........58 Cross-Level Moderation of Leader Emotion Management Behavior.............60 IV. MODEL TESTING....................................................62 Research Setting, Participants, and Procedures..............................................62 Measures......................................................63 V. RESULTS................................................................67 Preliminary Analyses..........................................67 Comparison of the Hypothesized Model and Alternative Models.........................................67 Tests of Hypotheses.............................................75 Post-hoc Analyses...............................................94 VI. DISSCUSSION........................................................102 Theoretical Implications.......................................103 Practical Implications..........................................108 Study Limitations and Conclusion.........................110 REFERENCES............................................................114 APPENDICES.............................................................157 KOREAN ABSTRACT...................................................166Docto
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