42 research outputs found
Effects of bacteriophage and choline as feed additives on physiology and productivity in broilers and pigs
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곡νλΆ, 2014. 8. κΉμ μ©.Effects of Bacteriophage and Choline as Feed Additives on Physiology and Productivity in Broilers and Pigs
These experiments were performed to investigate 1) effects of bacteriophage on prevention of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers, 2) effects of bacteriophage on growth performance, fecal properties, blood profiles, and immune response in weaning pigs, and 3) effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on physiological responses, growth performance, microbial population, and blood profiles of lactating sows and piglets. Summarized results from each experiment are described as followings:
Experiment I. Effects of Bacteriophage on Prevention of Salmonella enteritidis in Broilers
The experiment 1 was conducted to investigate the effects of bacteriophage on prevention of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers. A total of 320 one day old male broilers (Ross 308) were allotted by randomized complete block (RCB) design in 8 replicates with 10 chicks per pen. The experimental diets were formulated for 2 phase feeding trial (phase I0-2nd wk, phase II3rd-5th wk), and 4 different levels (0%, 0.05%5Γ108pfu/g, 0.1%1Γ109pfu/g, and 0.2%2Γ109pfu/g, respectively) of Salmonella enteritidis targeted bacteriophage were supplemented in the basal diet. There were no differences in body weight (BW) gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the whole experimental period (P>0.05). Relative weights of liver, spleen, abdominal fat, and tissue muscle of breast obtained from each bacteriophage treatment were similar to control and those values tended to increase when 0.2% (2Γ109pfu/g) bacteriophage was supplemented. In addition, a numerical difference of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level were observed when 0.2% (2Γ109pfu) of bacteriophage were provided even though blood profiles were not affected by supplemented levels of bacteriophage (P>0.05). In the result of a 14 d feeding after Salmonella enteritidis challenge to 160 birds from 4 previous treatments, mortality and Salmonella enteritidis concentration in the cecum were decreased with increasing bacteriophage level (P<0.05). This result demonstrated that supplementation of 0.2% (2Γ109pfu) Salmonella enteritidis targeted bacteriophage might not cause negative effect on growth, meat production, and it reduced mortality from Salmonella enteritidis challenge. Consequently, bacteriophage could be used as an alternative feed additive to antibiotics in broiler diets.
Experiment II. Effects of Bacteriophage on Growth Performance, Fecal Properties, Blood Profiles and Immune Response in Weaning Pigs
The experiment 2 was performed to determine the effects of bacteriophage on growth performance, fecal properties, blood profiles and immune response in weaning pigs. A total of 160 pigs [(Yorkshire Γ Landrace) Γ Duroc] (BW = 6.78 Β± 1.72 kgweaned at day 24 Β± 3) were allotted to 4 groups in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with 5 replication for 5 week growth trial. The experimental diets were formulated for 2 phase feeding trial (phase I2Γ109pfu/g, respectively) of 16 types of pathogen targeted bacteriophage were supplemented in the basal diet. During the whole experimental period, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed ratio were not affected by bacteriophage levels, resulting in similar BW among all treatments (P>0.05). With increasing bacteriophage level in the diets, fecal microbial population of pathogenic Salmonella spp. (linear, P<0.012wk) and Escherichia coli (linear, P=0.0535wk) were decreased. However, the concentration of Lactobacilli was increased in feces when pigs were fed 0.2% of bacteriophage, showing linear response to bacteriophage levels (linear, P<0.05, 2wklinear, P<0.01, 5wk). The inclusion of bacteriophage in weaning pig diets resulted in decreasing the incidence of diarrhea (linear, P<0.01). In blood immune response, there was a linear decrease in IgA concentration as bacteriophage increased (linear, P<0.05). Although GOT and GPT levels were not affected by bacteriophage levels, total cholesterol (linear, P<0.01, quadratic, P<0.05, 2wklinear, P<0.01, 5wk) and LDL cholesterol (linear, P<0.01, 2wk) levels were decreased by dietary bacteriophage. This experiment suggested that 16 types of pathogen targeted bacteriophage supplementation did not influence on growth performance. However, 0.2 % (2Γ109pfu/g) bacteriophage supplementation might have beneficial influences on microbial population, fecal status, immune response, and blood profiles in weaning pigs.
