42 research outputs found

    Effects of bacteriophage and choline as feed additives on physiology and productivity in broilers and pigs

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 농생λͺ…곡학뢀, 2014. 8. κΉ€μœ μš©.Effects of Bacteriophage and Choline as Feed Additives on Physiology and Productivity in Broilers and Pigs These experiments were performed to investigate 1) effects of bacteriophage on prevention of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers, 2) effects of bacteriophage on growth performance, fecal properties, blood profiles, and immune response in weaning pigs, and 3) effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on physiological responses, growth performance, microbial population, and blood profiles of lactating sows and piglets. Summarized results from each experiment are described as followings: Experiment I. Effects of Bacteriophage on Prevention of Salmonella enteritidis in Broilers The experiment 1 was conducted to investigate the effects of bacteriophage on prevention of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers. A total of 320 one day old male broilers (Ross 308) were allotted by randomized complete block (RCB) design in 8 replicates with 10 chicks per pen. The experimental diets were formulated for 2 phase feeding trial (phase I0-2nd wk, phase II3rd-5th wk), and 4 different levels (0%, 0.05%5Γ—108pfu/g, 0.1%1Γ—109pfu/g, and 0.2%2Γ—109pfu/g, respectively) of Salmonella enteritidis targeted bacteriophage were supplemented in the basal diet. There were no differences in body weight (BW) gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the whole experimental period (P>0.05). Relative weights of liver, spleen, abdominal fat, and tissue muscle of breast obtained from each bacteriophage treatment were similar to control and those values tended to increase when 0.2% (2Γ—109pfu/g) bacteriophage was supplemented. In addition, a numerical difference of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level were observed when 0.2% (2Γ—109pfu) of bacteriophage were provided even though blood profiles were not affected by supplemented levels of bacteriophage (P>0.05). In the result of a 14 d feeding after Salmonella enteritidis challenge to 160 birds from 4 previous treatments, mortality and Salmonella enteritidis concentration in the cecum were decreased with increasing bacteriophage level (P<0.05). This result demonstrated that supplementation of 0.2% (2Γ—109pfu) Salmonella enteritidis targeted bacteriophage might not cause negative effect on growth, meat production, and it reduced mortality from Salmonella enteritidis challenge. Consequently, bacteriophage could be used as an alternative feed additive to antibiotics in broiler diets. Experiment II. Effects of Bacteriophage on Growth Performance, Fecal Properties, Blood Profiles and Immune Response in Weaning Pigs The experiment 2 was performed to determine the effects of bacteriophage on growth performance, fecal properties, blood profiles and immune response in weaning pigs. A total of 160 pigs [(Yorkshire Γ— Landrace) Γ— Duroc] (BW = 6.78 Β± 1.72 kgweaned at day 24 Β± 3) were allotted to 4 groups in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with 5 replication for 5 week growth trial. The experimental diets were formulated for 2 phase feeding trial (phase I2Γ—109pfu/g, respectively) of 16 types of pathogen targeted bacteriophage were supplemented in the basal diet. During the whole experimental period, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed ratio were not affected by bacteriophage levels, resulting in similar BW among all treatments (P>0.05). With increasing bacteriophage level in the diets, fecal microbial population of pathogenic Salmonella spp. (linear, P<0.012wk) and Escherichia coli (linear, P=0.0535wk) were decreased. However, the concentration of Lactobacilli was increased in feces when pigs were fed 0.2% of bacteriophage, showing linear response to bacteriophage levels (linear, P<0.05, 2wklinear, P<0.01, 5wk). The inclusion of bacteriophage in weaning pig diets resulted in decreasing the incidence of diarrhea (linear, P<0.01). In blood immune response, there was a linear decrease in IgA concentration as bacteriophage increased (linear, P<0.05). Although GOT and GPT levels were not affected by bacteriophage levels, total cholesterol (linear, P<0.01, quadratic, P<0.05, 2wklinear, P<0.01, 5wk) and LDL cholesterol (linear, P<0.01, 2wk) levels were decreased by dietary bacteriophage. This experiment suggested that 16 types of pathogen targeted bacteriophage supplementation did not influence on growth performance. However, 0.2 % (2Γ—109pfu/g) bacteriophage supplementation might have beneficial influences on microbial population, fecal status, immune response, and blood profiles in weaning pigs. Experiment III. Evaluation of Bacteriophage and Choline Supplementation on Physiological Responses, Growth Performance, Microbial Population and Blood Profiles of Lactating Sows and Piglets The experiment 3 was conducted to investigate the effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on physiological responses, growth performance, microbial population and blood profiles of lactating sows and piglets. A total of 50 mixed-parity (average= 4.64) crossbred sows (F1, Yorkshire Γ— LandraceDarby, Korea) with an initial BW of 228.71 Β± 15.81 kg were used in a 3 week lactation period and sows were allotted to one of five treatments based on BW and backfat thickness with 10 replicates by 1+2Γ—2 factorial arrangement. The experimental treatments were divided by two levels of bacteriophage (0.05%0.5Γ— 108 pfu/g, or 0.1%1Γ— 109 pfu/g) and choline chloride (0.05%250ppm or 0.1%500ppm) and NRC (1998) requirement is regarded as control treatment. The experimental diets were formulated based on corn-soybean meal diets, which contained 3,265 kcal of ME/kg, 16.8% crude protein, 1.08% lysine, respectively. There were no significant differences in BW, backfat thickness and feed intake of lactating sows by bacteriophage and choline supplementation. The BW changes were quadratically decreased in lactation (day 0 to 21) as dietary choline increased (P<0.05). Supplementation of bacteriophage and choline to lactating diets did not influence on mortality, litter weight and piglet weight. However, numerically higher litter weight and piglets