15 research outputs found

    ์งˆํ™”๋ง‰ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ•‘ ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‰ฌ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ / ์ง€์šฐ๊ธฐ / ์œ ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐ. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2011.8. ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘๊ตญ.Docto

    Studies on the mechanism of norepinephrine supersensitivity by cocaine

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] [์˜๋ฌธ] Since Frohlich and Loewi (1910) first described sensitization by cocaine of various organs to epinephrine, different explanations for the potentiating effect of cocaine on responses to epinephrine or norepinephrine have been offered. The early suggestion of Torda(1943) concerning cocaine potentiation was that cocaine delays the inactivation of epinephrine and norepinephrine so that following the injection of a given dose the concentration at the receptors would be higher. Later, Burn(1952b) postulated that this action of cocaine had been thought to be responsible for the supersensitivity to norepinephrine, since cocaine was found to inhibit amine oxidase(philpot, 1940). On the other hand, Fleckenstein and Bass(1953) pointed out that cocaine caused "pharmacological denervation" by inhibiting the release of norepinephrine from postganglionic nerve endings and thus increased the sensitivity of the nictitating membrane. Furthermore, Trendelenburg(1959) suggested that cocaine increased the sensitivity by delaying the inactivation of norepinephrine and thin inactivation was possibly due to the tissue binding of norepinephrine. Since the recent investigations have demonstrated a rapid uptake of injected norepinephrine by various tissues(Muscholl, 1961; Kopin et al., 1962), and this uptake was been thought to be the most important mechanism of rapid inactivation, the potentiating action of cocaine has been explained on the basis of its ability to block norepinephrine uptake in tissue(MacMillan, 1959). Nevertheless of these numerous investigations, the precise mechanism whereby cocaine sensitizes the cardiac muscle to norepinephrine is poorly understood. The present experiment was therefore performed further to elucidate the nature of norepinephrine supersensitivity by cocaine in cardiac tissue, with special reference to myocardial catecholamines. Methods Atria isolated from rabbits treated with various drugs were employed in this experiment. The heart was rapidly removed from rabbits under ether anesthesia. The atria isolated from ventricles, were suspended in a constant temperature(38โ„ƒ) bath containing 100 ml Tyrode solution aerated with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. The spontaneous contractile amplitude was recorded with a isotonic lever. Drugs were added to the bath and the changes of contractile amplitude and rate of spontaneous beat were expressed as per cent changes relative to those prior to the addition of the drugs. The catecholamine content of cardiac muscle was determined by the spectrophotofluorometric procedure described by Shore and Olin(1958). MAO activity was determined colorimedtrically according to the procedure of Green and Haughton(1961). Results 1. Normal: Cocaine exerted little or no effects on the isolates atria from normal rabbits at concentrations below 3ร—10**-5 M. However, following the administration of cocaine(10**-5 M), the cardiostimulant response of the atria to norepinephrine was markedly augmented. Similar augmentation of the cardiostimulant activity of norepinephrine was observed in the atria pretreated with cocaine and SKF-385(10**-5 M) which has completely inhibited the monoamine oxidase activity in the cardiac tissues. After pretreatment of pyrogallol(10**-5 M) and cocaine, the augmentation of activity of norepinephrine was also similar to that seen in the atria of rabbits treated with cocaine alone. Consequently, the administration of both SKF-385 and pyrogallol did not significantly mortify the cardiostimulant response of the atria to norepinephrine in the presence of cocaine. This result suggests that augmentation of the activity of norepinephrine is due to neither the suppression of MAO-activity nor the inhibition of COMT in these atria. 2. Reserpine treated: Reserpine(3.Omg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into rabbits and the animals were killed 24 hours after the injection. The myocardial catecholamine content of these animals was markedly depleted. In the presence of cocaine, the cardiostimulant response of the atria to norepinephrine was not significantly different from those observed in normal atria. Examination of catecholamine content of atria after exposure of norepinephrine (3ร—10**-7 ) revealed an average 0.25 ฮผg/g. This value is significantly higher than the mean value of unexposed atria, 0.08ฮผg/g. Whereas, in the presence of cocaine catecholamine content of these atria was significantly decreased to 0.15 ฮผg/g. After inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity by the administration of SKF-385, augmentation of activity of norepinephrine was similar to that seen in those atria treated with cocaine alone. However, following the administration of cocaine the cardiostimulant response of those atria to norepinephrine was most markedly pronounced. 3. Norepinephrine treated: The injection of norepinephrine(2.Omg/kg) markedly elevated the concentration of myocardial catecholamines in rabbits. The cardiostimulant response of the atria to norepinephrine was greatly reduced as compared with those of normal and reserpine treated atria. Following the administration of cocaine, the augmentation of activity of norepinephrine was observed in these atria. However this augmentation was far below level than those seen in normal and reserpine treated atria. From the above results, it may be concluded that the ability of cocaine to potentiate the activity of norepinephrine in a cardiac tissue depends on the extent to which the amine is inactivated in that tissue by an uptake mechanism which is sensitive to inhibit by cocaine. Furthermore this result also suggested that the augmentation of activity of norepinephrine by cocaine is closely related to the quantitative changes of the endogenous myocardial catecholamine content.restrictio

    Modeling of ProgramErase characteristics of NAND-type SONOS flash memory

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2007.Maste

    Priorities for financial investments in promoting elite sports in Korea

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ,1998.Docto