Experiment III. Evaluation of Bacteriophage and Choline Supplementation on Physiological Responses, Growth Performance, Microbial Population and Blood Profiles of Lactating Sows and Piglets
The experiment 3 was conducted to investigate the effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on physiological responses, growth performance, microbial population and blood profiles of lactating sows and piglets. A total of 50 mixed-parity (average= 4.64) crossbred sows (F1, Yorkshire Γ LandraceDarby, Korea) with an initial BW of 228.71 Β± 15.81 kg were used in a 3 week lactation period and sows were allotted to one of five treatments based on BW and backfat thickness with 10 replicates by 1+2Γ2 factorial arrangement. The experimental treatments were divided by two levels of bacteriophage (0.05%0.5Γ 108 pfu/g, or 0.1%1Γ 109 pfu/g) and choline chloride (0.05%250ppm or 0.1%500ppm) and NRC (1998) requirement is regarded as control treatment. The experimental diets were formulated based on corn-soybean meal diets, which contained 3,265 kcal of ME/kg, 16.8% crude protein, 1.08% lysine, respectively. There were no significant differences in BW, backfat thickness and feed intake of lactating sows by bacteriophage and choline supplementation. The BW changes were quadratically decreased in lactation (day 0 to 21) as dietary choline increased (P<0.05). Supplementation of bacteriophage and choline to lactating diets did not influence on mortality, litter weight and piglet weight. However, numerically higher litter weight and piglets weight gain were observed in bacteriophage and choline treatment groups compared to control. No differences were found in estimation of milk production, dry matter, and energy content of milk in lactating sows during the whole lactational period. Bacteriophage and choline supplementation in diets did not alter the population of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in feces of sows as well as piglets. However, the use of bacteriophage to lactation diets altered the concentrations of fecal Lactobacilli (P<0.001). In blood profiles, GOT, GPT, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels of lactating sows and piglets were not affected by dietary treatment, while increasing bacteriophage levels tended to decrease GOT levels of lactating sows (linear, P=0.074). Inclusion of bacteriophage and choline did not influence on immunoglobulin concentration of sows at day 21 postpartum. This experiment suggested that choline supplementation in lactating diet showed an improvement of body reserves of lactating sows and increasing of fat contents in sow milks during lactation. But, bacteriophage had no effects on reproductive performance and physiological responses except of sows fecal Lactobacilli population.
Three experiments demonstrated that positive responses were observed by bacteriophage supplementation in broilers and weaning pigs. However, sows did not show positive performance by dietary bacteriophage but body condition of sows was improved by choline supplementation.Contents
Overall summary i
Contents v
List of tables viii
List of figures x
List of abbreviation xi
Chapter I. General introduction 1
Chapter II. Literature review 4
1. Bacteriophage 4
1.1 General characteristic of bacteriophage 4
1.2 Mode of action of bacteriophage 5
1.2.1 The lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage 5
1.2.2 The lytic cycle of bacteriophage 6
1.3 Bacteriophage resistance mechanism of bacteria 7
2. Therapeutic application of bacteriophage 9
2.1 Bacteriophage utilization for gastro intestinal health 9
2.1.1 Salmonella ssp. 9
2.1.2 Escherichia coli 10
2.2 Effects of bacteriophage in monogastric animals 11
2.2.1 Poultry 11
2.2.2 Swine 12
2.3 Actual application in bacteriophage 13
2.3.1 Feed additives 13
2.3.2 Alternative to 15
2.3.3 Bacteriophage display 16
3. Dietary choline 18
3.1 General characteristic of choline 18
3.2 Chemical structure, property and metabolism of choline 19
3.3 Function in body 21
3.3.1 Structural integrity of cell membranes 21
3.3.2 Lipid transport and metabolism 21
3.3.3 Signal transduction 22
3.3.4 Methyl donor 23
3.4 Choline contents in feed 23
4. Dietary choline in lactating sows 25
4.1 Lactogenesis and milk yield in lactating sows 25
4.2 Choline and milk production 26
4.3 Requirements of choline for lactating sows 27
4.4 Effects of dietary choline levels of sows 27
5. Literature cited 29
Chapter III. Effects of Bacteriophage on Prevention of Salmonella enteritidis in Broilers
Abstract 43
Introduction 44
Materials and methods 45
Results and discussion 49
Implication 53
Acknowledgement 54
References 54
Chapter IV. Effects of Bacteriophage on Growth Performance, Fecal Properties, Blood Profiles and Immune Responses in Weaning Pig
Abstract 66
Introduction 68
Materials and methods 69
Results and discussion 72
Implication 78
Acknowledgement 78
References 79
Chapter V. Evaluation of Bacteriophage and Choline Supplementation on Physiological Response, Growth Performance, Microbial Population and Blood Profiles of Lactating Sows and Piglets
Abstract 90
Introduction 92
Materials and methods 93
Results and discussion 96
Implication 103
References 103
Chapter VI. Overall Conclusion 118
Chapter VII. Summary in Korean 120
List of Tables
Chapter II.