weight gain were observed in bacteriophage and choline treatment groups compared to control. No differences were found in estimation of milk production, dry matter, and energy content of milk in lactating sows during the whole lactational period. Bacteriophage and choline supplementation in diets did not alter the population of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in feces of sows as well as piglets. However, the use of bacteriophage to lactation diets altered the concentrations of fecal Lactobacilli (P<0.001). In blood profiles, GOT, GPT, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels of lactating sows and piglets were not affected by dietary treatment, while increasing bacteriophage levels tended to decrease GOT levels of lactating sows (linear, P=0.074). Inclusion of bacteriophage and choline did not influence on immunoglobulin concentration of sows at day 21 postpartum. This experiment suggested that choline supplementation in lactating diet showed an improvement of body reserves of lactating sows and increasing of fat contents in sow milks during lactation. But, bacteriophage had no effects on reproductive performance and physiological responses except of sows fecal Lactobacilli population. Three experiments demonstrated that positive responses were observed by bacteriophage supplementation in broilers and weaning pigs. However, sows did not show positive performance by dietary bacteriophage but body condition of sows was improved by choline supplementation.Contents Overall summary i Contents v List of tables viii List of figures x List of abbreviation xi Chapter I. General introduction 1 Chapter II. Literature review 4 1. Bacteriophage 4 1.1 General characteristic of bacteriophage 4 1.2 Mode of action of bacteriophage 5 1.2.1 The lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage 5 1.2.2 The lytic cycle of bacteriophage 6 1.3 Bacteriophage resistance mechanism of bacteria 7 2. Therapeutic application of bacteriophage 9 2.1 Bacteriophage utilization for gastro intestinal health 9 2.1.1 Salmonella ssp. 9 2.1.2 Escherichia coli 10 2.2 Effects of bacteriophage in monogastric animals 11 2.2.1 Poultry 11 2.2.2 Swine 12 2.3 Actual application in bacteriophage 13 2.3.1 Feed additives 13 2.3.2 Alternative to 15 2.3.3 Bacteriophage display 16 3. Dietary choline 18 3.1 General characteristic of choline 18 3.2 Chemical structure, property and metabolism of choline 19 3.3 Function in body 21 3.3.1 Structural integrity of cell membranes 21 3.3.2 Lipid transport and metabolism 21 3.3.3 Signal transduction 22 3.3.4 Methyl donor 23 3.4 Choline contents in feed 23 4. Dietary choline in lactating sows 25 4.1 Lactogenesis and milk yield in lactating sows 25 4.2 Choline and milk production 26 4.3 Requirements of choline for lactating sows 27 4.4 Effects of dietary choline levels of sows 27 5. Literature cited 29 Chapter III. Effects of Bacteriophage on Prevention of Salmonella enteritidis in Broilers Abstract 43 Introduction 44 Materials and methods 45 Results and discussion 49 Implication 53 Acknowledgement 54 References 54 Chapter IV. Effects of Bacteriophage on Growth Performance, Fecal Properties, Blood Profiles and Immune Responses in Weaning Pig Abstract 66 Introduction 68 Materials and methods 69 Results and discussion 72 Implication 78 Acknowledgement 78 References 79 Chapter V. Evaluation of Bacteriophage and Choline Supplementation on Physiological Response, Growth Performance, Microbial Population and Blood Profiles of Lactating Sows and Piglets Abstract 90 Introduction 92 Materials and methods 93 Results and discussion 96 Implication 103 References 103 Chapter VI. Overall Conclusion 118 Chapter VII. Summary in Korean 120 List of Tables Chapter II. Table 1. Specific pathogen-targeted bacteriophage as feed additives 14 Chapter III. Table 1. Composition of experimental basal diet (as-fed basis) 59 Table 2. Effect of bacteriophage on growth performance in broilers 60 Table 3. Effect of bacteriophage on the relative weight of organ and muscles in broilers 61 Table 4. Effect of bacteriophage on blood profiles in broilers 62 Table 5. Effect of bacteriophage on bacteriophage titer in broilers 63 Table 6. Effect of bacteriophage on mortality after SE challenge in broilers 64 Table 7. Effect of bacteriophage on cecal microflora after SE challenge in broilers 65 Chapter IV. Table 1. Composition of experimental basal diet (as-fed basis) 84 Table 2. Effect of bacteriophage supplementation on growth performance in weaning pigs 85 Table 3. Effect of bacteriophage supplementation on fecal microflora in weaning pigs 86 Table 4. Effect of bacteriophage supplementation on incidence of diarrhea and fecal moisture contents in weaning pigs 87 Table 5. Effect of bacteriophage supplementation on immune response in weaning pigs 88 Table 6. Effect of bacteriophage supplementation on blood profiles in weaning pigs 89 Chapter V. Table 1. Composition of experimental basal diet (as-fed basis) 108 Table 2. Effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on body weight, backfat thickness and feed intake in lactating sows 109 Table 3. Effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on estimated energy and fat accumulation 110 Table 4. Effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on piglets performance 111 Table 5. Effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on milk composition 112 Table 6. Effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on estimation of milk production in lactation 113 Table 7. Effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on fecal microflora of lactating sows and piglets 114 Table 8. Effects of supplementation of bacteriophage and choline on blood profiles of lactating sows and piglets 116 Table 9. Effects of supplementation of bacteriophage and choline on immune response of lactating sows and piglets 117 List of Figures Chapter II. Figure 1. Lytic and lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage 6 Figure 2. Life cycle of filamentous bacteriophage (phage display) 17 Figure 3. Structure of choline 18 Figure 4. Metabolic pathway for choline and its relationship with folic acid and methionine 24 Figure 5. Mechanism of choline action in daily cow 26 Chapter V. Figure 1. Effects of supplementation of bacteriophage and choline on fecal moisture contents of piglets 115Docto