    ํด๋ฆฌํ”„๋กœํ•„๋ Œ/ ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ-๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆด์‚ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด/ํด๋ ˆ์ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์œ ๋ณ€๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํด๋กœ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 8. ์ด์Šน์ข….In this study, ternary composites of polypropylene / ionomer / clay were investigated depending on the dispersion and localization of clay. The transition of property were observed by adding additive fillers. Fillers were localized inside of the dispersed phase under the critical mass ratio. However, over that composition, the clay particles formed stiff network structure in the dispersed phase and additional clays were localized at the interface between two phases. The interaction of ternary composites changed from polypropylene-ionomer to polypropylene-ionomer and ionomer-clay according to development of microstructure. The transition point of storage modulus (G) was observed due to the evolution of microstructure. Depending on the growth of rheological properties, the fractured morphology of the composites changed from phase separated morphology to compatibilized morphology due to dispersion of fillers and droplet size of dispersed phase changed. The interfacial interaction of the ternary composite was quantified depending on the structural development of dispersed phase by the rheological properties. Also, interfacial interaction at solid state were measured through peel adhesion strength increased by evolution of microstructure. Furthermore, the crystallinity of the composites was decreased when the clay particles were localized at the interface.Contents Abstractโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ โ…ฐ List of Figuresโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ โ…ด List of Tablesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ โ…ถ 1. Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.... 1 1.1 Polymer/clay nanocomposites โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 1 1.2 Nanoclay exfoliation methodsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 1 1.3 Nanocomposites processingโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 3 1.4 Ternary nanocompositesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 5 1.5 Nanoparticle as a compatibilizer in immiscible blendsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 6 2. Experimental partโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 8 2.1 Materialsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 8 2.2 Processingโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 10 2.3 Characterizationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 12 2.3.1 X-ray differaction (XRD)โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 12 2.3.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 12 2.3.3 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 12 2.3.4 Rheologyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 12 2.3.5 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 13 2.3.6 Peel adhesion tests โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 13 3. Results and discussionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 14 3.1 Effect of clay concentration โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 14 3.1.1 Intercalated structure of clay โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 14 3.1.2 SEM microscopy morphology โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 16 3.1.3 Rheological properties โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 18 3.1.4 Relation between rheology and morphologyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 22 3.2 Microstructure analysis โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 24 3.2.1 Wetting properties โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 24 3.2.2 TEM microscopy morphology โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 28 3.2.3 Dispersed phase structure โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 30 3.3 Quantification of interfacial interaction โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 34 3.3.1 Miscibility of ternary system โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 34 3.3.2 Effective volume analysis โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 37 3.3.3 Solid state adhesion strength โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 39 3.4 Crystallization effect โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 42 4. Conclusionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 46 Referencesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 48 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์š”์•ฝโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 50Maste

    KSTAR ํ† ์นด๋ง‰์— ์ ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณต๋ช…์ž๊ธฐ์„ญ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์‚ฌ

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    Thesis(masters) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์—๋„ˆ์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2010.2.Maste

    ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆใ€ : ์ถ•์‚ฌ

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    ์ฒญ๋ง ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ์˜ ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋™์–‘์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 8. ๊น€ํ˜•์ข….ๆœฌ็จฟ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋ง(ๅ…‰็ท–ใ†ๅฎฃ็ตฑ๏ฆŽ้–“1875~1911) ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็œ์—์„œ์˜ ่‡ช็„ถ็ฝๅฎณ ๆ•‘ๆฟŸๅ•้กŒ๋ฅผ ๅœ‹ๅฎถ์™€ ็คพๆœƒ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์ด๋ž€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ 4๋Œ€ ์žฌํ•ด ์ง‘์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ(็พค็™ผๆœŸ)๋กœ์„œ ์ฒญ๋Œ€ ์ „๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์žฌํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๅ…‰็ท–์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ™”๋ถ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๅคงๆ—ฑ็ฝ(ไธๆˆŠๅฅ‡่’)์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๆ•‘่’่ƒฝๅŠ›์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฌ์‹คํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ด‘์„œใ†์„ ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์•„ํŽธ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ์‹ฌํ™”๋œ ์™ธ์„ธ์˜ ์นจ๋žต๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฐ ์ฆ‰ ๅคชๅนณๅคฉๅœ‹ใ†๏ฆค่ป์˜ ๋‚œ์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์ดํ›„์—ฌ์„œ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ฒด์ œ ์ด์™„ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์žฌ์ •์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์žฌ์ •๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ฒด์ œ ์ •๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์‹คํžˆ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์˜ ๋นˆ๋ฐœ์€ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์งˆ์„œ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ็ตฑๆฒป็งฉๅบ๋ฅผ ๋™์š”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. ไธๆˆŠๅฅ‡่’์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตฌํ™ฉ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์กฐ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ •๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™ฉ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ƒํ•ด์˜ ็พฉ่ณ‘็ดณๅ•†๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ๊ตฌ์ œํ™œ๋™(็พฉ่ณ‘)์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตฌํ™ฉ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„ ์ƒ์„ค์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ(็ฑŒ่ณ‘ๅ…ฌๆ‰€)๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์ง„ ์‹ ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ฒœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๆฐ‘ๆๆฐ‘่พฆใ†๏ฅงๅˆ†็•›ๅŸŸใ†ๆ•‘ไบบๆ•‘ๆ’คใ†๏ฅง??