Table 1. Specific pathogen-targeted bacteriophage as feed additives 14
Chapter III.
Table 1. Composition of experimental basal diet (as-fed basis) 59
Table 2. Effect of bacteriophage on growth performance in broilers 60
Table 3. Effect of bacteriophage on the relative weight of organ and muscles in broilers 61
Table 4. Effect of bacteriophage on blood profiles in broilers 62
Table 5. Effect of bacteriophage on bacteriophage titer in broilers 63
Table 6. Effect of bacteriophage on mortality after SE challenge in broilers 64
Table 7. Effect of bacteriophage on cecal microflora after SE challenge in broilers 65
Chapter IV.
Table 1. Composition of experimental basal diet (as-fed basis) 84
Table 2. Effect of bacteriophage supplementation on growth performance in weaning pigs 85
Table 3. Effect of bacteriophage supplementation on fecal microflora in weaning pigs 86
Table 4. Effect of bacteriophage supplementation on incidence of diarrhea and fecal moisture contents in weaning pigs 87
Table 5. Effect of bacteriophage supplementation on immune response in weaning pigs 88
Table 6. Effect of bacteriophage supplementation on blood profiles in weaning pigs 89
Chapter V.
Table 1. Composition of experimental basal diet (as-fed basis) 108
Table 2. Effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on body weight, backfat thickness and feed intake in lactating sows 109
Table 3. Effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on estimated energy and fat accumulation 110
Table 4. Effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on piglets performance 111
Table 5. Effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on milk composition 112
Table 6. Effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on estimation of milk production in lactation 113
Table 7. Effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on fecal microflora of lactating sows and piglets 114
Table 8. Effects of supplementation of bacteriophage and choline on blood profiles of lactating sows and piglets 116
Table 9. Effects of supplementation of bacteriophage and choline on immune response of lactating sows and piglets 117
List of Figures
Chapter II.
Figure 1. Lytic and lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage 6
Figure 2. Life cycle of filamentous bacteriophage (phage display) 17
Figure 3. Structure of choline 18
Figure 4. Metabolic pathway for choline and its relationship with folic acid and methionine 24
Figure 5. Mechanism of choline action in daily cow 26
Chapter V.
Figure 1. Effects of supplementation of bacteriophage and choline on fecal moisture contents of piglets 115Docto
Reconsidering the Goal and Strategy of Regional Development Policy in Korea
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An Open-Label, Single-Arm, Multicenter Trial of Tacrolimus Ointment 0.1% for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in the Head and Neck
Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic or chronically relapsing, inflammatory, pruritic skin disease. Because tacrolimus ointment does not induce skin atrophy, it is especially indicated in delicate areas such as the face, intertriginous areas and anogenital region.
Objective: With the aim of investigating the differences between the established clinical guidelines and actual treatment response, an open-label, non-comparative, multicenter clinical observational study was undertaken.
Methods: One hundred and fifty-three patients with AD in the head and neck area were treated with topical tacrolimus 0.1% twice daily. Clinical evaluations were conducted at baseline, week 4 and week 8. Efficacy was assessed through the investigators evaluation of the patients individual signs (erythema, edema, oozing, excoriation, scaling, lichenification and fissuring) and symptoms (burning, pruritus and telangiectasia) using a 4-point grading system. The physicians and patients global assessments and quality of sleep were also evaluated.