    Reconsidering the Goal and Strategy of Regional Development Policy in Korea

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    This paper aims to put forward some policy suggestions regarding the goal and strategies of the regional development policy in Korea. We first survey past regional policies and examine the regional disparity in Korea. It is found using the OECD data thatβ… . Introduction γ€€β…‘. A Brief Overview of Korean Regional Development Policy γ€€β…’. Regional Disparity in Korea γ€€β…£. Theoretical Studies on Regional Disparity γ€€β…€. Directions for Future Policies γ€€β…₯. Concluding Remark γ€€Reference

    A Theoretical Study on Storm and Flood Insurance in Korea

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    The storm and flood insurance, which was introduced recently to substitute the disaster relief system to moderate government''s financial burden and enhance people''s effort to reduce damage, seems to suffer various problems. This paper conducts a theoretβ… . μ„œ λ‘  γ€€β…‘. ν’μˆ˜ν•΄λ³΄ν—˜μ˜ κ°œμš” γ€€β…’. μž¬λ‚œμ§€μ›κΈˆκ³Ό ν’μˆ˜ν•΄λ³΄ν—˜ γ€€β…£. μ†ν•΄λ°©μ§€λΉ„μš© μ§€μ›μ˜μ μ ˆμ„± γ€€β…€. 맺음