ๆ•์˜ ์›์น™์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์‹ ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌํ™ฉํ™œ๋™๊ณผ๋Š” ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜์ง„ํ™œ๋™์€ ์ •๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™ฉ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์  ์—ฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ํ™”๋ถ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ไป–ๅœฐๅŸŸ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ œํ™œ๋™์„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜์ง„ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ์˜ ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ ์‹œ, ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ(ๅฎ˜่ณ‘)์™€ ็พฉ่ณ‘์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๅฎ˜่ณ‘๊ณผ ็พฉ่ณ‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ญํ•™๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ์€ ์žฌํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋นˆ๋„๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฌ์ œ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ, ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ์€ ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ๆทฎๆฒณ, ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ้•ทๆฑŸ์ด ่ฅฟ์—์„œ ๆฑ์œผ๋กœ ่ฒซๆตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๅนนๆต๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๆ”ฏๆต๊ฐ€ ์ข…ํšก์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ์€ ๆทฎๆฒณ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ์•„์—ด๋Œ€์„ฑ ๊ธฐํ›„์™€ ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ๋‚œ์˜จ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ้Žๆธกๅœฐๅธถ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์žฌํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๋ถ๋ถ€(?ๅŒ—)๊ณผ ๋‚จ๋ถ€(?ๅ—)์˜ ็”Ÿๆ…‹็’ฐๅขƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์žฌํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋Œ€์‘์–‘์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๆทธๆœซ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ์—์„œ์˜ ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ็ฌฌ1็ซ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๅ…‰็ท–ใ†ๅฎฃ็ตฑ๏ฆŽ้–“ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ์˜ ์žฌํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋จผ์ € ๊ด‘์„œ์›๋…„(1875)~์„ ํ†ต3๋…„(1911) ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์žฌํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๆทฎๆฒณใ†้•ทๆฑŸ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๆฐดๆ–‡้ซ”็ณป์™€ ๊ธฐํ›„์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ฃผ๋กœ ๆฐด็ฝ์™€ ๆ—ฑ็ฝ๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๆฐดๆ—ฑ็ฝๅฎณ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์„์— ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ?ๅŒ—๊ณผ ?ๅ—์˜ ็”Ÿๆ…‹็’ฐๅขƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์žฌํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์–‘์ƒ์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ?ๅŒ—์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ฒ™๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๋†์—…ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์žฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•ด์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์˜ ๏งŠๆฐ‘็พ่ฑก์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์žฌํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ้€ƒ่’้›ฃๆฐ‘์ด๋‚˜ ๅœŸๅŒชๆดปๅ‹•์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๋ถ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๏ฆค่ป์˜ ๋‚œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ ์ž”๋‹น๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๊ตด์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ง€์—ญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋˜ํ•œ ๅผบๆ‚ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ?ๅ—์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ้•ทๆฑŸ ์–‘์•ˆ์˜ ?็”ฐๅœฐๅŸŸ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์Œ€์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ้•ทๆฑŸ ๆฐด้‹็ถฒ์„ ์šดํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ็ฑณ่ˆน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ฝํƒˆ(?็ฑณๆšดๅ‹•)๊ณผ ็œๅค–๋กœ์˜ ์œ ํ†ต์ €์ง€(??)์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ่พ›ไบฅ้ฉๅ‘ฝ ็›ดๅ‰ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตฌํ™ฉ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒ์กด์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ž์ฒด์  ๋Œ€์‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์ง€ ์ค‘ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ง€์—ญ์  ์ƒํƒœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ็ฌฌ2็ซ ๊ณผ ็ฌฌ3็ซ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๅœ‹ๅฎถ์˜ ๆ•‘ๆฟŸ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ่ฒกๆ”ฟ็š„ ๆ‰‹ๆฎต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๅ€‰ๅ„ฒ์™€ ่ณ‘ๆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๅ…‰็ท–ใ†ๅฎฃ็ตฑ๏ฆŽ้–“ ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็œ์˜ ๅ€‰ๅ„ฒๅˆถๅบฆ์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๅคชๅนณๅคฉๅœ‹๊ณผ ๏ฆค่ป์˜ ๋‚œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆํœ˜ ๅ…จ็œ์˜ ๅ€‰ๅ„ฒ(ๅธธๅนณๅ€‰ใ†็คพๅ€‰ใ†็พฉๅ€‰) ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ์ดํ›„์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ฐฝ์ €์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๅ‚™่’์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์ €์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ๅฎ˜ๅ€‰์ธ ๅธธๅนณๅ€‰์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด, ๆฐ‘้–“์˜ ่‡ชๆฒป็š„์ธ ๆ€งๆ ผ์˜ ็คพๅ€‰ใ†็พฉๅ€‰์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ด‘์„œใ†์„ ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ฐฝ์ €์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๋…ผ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ์‚ฌ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ์˜์ฐฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž… ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑด๋ฅญ์ดํ›„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ˜„๋ฌผ๋น„์ถ•์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•œ ํ˜„๊ธˆ๋น„์ถ• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ด‘์„œใ†์„ ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ฐ„์—๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ณก์‹๋น„์ถ•๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„๊ธˆ๋น„์ถ•์ด ์ฐฝ์ € ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์žฌํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ๋น„์ถ•ํ•œ ํ˜„๊ธˆ์„ ์ด์žฌ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ด€์˜ ๆŽก่ฒท๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ธ์˜ ์œ ํ†ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ด์žฌ๋ฏผ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๋ณดํŽธํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๊ธˆ๋น„์ถ•์€ ์ฒญ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ด๋ž˜ ๋ฏธ๊ณก์œ ํ†ต์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ์‚ฌ์‹œ ๋ฏธ๊ณก ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ??ใ†?็ฑณๆšดๅ‹•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ œ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค๋ฌผ๋น„์ถ• ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„๊ธˆ๋น„์ถ• ์‹œ์— ๊ด€์ธก์—์„œ ๅ€‰ๅ„ฒ๋ฅผ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฐฉ๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ฐฝ์ €์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…(ๅฎ˜ๆฒปๅŒ–) ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹น์ดˆ ์ฐฝ์ €์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ทจ์ง€์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‚ฌ์ฐฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๅฎ˜ๆฒปๅŒ– ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ๊ด‘์„œ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ „์—๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์ € ๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ๋‹น์ดˆ์˜ ์ทจ์ง€์™€๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์›์ธ์€ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๋‚ด ็ดณๅฃซ์˜ ๋น„ํ˜‘์กฐ์  ํƒœ๋„, ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ์‚ฌ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฐฝ์ €๋ณต๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‹ ์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ด€ ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ฐฝ์ €์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋น„๋ก ์ฐฝ์ €์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒญ๋ง ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋น„์ถ•๋Ÿ‰(๊ณก์‹ ํ˜น์€ ํ˜„๊ธˆ)์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค 1์ธ๋‹น ํ‰๊ท ์ €์žฅ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฐฝ๊ณก ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ œํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋‹จ ์ฐฝ๊ณก์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์žฌ๋น„์ถ•์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์ € ๋ณต๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐฝ์ € ๋ณต๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹คํƒœ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๅฎ˜่ณ‘ ์‹œ ์ด์žฌ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณก์‹๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณดํŽธํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด‘์„œใ†์„ ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด์šฉ๋œ ่ณ‘ๆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ่ณ‘ๆ(่ณ‘ๆฟŸไบ‹ไพ‹)์€ ๆ็ด ์ค‘ ๆฒณๅทฅ, ่ป้œ€, ็‡Ÿ็”ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๆšซ่กŒไบ‹ไพ‹์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒญ๋Œ€ ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๋Œ€ ์žฌ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ ์ง€์ถœํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ž„์‹œ์  ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๅบท็†™๏ฆŽ้–“ ็”ฐ่ณฆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๆฐธไธๅŠ ่ณฆ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹จํ–‰๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์œ ์‚ฌ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ฆ์ง•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์žฌ์›ํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ่ณ‘ๆ์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ่ณ‘ๆ์€ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๅฎš้กๅค– ์žฌ์ •์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฒญ๋Œ€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด‘์„œใ†์„ ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งค๋…„ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์—์„œ ่ณ‘ๆ์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ่ณ‘ๆ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๆšซ่กŒ์—์„œ ๅธธไพ‹ๅŒ–๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘์„œใ†์„ ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ่ณ‘ๆ์€ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋„ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๅฑฑๆฑใ†ๆฒณๅ—(19์ฐจ ์ด์ƒ)๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ้ †ๅคฉใ†็›ด๏ฆธใ†ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ(15์ฐจ ์ด์ƒ) ์ˆœ์œ„์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋งŒํผ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ่ณ‘ๆ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘์„œ32๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ด์ „์€ ่ˆŠๆกˆ่ณ‘ๆ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ด‘์„œ33๋…„ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๆ–ฐๆกˆ่ณ‘ๆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ ํ†ต2๋…„๋ง~์„ ํ†ต3๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๆฑŸ?ๅฏฆๅฎ˜ๆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ่ณ‘ๆ์˜ ๅ ฑๆํ•ญ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ • ๊ทœ์ •์•ก(๏ฆต้Š€), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •์•ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ• ์ธ์œจ(ๆธ›ๆˆ)์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ ์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์— ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ่ˆŠๆกˆโ†’ๆ–ฐๆกˆโ†’ๆฑŸ?