Results: Among 153 enrolled patients, 25 (16.3%) were lost to follow-up, and 6 (3.9%) dropped out due to adverse events, leaving 79.7% of the population who completed the trial. Head and neck dermatitis was improved or cleared in 93.6% (week 4) and 94.4% (week 8) by physicians and in 92.1% (week 4) and 90.8% (week 8) by patients. Tacrolimus treatment improved the quality of sleep in head and neck dermatitis patients. Eighty-seven percent of the subjects were compliant, applying it at least 3 days per week. Burning sensation was the most frequently reported adverse event, followed by pruritus and aggravation of the lesion. Conclusion: Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% is a safe and effective treatment option for atopic dermatitis of head and neck including eyelids.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2013-01/102/2008000790/10SEQ:10PERF_CD:SNU2013-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2008000790ADJUST_YN:YEMP_ID:A079501DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0FILENAME:tacrolimus for head and neck dermatitis λνΌμ§.pdfDEPT_NM:μνκ³ΌEMAIL:[email protected]_YN:NCONFIRM:
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Clinical analysis of congenital anorectal malfermation
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Malformation of the anus and rectum, frequently refered to as βimperforate
anusβ are the most common of congenital anomalies among the congenital anomalies
of gastrointestinal tract, occuring about once in every 5,000 births. They consist
of variety of lesions ranging from mild congenital stenosis of the anus which
requires simple dilation for cure to complex deformities which present some of the
most vexing and discouraging problem in management. This is the report of clinical
analysis and evaluator of 67 patients with congenital anorectal malformation,
experienced at Severance Hospital, during past 15 years from Jan. 1963 to Dec.
1978.
The results of observation were as follows :
1. Incidence was once in every 4,119 births.
2. There were 47 males and 18 females and 2 cases of unknown sex, then
male/female ratio was 2.6:1.
3. First and second born were commonly affected than the others.
4. High anomalies were 37.3%, intermediate anomalies were 11.9% and low anomalies
were 46.3%
5. Associated anomalies were noted in 12 out of 67 cases, which consist of
congenital heart diseases, skeletal anomalies, single umbilical artery, congenital
megacolon etc
6 In general, perineal anoplasty with or without preliminary colostomy were
performed in low anomalies and some cases of intermediate anomalies. And
abdominoperineal pull-through operation with or without preliminary colostomy were
done in high anomalies.
7. Complication after surgery were main wound infection and disruption,
intestinal obstruction, fecal incontinence, urinary incontinence, vaginal
perforation, and urethral injury etc.
8. Overall mortality was 19.4% and operative mortality was 9.4%.
9. Factors influencing on mortality were congenital heart diseases, sepsis,
prematurity, multiple congenital anomalies, respiratory insufficiency,
menigomyelocele and trachocesphageal fistula.restrictio
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Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ μ΅ν©κ³ΌνκΈ°μ λνμ : μ΅ν©κ³ΌνκΈ°μ λνμ μ리μ 보과νκ³Ό λμ§νΈν¬λ μν μ 곡, 2016. 2. μ΄μμ.νλμΈμ μΌμμνμ μ»΄ν¨ν°, μΈν°λ·, μ€λ§νΈν° λ±μ λμ§νΈ κΈ°κΈ°λ€μ ν΅ν΄ μ μ°¨ μ 보μμ€ν
μμΌλ‘ λ€μ΄κ° μλ€. μ΄λ° λ³νλ€λ‘ μΈν΄ νλμΈμ μκ°κ³Ό νμκ° μ μμ λ³΄λ‘ κΈ°λ‘λμ΄ λ¨κ² λμλ€. κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ 체물μμλ λ°κ²¬ν μ μμλ λ°©λνκ³ μΈμΈν μ 보λ€μ΄ μ μ μ¦κ±°λ‘ μ¬μ©ν μ μκ² λ κ²μ΄λ€. 2011λ
νμ¬μμ‘λ² κ°μ μμλ μ μμ 보λ₯Ό μ¦κ±°λ‘μ μμ§νκΈ° μν μμΉμ μ λ³μμ, μμΈμ 맀체μμ μμλ°©λ²μ΄ κ·μ λμλ€. μ μμ 보μ μμ§ μ κΈ°μ‘΄ μ 체물μ μμ μμκ³Όλ λ¬λ¦¬ μ 보μ λλμ±μΌλ‘ μΈν΄ νμμ¬μ€κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨ μλ μ 보λΏλ§ μλλΌ κ·Έμλ μ ν 무κ΄ν μ 보λ€μ΄ λλμΌλ‘ μμλ μ°λ €κ° μκ³ νΌμμμμ μ¬μν μΉ¨ν΄λ₯Ό μ λ°ν μκ° μλ€.