    A Study on Job Rotation in Civil Service

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    This paper aims at analyzing the practice of job rotation in the Korean government and putting forward policy suggestions. The Korean government is often accused of low capacity and weak competitiveness, which mainly result from the low expertise of publiβ… . μ„œ λ‘  β…‘. μˆœν™˜λ³΄μ§μ˜ ν˜„ν™© 및 문제점 β…’. λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ ν†΅ν•œ 뢄석 β…£. μ •μ±…μ œμ–Έ β…€. 맺음말 μ°Έ κ³  λ¬Έ

    An Open-Label, Single-Arm, Multicenter Trial of Tacrolimus Ointment 0.1% for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in the Head and Neck

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    Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic or chronically relapsing, inflammatory, pruritic skin disease. Because tacrolimus ointment does not induce skin atrophy, it is especially indicated in delicate areas such as the face, intertriginous areas and anogenital region. Objective: With the aim of investigating the differences between the established clinical guidelines and actual treatment response, an open-label, non-comparative, multicenter clinical observational study was undertaken. Methods: One hundred and fifty-three patients with AD in the head and neck area were treated with topical tacrolimus 0.1% twice daily. Clinical evaluations were conducted at baseline, week 4 and week 8. Efficacy was assessed through the investigators evaluation of the patients individual signs (erythema, edema, oozing, excoriation, scaling, lichenification and fissuring) and symptoms (burning, pruritus and telangiectasia) using a 4-point grading system. The physicians and patients global assessments and quality of sleep were also evaluated. Results: Among 153 enrolled patients, 25 (16.3%) were lost to follow-up, and 6 (3.9%) dropped out due to adverse events, leaving 79.7% of the population who completed the trial. Head and neck dermatitis was improved or cleared in 93.6% (week 4) and 94.4% (week 8) by physicians and in 92.1% (week 4) and 90.8% (week 8) by patients. Tacrolimus treatment improved the quality of sleep in head and neck dermatitis patients. Eighty-seven percent of the subjects were compliant, applying it at least 3 days per week. Burning sensation was the most frequently reported adverse event, followed by pruritus and aggravation of the lesion. Conclusion: Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% is a safe and effective treatment option for atopic dermatitis of head and neck including eyelids.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2013-01/102/2008000790/10SEQ:10PERF_CD:SNU2013-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2008000790ADJUST_YN:YEMP_ID:A079501DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0FILENAME:tacrolimus for head and neck dermatitis λŒ€ν”Όμ§€.pdfDEPT_NM:μ˜ν•™κ³ΌEMAIL:[email protected]_YN:NCONFIRM:

    Troilus and Cressida에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œμ˜ μ‚¬λž‘μ˜ μ£Όμ œμ™€ μ—°μΈλ“€μ˜ 극적 μ—­ν• 

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    λͺ¨λ“  비평가듀이 μΈμ •ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ“―μ΄ Troilus and CressidaλŠ” μˆ˜μˆ˜κ»˜λΌμ— μ°¬ 희곑이며, Shakespeare의 μ „ μž‘ν’ˆμ€‘μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λ‚œν•΄ν•œ μž‘ν’ˆμ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜μ΄λ‹€. 이 극의 μ‹ λΉ„λ₯Ό ν•΄λͺ…ν•˜κ³ μž λ§Žμ€ μ‹œλ„κ°€ ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬μ Έ μ™”μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 였히렀 이 극의 λ¬Έμ œμ λ“€μ„ 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κ³  κ·Έ 해석에 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ‚œλ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ μΆ”κ°€μ‹œμΌœ 놓은듯 ν•˜λ‹€. κ·ΉμœΌλ‘œμ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 범주에 λ„£μ–΄μ•Ό ν•  것인가에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬μ„œλ„ 처음 좜판된 λ•ŒλΆ€ν„° μƒμΆ©ν•˜λŠ” 견해가 μ œμ»€λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. 1609년에 좜판된 제 l μ‚¬μ² νŒ(the First Quarto)의 μ†ν‘œμ§€μ—μ„œλŠ” μ—­μ‚¬κ·ΉμœΌλ‘œ κΈ°μˆ λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ, 같은 해에 λ‚˜μ˜¨ 제 2 μ‚¬μ ˆνŒ(the Second Quarto)에 A neuer writer, to an euer reader, Newes"라 ν‘œμ‹œν•˜μ—¬ 뢙여진 μ„œκ°„μ²΄ μ„œλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 희극으둜 μ—¬λŸ¬λ²ˆ μ–ΈκΈ‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 1623λ…„μ˜ 제 1 이절판(the First Folio)μ—μ„œλŠ” λΉ„κ·Ή λΆ€μ˜ Romeo and Juliet λ‹€μŒμ— 첫 3λ©΄ 만이 μ‹€λ¦¬κ³ λŠ” μ€‘λ‹¨λ˜κ³ , 역사극 λΆ€μ˜ 끝에 μ‹€λ¦° Henry Ⅷ와, λΉ„κ·Ή λΆ€μ˜ μ²«λ²ˆμ§Έμ— μ‹€λ¦° Coriolanus 사이에 면수의 ν‘œμ‹œλ„ 없이, The Tragedie of Troylus and CressidaλΌλŠ” 제λͺ©μœΌλ‘œ μ‚½μž…λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜, 이 판의 μ•žμ— λΆ™μ–΄μžˆλŠ” λͺ©λ‘ν‘œμ—λŠ” λ“€μ–΄ μžˆμ§€λ„ μ•Šλ‹€. 극의 범주에 κ΄€ν•œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²¬ν•΄μ˜ λΆˆμΌμΉ˜λŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λ„ ν•΄κ²°λ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  있으며, 이것이 우리λ₯Ό 어리λ‘₯μ ˆμΌ€ ν•˜λŠ” 이 극의 λΆˆκ°€ν•΄ν•œ νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ‘λ“œλŸ¬μ§€κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μš”μΈμ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ 되고 μžˆλ‹€