ๅฏฆๅฎ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง„์—ฐ ์ˆ˜์ž…์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ˜„์ƒ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์€ ๅ…‰็ท–27ๅนด๊ณผ ๅฎฃ็ตฑๅ…ƒๅนด ์—ฐ๋‚ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ •๋ˆ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ง„์—ฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฐ๋‚ฉ์€ ์ค‘์•™์˜ ๆˆถ้ƒจ(ํ›„์— ๏จๆ”ฏ้ƒจ)์˜ ์†Œ๊ด€์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํƒœํ‰์ฒœ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ ไธ‹็งป๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฒญ๋ง์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ่ณ‘ๆ์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„ ์ง„์—ฐ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฐ์„ฑ๋ฅ ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๆ็ดๅ‡บ่บซ่€…์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ไป•้€”ๅฃ…ๆปฏ์™€ ์ด์น˜๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฐ๋‚ฉ์„ ์ •๋ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ่ณ‘ๆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๆ็ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ ์ค‘์•™์ง‘๊ถŒํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ด€์˜ ์ž์˜์ ์ธ ๆธ›ๆˆ๏ง› ํ™•๋Œ€ ๊ธˆ์ง€์™€ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ่ณ‘ๆ์ˆ˜์ž…์•ก์ด ์ ์ฐจ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•ด ่ณ‘ๆ์˜ ์žฌ์ •์  ์ค‘์š”๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋™๋ฐ˜ ํ•˜๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ่ณ‘ๆ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ถ„์ƒ์Šน์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์  ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณ ์ฐฉํ™”๋œ ์ธก๋ฉด๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์•ก์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์„ ํ†ต2๋…„๋ง ๆฑŸ?ๅฏฆๅฎ˜ๆ ์‹ค์‹œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌํƒ€ ์„ฑ์˜ ่ณ‘ๆ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ผ์‹œ ์ •์ง€์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๆ็ดๅฑ€์˜ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์„ ๋ง‰์•„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ •๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™ฉ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์žฌํ•ด(ๅฅ‡็ฝ)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๆฑŸ่˜‡ใ†ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็œ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์—ฐ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ์—ฐ๋‚ฉ ์ˆ˜์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๆฑไธ‰็œ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ(้ผ ็–ซ) ๋“ฑ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ง„์—ฐ ์‹œํ–‰์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ๊ฐ•ํ™˜์‹ค๊ด€์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€์†์‹œ์ผœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ง•์ˆ˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฌ์ •๊ถŒ ์žฌ ์ค‘์•™์ง‘๊ถŒํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์—์„œ ๋‹จํ–‰๋œ ์กฐ์น˜์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์กด ่ˆŠๆกˆใ†ๆ–ฐๆกˆ่ณ‘ๆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๆธ›ๆˆ๏ง›์ด ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๋”๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ด€์ œ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์—ฐ ์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฒฝ๋น„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ่ณ‘ๆ์˜ ์žฌ์ •์  ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋Š” ๊ด‘์„œํ›„๊ธฐใ†์„ ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๅฎ˜่ณ‘๊ณผ ็พฉ่ณ‘ใ†ๆด‹่ณ‘์ด๋ž€ ์—ญํ•™๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ๋ง ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ๅฎ˜่ณ‘ ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์žํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๆ็ฝใ†ๅŒฟ็ฝไธๅ ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ๋‹จ, ่ƒฅๅใ†่ก™ๅฝน์— ์˜ํ•ด ์žํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ่ณฃ็ฝใ†๏ฆต็ฝ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ๋‹จ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฌํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์ตœ์ดˆ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ตฌ์ œ์‹ค์‹œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ็นผๅบ็š„ ๆ•‘่’่กŒๆ”ฟ์˜ ํ๋‹จ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ้ฉๆœŸ๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์ธ์€ ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ €ํ•˜์™€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์—๋„ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์ง„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋Š” ์ •๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™ฉ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€๋‘ํ•œ ็พฉ่ณ‘์ด ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็œ ็ฝๅฎณๆ•‘ๆฟŸ ์‹œ ๅฎ˜ใ†็ดณๅˆไฝœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๅฎ˜็พฉๅˆ่พฆ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ็ดณๅ•†์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌ์ œ ์ข…๊ฒฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ่’ๆ”ฟๆ›ธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ด€์ง„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ตฌ์ œ ์‹œ ็พฉ่ณ‘ ์‹ ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ้„•่‘ฃใ†ๅœฐไฟ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„, ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ œ(้šจๆŸป้šจๆ”พ), ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ œ(ๆ•‘ไบบๆ•‘ๆ’ค) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์›์น™์ด ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์—๋„ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์„ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ่ฎŠ่ฒŒ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๅฎ˜็พฉๅˆ่พฆ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์˜์ง„ ์‹ ์ƒ์˜ ๊ด€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์€ ์˜์ง„ ์‹ ์ƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‹น์‹œ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์„ ็พฉ่ณ‘ ็ดณๅ•†์ธก์— ไปฃ็†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ้„•่‘ฃใ†ๅœฐไฟใ†่ƒฅๅฝน ๋“ฑ์˜ ์†์— ๋งก๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ็พฉ่ณ‘ ็ดณๅ•†์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊น€์œผ๋กœ์จ ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ด€์ง„์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๏งฆ็ฝๆฐ‘์—๊ฒŒ ่ณ‘็ณง๋ณด๋‹ค ่ณ‘้Œข์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์•ก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 1์ธ๋‹น ้Œข300~400ๆ–‡ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹น์‹œ ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰ ํ‘œ์ค€์•ก์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ•œ ๋ผ ์‹์‚ฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” 1์ธ๋‹น 10๋ฌธ ์ •๋„์˜€์Œ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋žต ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ œํ•œ ์…ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์–‘์‹๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฌ์ œํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ •๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™ฉ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€๋‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ•ด ์‹ ์ƒ์˜ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ็พฉ่ณ‘์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง€์—ญ ็ดณๅฃซๅฑค์˜ ๊ตฌํ™ฉํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์€ โ‘ ๆฐ‘ๆๆฐ‘่พฆ, โ‘ก๏ฅงๅˆ†็•›ๅŸŸ, โ‘ข๏ฅง??