μ μμ 보μ μμΒ·μμ κ³Όμ μμ λ²μ£μ 무κ΄ν λ§λν μ λ³΄κ° μμ§λ μ μμΌλ―λ‘, μ΄λ‘ μΈν μΉ¨ν΄λ₯Ό λ°©μ§νκΈ° μν κ°λ ₯ν μ¬λ²ν΅μ κ° μꡬλκ³ μλ€. νμ¬μμ‘λ² μ 106μ‘°μμ κ΄λ ¨μ±μ κ΄ν λ΄μ©μ΄ μΆκ°λμμ§λ§ μꡬλλ μ¬λ²μ ν΅μ κ° μΆ©λΆνμ§ λͺ»νκ³ , μ μμ 보μ ꡬ체μ μΈ μ¦κ±° μμ§μ μ°¨λ μΆ©λΆνμ§ λͺ»νλ€. μ§μμ μΌλ‘ μ μμ 보μ μ¦κ±° μμ§ μ μ°¨ λ±μ λν μ
λ²μ 곡백μ λν΄ λ
Όμνκ³ μ°κ΅¬νμ¬ μ²΄κ³μ μ΄κ³ ꡬ체μ μΈ μ
λ²μ΄ μκΈν νμνλ€.
νμ¬ μ μμ 보μ μμΒ·μμ μ μ°¨μ λν μ
λ²μ λ―ΈλΉλ λλ²μ νλ‘λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μ
λ²κ³΅λ°±μ΄ μΌλΆλΆ μ±μμ§κ³ μλ€. λλ²μ νλ‘λ μ μμ 보μ μμ κ°λ
μ κΈ°μ‘΄ μμλ¬Όκ³Ό λ€λ₯΄κ² μ μ₯맀체λ₯Ό λ°μΆνμ¬ νμμ¬μ€κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨λ μ 보λ₯Ό νμ λ³΅μ¬ μΆλ ₯ν λκΉμ§μ μ κ³Όμ μΌλ‘ λ³΄κ³ μκ³ , μμμ μ κ³Όμ μ μ§μμ μΈ νΌμμμμ μ°Έμ¬κΆ 보μ₯μ μ λ²μ건μΌλ‘ μ μνμ¬ μ΄λ₯Ό μ€μνμ¬μΌ νλ€κ³ νμνμλ€. λΏλ§ μλλΌ μμ¬κΈ°κ΄ μ¬λ¬΄μ€μμ μ μ₯맀체μ μ μμ 보 νμ κ³Όμ μμ νΌμμμμ μ°Έμ¬κΆ 미보μ₯, νμμ¬μ€κ΄λ ¨ κ΅¬λΆ μλ μ¬λ³΅μ , νμμ¬μ€κ³Ό 무κ΄ν μ 보 μΆλ ₯ λ±μ μ€λν μλ²μ²λΆμΌλ‘ νλ¨νκ³ μμ₯μ κΈ°ν μμΒ·μμ μ 체λ₯Ό μ·¨μνλ νκ²°μ λ΄λ Έλ€.
κ·Έλ¬λ μ΄ κ°μ λλ²μμ μ μμ 보 μμΒ·μμμ λν μ λ²μ건μ μ€λ¬΄νμ€μ κ³ λ €νμ§ μκ³ κΈ°κ³μ μΌλ‘ ν΄μνμμ κ²½μ° μμ¬κΈ°κ΄μ μ μ μ¦κ±°μμ§μ λ§€μ° μ΄λ ΅κ² νλ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄λν μνμ΄ μμ΄ μ€μ²΄μ μ§μ€ κ·λͺ
μ ν΅ν νμ¬ μ¬λ²μ μ μ μ€νμ μ΄λ ΅κ² ν μ μλ λ¬Έμ μ μ΄ μλ€.
λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμ κ°κ°μ μ΄λ €μμ΄ μλ νΌμμμμ κΆμ΅λ³΄νΈμ νμ¬ μ¬λ² μ μ μ€νμ΄ μ‘°νλ₯Ό μ΄λ£¨κ³ μ νλ λͺ©νλ₯Ό κ°μ§κ³ μμΒ·μμ κ³Όμ λ³λ‘ μ΄λ ν λ°©μμΌλ‘ μ°Έμ¬κΆμ 보μ₯νμ¬μΌ νλμ§μ λν΄ λ°©μμ μ μνμλ€.