    A Midsummer Night's Dream 연ꡬ : μ‚¬λž‘μ˜ 주제λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ

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    Shakespeare의 희극은 인간 개개인이 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°œμ„±μ„ 가지고 μžˆλ“―μ΄ 각기 νŠΉμ΄ν•œ 유기체λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κΉŒλ‹­μ— μ–΄λ–€ μΌμ •ν•œ ν‘œμ€€μœΌλ‘œ κ·œμ •μ§“κΈ°κ°€ 맀우 μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그의 λ‚­λ§Œν¬κ·Ήλ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ‚¬λž‘μ„ 쀑심적인 주제둜 μ±„νƒν•˜κ³  그것에 μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ„œμ •μ μ΄κ³  λ‚­λ§Œμ μΈ 희극세계λ₯Ό μ „κ°œν•œλ‹€λŠ” 곡톡적인 νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ±°κΈ°μ—μ„œλŠ” μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ ꢁ정이 배경이 되고 μ™•ν›„(ηŽ‹ε€™), 귀쑱이 μ£Όμš”μΈλ¬Όλ‘œ λ“±μž₯ν•˜λ©° κ·Έλ“€ μ€‘μ˜ μ Šμ€ 남녀 사이에 μ „κ°œλ˜λŠ” μ‚¬λž‘μ΄ μ·¨κΈ‰λœλ‹€. 그리고 κ·Έ μ‚¬λž‘μ€ μ™ΈλΆ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ μž₯ν•΄λ‚˜ 음λͺ¨μ— μ˜ν•œ λ°©ν•΄λ‘œ κ·Έ 성립이 μœ„κΈ°μ— μ²˜ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ²°κ΅­μ—λŠ” 연인듀이 λͺ¨λ“  λ‚œκ΄€μ„ κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜μ—¬ ν–‰λ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ κ²°ν•©ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€. κ·Έλ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚¬λž‘μ€ 찬미되고 연인듀은 μ£Όμœ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μΆ•λ³΅λ°›λŠ” κ°€μš΄λ° 극은 ν–‰λ³΅ν•œ 결말둜 λλ‚˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€