ๆ•, โ‘ฃๆ•‘ไบบๆ•‘ๆ’ค์›์น™์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์ง„ํ™œ๋™ ์ด๋ฉด์—๋Š” ์ •๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™ฉ ๋‹น์‹œ ์„œ์–‘ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตฌ์ œํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์˜์‹์˜ ํ‘œ์ถœ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜์‹์˜ ๊ฐ์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„œ์–‘์ธ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๅ ฑๅˆŠ๊ณผ ้›ปๅ ฑ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ์žฌํ•ด์ •๋ณด ์ „ํŒŒ์™€ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์˜์ง„ ์‹ ์ƒ์ด ์ฒœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๆฐ‘ๆๆฐ‘่พฆ์˜ ์›์น™์€ ๅฎ˜๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ด‘์„œ5๋…„(1879) ์ดํ›„ ๏งก้ดป็ซ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜์ง„ ์‹ ์ƒ์ด ๊ด€์ธก์— ํฌ์„ญ๋˜์–ด, ์˜์‹  ์‹ ์ƒ์ด ๊ด€์ง„์„ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ดํ›„ ๅฎ˜็พฉๅˆ่พฆ์ด๋ž€ ๅฎ˜็ดณๅˆไฝœ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ็œๅค– ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๅŒ้„• ็ดณๅ•†์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ๊ตฌ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ ํ†ต2๋…„ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๅคงๆฐด็ฝ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็œ็•ถๅฑ€์—์„œ๋Š” ่ณ‘ๆ’ซ็ธฝๅฑ€์„ ๊ฐœ์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ็ดณๅ•†์€ ็œ้ƒฝ์— ็ฑŒ่ณ‘ๅ…ฌๆœƒ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ฒญ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ็››ๅฎฃๆ‡ท๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๆฑŸ?็ฑŒ่ณ‘ๅ…ฌๆ‰€๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๅฎ˜ใ†็ดณ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋•Œ์— ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ์ถœ์‹  ไบฌๅฎ˜๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ฑ์„ ํšŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒญ์›ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ง์ ‘ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฒฝ๋น„ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ™œ๋™์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ์ถœ์‹  ๅŒ้„•ๅฎ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ™œ๋™์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ็พฉ่ณ‘ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ถ„์ด ๋น„๋ก ํ˜„์ง ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์‹ ๋ถ„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ˆํœ˜ ๅŒ้„•ไบบ ๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ์ถœ์‹  ็ดณๅฃซ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋™ํ–ฅ๊ด€์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ์—๋Š” ๏งก็ถ“็พฒ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ๏งก้ดป็ซ  ์ง‘์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ˜„์ €ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘์„œ34๋…„(1908) ํœ˜์ฃผ๋ถ€ ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ ์‹œ ์ƒํ•ด์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋œ ?ๅ—ๅพฝๅทžๅ‹ธ่ณ‘ๅ…ฌๆ‰€(้ง?ๅพฝๅทžๆฐด็ฝๅ‹ธ่ณ‘ๅ…ฌๆ‰€)๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ๅพฝๅ•†๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•ด๊ฐ€ ํœ˜์ƒ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์›์ธ์€ ้“ๅ…‰๏ฆŽ้–“ ็ถฑ้นฝๅˆถ์™€ ๅ’ธ่ฑŠใ†ๅŒๆฒป๏ฆŽ้–“ ็ฃ้Šทๅˆถ์˜ ์‹œํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๆšๅทž ้นฝๅ•†์ด ๋ชฐ๋ฝํ•œ ์ดํ›„, ์ƒํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๅพฝๅ•†๋“ค์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฐ์ง‘์ฒ˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ด‘์„œ34๋…„์˜ ํœ˜์ฃผ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋œ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์„ ํ†ต2๋…„(1910) ์ƒํ•ด์˜ ?็ฑ ๅฎ˜ใ†็ดณใ†ๅ•†์ด ์ฃผ์ถ•์ด ๋˜์–ด ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•œ ้ง?ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็พฉ่ณ‘ๅ…ฌๆ‰€(ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็พฉ่ณ‘ๅ…ฌๆ‰€)๋Š” ์•ˆํœ˜ ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ถœ์‹ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํœ˜์ฃผ๋ถ€์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ์ „์—ญ์— ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ์ถœ์‹  ๅฎ˜ใ†็ดณใ†ๅ•†์˜ ์ด์ฒด์  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒฐ์ง‘์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ†ต2๋…„์˜ ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็พฉ่ณ‘ๅ…ฌๆ‰€๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๅบœๅทž๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ็œ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•ด ์‹ ์ƒ์˜ ์˜์ง„ํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ตฌ์ œ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๅ…จๅœ‹ๅŒ–ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๅŒ้„•ๅ‡บ่บซ ็ดณๅ•†์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ™œ๋™์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๅฎ˜็ดณๅˆไฝœ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๅฎ˜็พฉๅˆ่พฆ, ไธญๅค–ๅˆไฝœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ่ฏๆด‹็พฉ่ณ‘ๆœƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œํ™œ๋™์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๅ…‰็ท–14ๅนด(1888)๊ณผ ๅ…‰็ท–32ๅนด(1906), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๅฎฃ็ตฑ2ๅนด(1910)์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ, ๅฎ˜่ณ‘๊ณผ ็พฉ่ณ‘์˜ ์—ญํ•™๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ็พฉ่ณ‘์ด ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ็พฉ็ดณ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ถ„์ƒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘์„œใ†์„ ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฒฝ๋น„ ํˆฌ์ž… ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ด€์˜ํ•ฉํŒ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์ด ็พฉ่ณ‘์„ ์••๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ์ธ๋ ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •๋ฐฉ์ง€, ๊ตฌ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์˜์ง„ ์‹ ์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ช…์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ็พฉ่ณ‘์ด ๊ด€์ง„๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์œ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๅฎ˜็พฉๅˆ่พฆ์€ ์–‘์ž์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ž, ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์˜ ้™็•Œ๋ฅผ ็พฉ่ณ‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์—์„œ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ†ต2๋…„์˜ ๊ด€์‹ ํ•ฉํŒ์€ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๅฎ˜ๅด ่ณ‘ๆ’ซๆฉŸๆง‹์ธ ่ณ‘ๆ’ซ็ธฝๅฑ€-?ๅ—ใ†?