λν μμ¬κΈ°κ΄μ΄ νΌμμμκ° λ°°μ λ μνμμ μ μ₯맀체 λ΄ μ μμ 보μ λν μ΄λ λ° λ³΅μ λ μΆλ ₯ λ±μ λ°©μ§νλ μν λ°©μμΌλ‘ μ μ₯맀체 λ΄ μ μμ 보μ λν μ¬μ© μ΄λ ₯ κ΄λ¦¬ μ²΄κ³ λ°©μμ μ μνμλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό μν΄ μ μμ 보μνΉμ±, μ μμ 보μ μμΒ·μμ λ°©μ, μ μμ 보μ μμ§ λ° λΆμ λ°©λ²μ μ΄ν΄λ³΄κ³ μμμμ μ μ°¨μμμ μ°Έμ¬κΆ λ²μ, μ°Έμ¬κΆ 보μ₯ κ΄λ ¨ λλ²μ μ£Όμνλ‘ λ±μ κ²ν νμλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό ν΅ν κΆκ·Ήμ μΌλ‘λ μ μμ 보μ μμΒ·μμμ μμ΄μ λ³΄λ€ μ²΄κ³μ μ΄κ³ μ€ν¨μ± μλ λ²κ·κ° νμ±λλ κ²μ λμμ΄ λκΈ°λ₯Ό λ°λλ€.μ 1μ₯ μλ‘ 1
μ 2μ₯ μ μμ 보μ νΉμ± 4
1. 맀체λ
λ¦½μ± 4
2. λΉκ°μμ±, λΉκ°λ
μ± 5
3. μ·¨μ½μ±(λ³κ° μ©μ΄μ±) 5
4. λλμ± 6
5. μ λ¬Έμ± 6
6. λ€νΈμν¬ κ΄λ ¨μ± 7
μ 3μ₯ μ μμ 보μ μμμμκ³Ό μ°Έμ¬ 8
1. μ μμ 보μ μμμμ λ°©μ 8
κ°. μμ¬κΈ°κ΄μ μ μμ 보 μμμμ λ°©μ 8
λ. μ μμ 보μ μμμμ λ°©μλ³ μΈλΆ μ μ°¨ 9
2. μ μμ 보μ μμ§ λ° λΆμ κΈ°λ²μ λν μ‘°μ¬ 10
κ°. μν°ν¬λ μ κΈ°λ² λΆμμ ν΅ν μν°ν¬λ μ λμ λ°©μ 10
λ. λμ§νΈ μ¦κ±° μμ§λκ΅¬λ³ κΈ°λ₯ λΉκ΅ 16
3. μμμμ μ μ°¨μμμ μ°Έμ¬ 19
κ°. μμμμ μ μ°¨μ μ°Έμ¬κΆ κ΄λ ¨ κ·μ 19
λ. μ μμ 보 μμμμ κ΄λ ¨ λλ²μ μ£Όμ νλ‘ 20
λ€. νλ‘ λΆμ 30
μ 4μ₯ μμμμ μμ₯ μ§ν μ μ°Έμ¬κΆ 보μ₯ λ°©μ 32
1. νΌμμμμ μ°Έμ¬κΆ 보μ₯ λ°©λ² 32
2. μ μμ 보μ μμμμμ§ν κ°κ³Όμ μμμ μ°Έμ¬ λ³΄μ₯ 33
κ°. μμμμ νμ₯μμμ μ°Έμ¬ 35
(1) μμ νμ₯μμμ μμ₯μ§νμ λν ν΅μ§ 35
(2) μ 보 νμμ λ³ λ° μΆλ ₯볡μ μ μ°¨μμ μ°Έμ¬ 36
λ. μμ¬κΈ°κ΄ μ¬λ¬΄μ€μμμ μ°Έμ¬κΆ 보μ₯ μ μ°¨ 36
(1) μμλ¬Όμ λ΄μΈ ν΄μ λ° μ΄λ―Έμ§ μμ±λ±λ‘ κ³Όμ μμμ μ°Έμ¬ 37
(2) μ μ₯맀체 λΆμμ ν΅ν μ μμ 보μ μμ§ κ³Όμ μμμ μ°Έμ¬ 37
(3) νμμΆλ ₯ κ³Όμ μμμ μ°Έμ¬ 42
3. μ μμ 보μ μμμμ μ μ°¨(μ) 44
4. μ μ₯맀체 λ΄ μ μμ 보μ λν μ¬μ© μ΄λ ₯ κ΄λ¦¬ λ°©μ 47
κ°. λμ
λ°°κ²½ 47
λ. μ€κ³ μ κ³ λ €μ¬νκ³Ό μ€λ¬΄μ 보μν΄μΌ ν μ¬ν 48
λ€. κΈ°μ μ ν΄κ²° λ°©μ 49
λΌ. κΈ°λ ν¨κ³Ό 51
μ 5 μ₯ κ²°λ‘ 52
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 54Maste