    Clinical analysis of congenital anorectal malfermation

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    μ˜ν•™κ³Ό/석사[ν•œκΈ€] μ €μžλŠ” 1963λ…„λΆ€ν„° 1978λ…„κΉŒμ§€ 만 15λ…„κ°„ μ„ΈλΈŒλž€μŠ€ 병원에 μž…μ›ν•˜μ—¬ μ„ μ²œμ„± 직μž₯ν•­λ¬Έ κΈ°ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ μ§„λ‹¨λœ 67예λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 성별 및 λ°œμƒλΉˆλ„, μΆœμƒμˆœμœ„λ³„ λΉˆλ„, κΈ°ν˜•μ˜ ν˜•νƒœ, 동 반된 μ„ μ²œμ„± κΈ°ν˜•, μˆ˜μˆ λ°©λ²• 및 합병증, 치료결과, 사망에 κ΄€μ—¬ν•œ μš”μΈ 등에 κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ μž„μƒ 적 관찰을 ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€. 1. 남아가 47예, μ—¬μ•„κ°€ 18예, μ„±λ³„λΆˆλͺ…이 2예둜 μ„±λ³„λΉˆλ„λŠ” 2.6 : 1 μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€ 2. λ°œμƒλΉˆλ„λŠ” 4,199 μΆœμƒλ‹Ή 1μ˜ˆμ˜€λ‹€. 3. μΆœμƒμˆœμœ„λ³„ λΉˆλ„λ₯Ό 보면 제1μ•„ 및 제2아에 λΉˆλ°œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 4. κΈ°ν˜•μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό 보면 μ €κΈ°ν˜•κ΅°μ΄ 46.3 νΌμ„ΌνŠΈ, μ€‘κ°„κΈ°ν˜•κ΅°μ΄ 11.9 νΌμ„ΌνŠΈ, κ³ κΈ°ν˜•κ΅° 이 37.3νΌμ„ΌνŠΈμ˜€μœΌλ©° 4.5νΌμ„ΌνŠΈμ—μ„œλŠ” ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. λ‚¨μ•„μ˜ 경우 47μ˜ˆμ€‘ μ €κΈ°ν˜• ꡰ이 24예, 쀑간 κΈ°ν˜•κ΅°μ΄ 2예, κ³ κΈ°ν˜•κ΅°μ΄ 19예, ν˜•νƒœλΆˆλͺ…이 2μ˜ˆμ˜€λ‹€. μ—¬μ•„μ˜ 경우 18예 쀑 μ €κΈ°ν˜•μ΄ 7예, 쀑간 κΈ°ν˜•κ΅°μ΄ 6예, κ³ κΈ°ν˜•κ΅°μ€ 4예, ν˜•νƒœλΆˆλͺ…이 1μ˜ˆμ˜€λ‹€. 5. λ™λ°˜λœ μ„ μ²œμ„±κΈ°ν˜•μ€ 67예의 17.9νΌμ„ΌνŠΈμΈ 12μ˜ˆμ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆκ³  μ„ μ²œμ„± 심μž₯병, 골 κΈ°ν˜•, λ‹¨μ²΄λŒ€λ™λ§₯ μ„ μ²œμ„± κ±°λŒ€ κ²°μž₯등이 κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 6. μ €κΈ°ν˜•κ΅°μ—μ„œλŠ” νšŒμŒμ‹ ν•­λ¬Έ μ„±ν˜•μˆ  λ˜λŠ” μ˜ˆλΉ„μ  κ²°μž₯루 ν˜•μ„±μˆ ν›„ ν•­λ¬Έ μ„±ν˜•μˆ μ΄ μ£Ό 둜 μ‹œν–‰λ˜μ—ˆκ³  κ³ κΈ°ν˜•κ΅°μ—μ„œλŠ” λ³΅νšŒμŒμ‹ ν•­λ¬Έ μ„±ν˜•μˆ  λ˜λŠ” μ˜ˆλΉ„μ  κ²°μž₯루 ν˜•μ„±μˆ ν›„ 볡회 μŒμ‹ ν•­λ¬Έ μ„±ν˜•μˆ μ΄ μ‹œν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 7. 수술의 ν•©λ³‘μ¦μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 창상감염, 봉합선 λΆ•κ΄΄, μž₯폐쇄, μš”μ‹€κΈˆ, λŒ€λ³€μ‹€κΈˆλ“±μ΄ κ΄€μ°°λ˜ μ—ˆλ‹€. 8. 전체적인 사망λ₯ μ€ 19.4νΌμ„ΌνŠΈμ˜€μœΌλ©°, μˆ˜μˆ μ— μ˜ν•œ 사망λ₯ μ€ 9.4νΌμ„ΌνŠΈμ˜€λ‹€. 9. 사망에 κ΄€μ—¬ν•œ μš”μΈλ“€λ‘œλŠ” μ„ μ²œμ„± 심μž₯병, 패혈증, λ―Έμˆ™μ•„, λ‹€λ°œμ„± μ„ μ²œμ„± κΈ°ν˜•λ“±μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. [영문] Malformation of the anus and rectum, frequently refered to as β€œimperforate anus” are the most common of congenital anomalies among the congenital anomalies of gastrointestinal tract, occuring about once in every 5,000 births. They consist of variety of lesions ranging from mild congenital stenosis of the anus which requires simple dilation for cure to complex deformities which present some of the most vexing and discouraging problem in management. This is the report of clinical analysis and evaluator of 67 patients with congenital anorectal malformation, experienced at Severance Hospital, during past 15 years from Jan. 1963 to Dec. 1978. The results of observation were as follows : 1. Incidence was once in every 4,119 births. 2. There were 47 males and 18 females and 2 cases of unknown sex, then male/female ratio was 2.6:1. 3. First and second born were commonly affected than the others. 4. High anomalies were 37.3%, intermediate anomalies were 11.9% and low anomalies were 46.3% 5. Associated anomalies were noted in 12 out of 67 cases, which consist of congenital heart diseases, skeletal anomalies, single umbilical artery, congenital megacolon etc 6 In general, perineal anoplasty with or without preliminary colostomy were performed in low anomalies and some cases of intermediate anomalies. And abdominoperineal pull-through operation with or without preliminary colostomy were done in high anomalies. 7. Complication after surgery were main wound infection and disruption, intestinal obstruction, fecal incontinence, urinary incontinence, vaginal perforation, and urethral injury etc. 8. Overall mortality was 19.4% and operative mortality was 9.4%. 9. Factors influencing on mortality were congenital heart diseases, sepsis, prematurity, multiple congenital anomalies, respiratory insufficiency, menigomyelocele and trachocesphageal fistula.restrictio