ๅŒ—่ณ‘ๆ’ซๅฑ€๊ณผ ์‹ ์ƒ์ธต์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ็ฑŒ่ณ‘ๅ…ฌๆœƒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œํŽธ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒํ•ด์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ œํ™œ๋™์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•ด์ชฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒญ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๆฑŸ?็ฑŒ่ณ‘ๅคง่‡ฃ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋œ ็››ๅฎฃๆ‡ท๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ๆฑŸ?็ฑŒ่ณ‘ๅ…ฌๆ‰€๊ฐ€ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ™œ๋™์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ๆŸป่ณ‘ๅคง่‡ฃ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋œ ๅ‰ๅฎ‰ๅพฝๅทกๆ’ซ ้ฆฎ็…ฆ๋Š” ์„ฑ์„ ํšŒ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฌ์ œํ™œ๋™์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๅ…จๅœ‹็š„์ธ ๅฎ˜็ดณๅ”ๅŠฉ้ซ”ๅˆถ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ด€์ธก์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ž๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ˆํœ˜ ์‹ ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ƒํ•ด ็พฉ็ดณ์ด ์ด์žฌ๋ฏผ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ตฌ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๅฎ˜็พฉๅˆ่พฆ์ด ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ็ฑŒ่ณ‘ใ†ๆŸป่ณ‘ๅคง่‡ฃ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ์€ ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ•์†Œใ†์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ์˜ ์žฌํ•ด๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ปธ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๅคšๅ…ƒๅŒ–๋œ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(ๅฎ˜่ณ‘๊ณผ ็พฉ่ณ‘)์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ ํ•˜์—์„œ ไธ€ๅ…ƒๅŒ–ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€ํ• ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„์—์„œ์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ•ด์ง€์—ญ ็พฉ็ดณ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ™œ๋™ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ƒํ•ด๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ์ถœ์‹  ็ดณๅ•† ๋ฐ ์—ฌํƒ€์ง€์—ญ ๅพฝๅ•†๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ๋ชจ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ่ฏๆด‹็พฉ่ณ‘ๆœƒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ไธญ่ฅฟ ํ•ฉ์ž‘๊ตฌ์ œ ํ™œ๋™๋„ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ฑ์„ ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒํ•ด์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ์–‘์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ่ฏๆด‹็พฉ่ณ‘ๆœƒ(China International Famine Relief Commission)์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์–‘์ธ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ํ•ฉ์ž‘๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ่ฏๆด‹็พฉ่ณ‘ๆœƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์€ ์ •๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™ฉ ๋‹น์‹œ ์„œ์–‘์ธ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๅฑฑๆฑๆ•‘ๆฟŸ๊นŒ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™”์–‘์˜์ง„ํšŒ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๊ด‘์„œ14ใ†15๋…„์— ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์–‘์ธ์˜ ๅฐ่ฏ ๊ตฌ์ œํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ด€์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์„ ํ†ต2๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ ต ่ฏๆด‹็พฉ่ณ‘ๆœƒ(ๆฑŸ?็พฉ่ณ‘ๆœƒ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธก ๅฎ˜็ดณ์˜ ์ธ์‹์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๋‹น๊ตญ ๋ฐ ็ดณๅ•†์˜ ํ™”์–‘์˜์ง„ํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ง€์›์š”์ฒญ์ด ์‡„๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์„ ํ†ต2๋…„ 5์›” ์ƒํ•ด ๊ธˆ์œต๊ณตํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๅฎ˜่ณ‘๊ณผ ็พฉ่ณ‘ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฒฝ๋น„ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ์ด ๊ณค๋ž€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ™”์–‘์˜์ง„ํšŒ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์›์ธ์€ ์„œ์–‘ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๅฐ่ฏ ์„ ๊ต ์ž์ œ, ๊ตฌ์ œ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ๋ถˆ์˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•ด๋„ ไธญๅค– ๊ฐ„ ์™ธ๊ต์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋น„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ฝ์†์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ่ฏๆด‹็พฉ่ณ‘ๆœƒ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์ธ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ้ง?ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็พฉ่ณ‘ๅ…ฌๆ‰€์˜ ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•ˆํœ˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ ็ดณๅ•†์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์˜์ง„ํ™œ๋™์„ ่ฏๆด‹็พฉ่ณ‘ๆœƒ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”์–‘์˜์ง„ํšŒ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด์˜ ์„œ์–‘์ธ, ์„œ์–‘์ธ ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ž์„ ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋ฐ ํ•ด์™ธํ™”๊ต์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™”์–‘์˜์ง„ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์—ฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์œ„์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ™”์–‘์˜์ง„ํšŒ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์„ ํ†ต3๋…„ 7์›” ๋ฌด๋ ต ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ํ™”์–‘์˜์ง„ํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์ œํ™œ๋™์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ํ•ดํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋œ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ •๋ถ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™”์–‘์˜์ง„ํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œํ™œ๋™์ด ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ˜ผ๋ž€ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ์ƒํ™ฉ ์†์—์„œ ๆทธๆœใ†ๅ—ไบฌ่‡จๆ™‚ๆ”ฟๅบœใ†ๅŒ—ไบฌๆ”ฟๅบœ๊ฐ€ ๆ•‘ๆฟŸ์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๆทธๆœซ ๅ…‰็ท–ใ†ๅฎฃ็ตฑ๏ฆŽ้–“์€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๅ…งๆ†‚ๅค–ๆ‚ฃ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ็ตฑๆฒป้ซ”ๅˆถ ๅผ›็ทฉํ˜„์ƒ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ้ซ”ๅˆถๆ•ดๅ‚™๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์‹คํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ้ ป็™ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋Š” ้ซ”ๅˆถๆ•ดๅ‚™์— ๅฆจๅฎณ่ฆ็ด ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์ •์  ์ง€์ถœ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒญ๋ง ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์žฌ์ •์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์—ด์•…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฒด์ œ์ด์™„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๏งžๆฒป่…ๆ•— ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ตฌํ™ฉํ–‰์ •์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ้‹็”จํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ƒํ•ด ์˜์ง„ ็ดณๅ•†์˜ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์„œ๋ง‰์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๋ง ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตฌํ™ฉ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋น„๋ก ์‡ ํ‡ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒญ ์ „๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌํ™ฉ๊ด€๋ จ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ๊ธฐ์กด ํ–‰์ •์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ด€์ง„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ่ƒฅๅฝน ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฒฝ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •๊ทœ ์ง€์ถœํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ็ณŸ็ณง์˜ ๆˆช็•™, ๅ…งๅธ‘, ็œ้–“ ๅ”ๆฟŸ, ่ณ‘ๆ, ๅ€‰ๅ„ฒ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋™์›์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๅฎ˜็พฉๅˆ่พฆ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์ด ็พฉ่ณ‘๋ณด๋‹ค ์••๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์  ์ธก๋ฉด๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตฌํ™ฉ ์ „๋ฌธ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ์™€ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘์˜ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ๅฎ˜็พฉๅˆ่พฆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์˜์ง„ ์‹ ์ƒ์„ ํฌ์„ญํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1911๋…„ ็ฉบๅ‰์˜ ์žฌํ•ด์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์„œ์–‘์ธ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰(่ฏๆด‹็พฉ่ณ‘ๆœƒ)๊นŒ์ง€ ๋™์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๋ง ์ „๊ฐœ๋œ ็พฉ่ณ‘, ๅฎ˜็พฉๅˆ่พฆ, ่ฏๆด‹็พฉ่ณ‘ๆœƒ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์ฒญ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฉธ๋ง ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ็ต‚ๆฑบ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋น„๋ก ็พฉ่ณ‘ใ†่ฏๆด‹็พฉ่ณ‘, ๅŒ้„• ็ดณๅ•†์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๋‚ด์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ็ดณใ†ๅ•†์ด ์ฃผ์ถ•์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๅค–ๅœฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์›์กฐ์— ์˜์กดํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๋‚ด์˜ ็ดณๅฃซ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ็ดณๅฃซ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ์žฌํ•ด๊ตฌ์ œ๋Š” ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ์‹ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์—ญํ• ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็œ็•ถๅฑ€, ๆทธๆœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ไธŠๆตท ็ดณๅ•†์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‹ฌ์–ด : ่‡ช็„ถ็ฝๅฎณ, ?ๅŒ—, ?ๅ—, ๏งŠๆฐ‘, ้€ƒ่’้›ฃๆฐ‘, ๅœŸๅŒช, ??, ?็ฑณๆšดๅ‹•, ๅ€‰ๅ„ฒ, ๅธธๅนณๅ€‰, ็คพๅ€‰, ็พฉๅ€‰, ่ณ‘ๆ, ๅฎ˜่ณ‘, ็พฉ่ณ‘, ๅฎ˜็พฉๅˆ่พฆ, ่ฏๆด‹็พฉ่ณ‘ๆœƒ, ๅŒ้„•็ดณๅ•†, ไธŠๆตท็ดณๅ•†. ํ•™ ๋ฒˆ : 2006-30030๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 1 ็ท– ่ซ– 1 ็ฌฌ1็ซ  ๅ…‰็ท–ใ†ๅฎฃ็ตฑ๏ฆŽ้–“ ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็œ์˜ ์žฌํ•ด์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ 18 1. ์žฌํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์  ํŠน์ง• 18 2. ?ๅŒ—์ง€์—ญ์˜ ้€ƒ่’้›ฃๆฐ‘ใ†ๅœŸๅŒช ํ™œ๋™ 32 3. ?ๅ—์ง€์—ญ์˜ ??ใ†?็ฑณๆšดๅ‹• 52 ๅฐ็ต 70 ็ฌฌ2็ซ  ๆทธๆœซ ๅฎ‰ๅพฝ็œ์˜ ๅ€‰ๅ„ฒๅˆถๅบฆ ๋ณต๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ 76 1. ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๅ€‰ๅ„ฒ์˜ ์‹คํƒœ์™€ ์ •๋ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 76 2. ๅ€‰ๅ„ฒ ๋ณต๊ตฌ์™€ ์šด์˜์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ 95 3. ๅ€‰ๅ„ฒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๆ•‘ๆฟŸ้ฃŸ็ณง ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 111 ๅฐ็ต 120 ็ฌฌ3็ซ  ๆทธๆœซ ์•ˆํœ˜์„ฑ ๆ•‘ๆฟŸ็ถ“่ฒป ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ่ณ‘ๆ 122 1. ๅ…‰็ท–๏ฆŽ้–“ ่ˆŠๆกˆ์ง„์—ฐ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ 124 2. ๆ็ดๅˆถ์˜ ์ •๋ˆ๊ณผ ๆ–ฐๆกˆ์ง„์—ฐ 142 3. ๅฎฃ็ตฑ2๋…„ ๆฑŸ?ๅฏฆๅฎ˜ๆ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ 155 ๅฐ็ต 165 ็ฌฌ4็ซ  ๆทธๆœซ ็ฝๅฎณๆ•‘ๆฟŸ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ€ํ™”: ๅฎ˜็ดณใ†ไธญๅค–ๅˆไฝœ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ 168 1. ๅฎ˜่ณ‘์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ๊ณผ ็พฉ่ณ‘ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ฐœ์‹œ 168 2. ๅŒ้„• ็ดณๅ•†์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ๊ตฌ์ œ 207 3. 1910๋…„ ๅคงๆฐด็ฝ ๊ตฌ์ œ์™€ ๅฎ˜็พฉๅˆ่พฆใ†่ฏๆด‹็พฉ่ณ‘ํ™œ๋™ 222 ๅฐ็ต 246 ็ต ่ซ– 250 ๅƒ่€ƒๆ–‡็ป 255 ไธญๆ–‡ๆ‘˜่ฆ 296Docto

    EXPRESSION AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ODONTOBLAST-DERIVED GENE: OD314

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    Odontoblasts are responsible for the formation and maintenance of dentin. They are known to synthesize unique gene products including dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP). Another unique genes of the cells remain unclear. OD314 was isolated from the odontoblasts/pulp cells of rats and partially characterized as an odontoblast-enriched gene (Dey et al., 2001). This study aimed to elucidate the biological function of OD314, relating to odontoblast differentiation and dentinogenesis. After determining the open reading frame (ORP) of OD314 by transient transfection analysis using green fluorescent protein (GPP) expression vector, mRNA in-situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western analysis were performed. The results were as follows: 1. In in-situ hybridization, OD314 mRNAs were expressed in odontoblasts of developing coronal and root pulp. 2. OD314 was a novel protein encoding 154 amino acids, and the protein was mainly expressed in cytoplasm by transient transfection analysis. 3. Mineralized nodules were associated with multilayer cell nodules in the culture of human dental pulp cells and first detected from day 21 using alizarin-red S staining. 4. In RT-PCR analysis, OD314, osteocalcin (OC) and DSPP strongly expressed throughout 28 days of culture. Whereas, osteonectin (ON) mRNA expression stayed low up to day 14, and then gradually decreased from day 21. 5. Western blots showed an approximately 17 kDa band. OD314 protein was expressed from the start of culture and then increased greatly from day 21. In conclusion, OD314 is considered as an odontoblast-enriched gene and may play important roles in odontoblast differentiation and dentin mineralization.ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผํ•™์žฌ๋‹จ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์—ฐ
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