    Iago 의 성격- 그의 λ³΅μˆ˜μ™€ κ·Έ 동기λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ-

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    OthelloλŠ” ν”νžˆ Shakespeare의 κ·Ήμ€‘μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 극의 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ κ°„ μ£Όλ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. ν”Όμƒμ μœΌλ‘œ 보면 ν™•μ‹€νžˆ 이 κ·Ήμ—λŠ” μ‚¬λŒ€(四倧)λΉ„κ·Ήμ˜ λ‹€ λ₯Έ μ„Έ κ·Ήμ—μ„œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 것과 같은 κ΄‘λŒ€μ‹¬μ›ν•œ λΆ„μœ„κ±°λ‚˜ μ΄ˆμžμ—°μ μΈ μš”μ†Œκ°€ κ²°ν•λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€. λ‹€λ₯Έ 비극듀이 μš°μ£Όλ‚˜ κ΅­κ°€λΌλŠ” κ±°λŒ€ν•œ λ¬΄λŒ€μ— μ„œ μ²œκ°œλ˜λ©΄μ„œ, 폭풍, λ§ˆλ…€, 유령의 κ°œμ—…μ„ ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 신비적인 감정을 μ•Ό κΈ°μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 운λͺ…λΉ„κ·Ήμ˜ 양상을 띠고 μžˆλŠ”λ° λ°˜ν•˜μ—¬, 이 극은 Shakespeare 의 λΉ„κ·Ή μ€‘μ—μ„œ μœ μΌν•œ κ°€μ²­λΉ„κ·ΉμœΌλ‘œμ„œ κ·Έ λ¬΄λŒ€κ°€ 쒁고 κ·Έ λ‚΄μš©μ— μžˆμ–΄ μ„œλ„ 개인의 μ§‘λ¦¬ν”Œ ν†΅ν•œ 일상적인 μ£Όμ œκ°€ μ·¨κΈ‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 동μž₯μΈλΆˆλ“€ 의 μ„±κ²©μ΄λ‚˜ 극적상황도 μƒμƒν•œ 펼치둜 λ¬˜μ‚¬λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ Shakespeare의 κ·Ή μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„ κ°€μž₯ μžμ—°μ£Όμ˜μ μΈ μž‘ν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ μ†κΌ½ν˜€ μ™”λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μœ μΌν•˜κ²Œ 이 극의 악역인 Iago λ§Œμ€ λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ κ³€ λž€ν•œ 수수께끼 같은 인물이닀. κ·ΈλŠ” 이 극의 비평에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μ£Όλͺ©μ˜ 주초점이 λ˜μ–΄ μ™”κ³  특히 그의 λΆˆκ°€μ‚¬μ˜ν•œ 성걱에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬λŠ” ꡬ κ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , 그것도 ν”νžˆ μ •λ°˜λŒ€λ˜λŠ” 해석이 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ κΉŒμ§€ λŠμ΄μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžˆλŠ” 싀정이닀

    μ°Έμ—¬κΆŒ 보μž₯을 μœ„ν•œ μ „μžμ •λ³΄ μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰ 집행 λ°©μ•ˆμ— κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ μœ΅ν•©κ³Όν•™κΈ°μˆ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μœ΅ν•©κ³Όν•™κΈ°μˆ λŒ€ν•™μ› μˆ˜λ¦¬μ •λ³΄κ³Όν•™κ³Ό λ””μ§€ν„Έν¬λ Œμ‹ν•™ 전곡, 2016. 2. 이상원.ν˜„λŒ€μΈμ˜ μΌμƒμƒν™œμ€ 컴퓨터, 인터넷, 슀마트폰 λ“±μ˜ 디지털 기기듀을 톡해 점차 μ •λ³΄μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 이런 λ³€ν™”λ“€λ‘œ 인해 ν˜„λŒ€μΈμ˜ 생각과 ν–‰μœ„κ°€ μ „μžμ •λ³΄λ‘œ κΈ°λ‘λ˜μ–΄ λ‚¨κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 기쑴의 μœ μ²΄λ¬Όμ—μ„œλŠ” λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ λ°©λŒ€ν•˜κ³  μ„Έμ„Έν•œ 정보듀이 μ „μž 증거둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 있게 된 것이닀. 2011λ…„ ν˜•μ‚¬μ†Œμ†‘λ²• κ°œμ •μ—μ„œλŠ” μ „μžμ •λ³΄λ₯Ό μ¦κ±°λ‘œμ„œ μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 원칙적 μ„ λ³„μ••μˆ˜, μ˜ˆμ™Έμ  λ§€μ²΄μ••μˆ˜ μ••μˆ˜λ°©λ²•μ΄ κ·œμ •λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μˆ˜μ§‘ μ‹œ κΈ°μ‘΄ 유체물의 μ••μˆ˜ μˆ˜μƒ‰κ³ΌλŠ” 달리 μ •λ³΄μ˜ λŒ€λŸ‰μ„±μœΌλ‘œ 인해 ν˜μ˜μ‚¬μ‹€κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ μžˆλŠ” μ •λ³΄λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ κ·Έμ™€λŠ” μ „ν˜€ λ¬΄κ΄€ν•œ 정보듀이 λŒ€λŸ‰μœΌλ‘œ μ••μˆ˜λ  μš°λ €κ°€ 있고 ν”Όμ••μˆ˜μžμ˜ μ‚¬μƒν™œ μΉ¨ν•΄λ₯Ό μœ λ°œν•  μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μ••μˆ˜Β·μˆ˜μƒ‰ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 범죄와 λ¬΄κ΄€ν•œ λ§‰λŒ€ν•œ 정보가 μˆ˜μ§‘λ  수 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ, 이둜 μΈν•œ μΉ¨ν•΄λ₯Ό λ°©μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ‚¬λ²•ν†΅μ œκ°€ μš”κ΅¬λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. ν˜•μ‚¬μ†Œμ†‘λ²• 제106μ‘°μ—μ„œ 관련성에 κ΄€ν•œ λ‚΄μš©μ΄ μΆ”κ°€λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ μš”κ΅¬λ˜λŠ” 사법적 ν†΅μ œκ°€ μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³ , μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ ꡬ체적인 증거 μˆ˜μ§‘μ ˆμ°¨λ„ μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ‹€. μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ 증거 μˆ˜μ§‘ 절차 등에 λŒ€ν•œ μž…λ²•μ  곡백에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ…Όμ˜ν•˜κ³  μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜μ—¬ 체계적이고 ꡬ체적인 μž…λ²•μ΄ μ‹œκΈ‰νžˆ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. ν˜„μž¬ μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μ••μˆ˜Β·μˆ˜μƒ‰ μ ˆμ°¨μ— λŒ€ν•œ μž…λ²•μ˜ λ―ΈλΉ„λŠ” λŒ€λ²•μ› νŒλ‘€λ₯Ό 톡해 μž…λ²•κ³΅λ°±μ΄ 일뢀뢄 μ±„μ›Œμ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λŒ€λ²•μ› νŒλ‘€λŠ” μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μ••μˆ˜ κ°œλ…μ„ κΈ°μ‘΄ μ••μˆ˜λ¬Όκ³Ό λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μ €μž₯맀체λ₯Ό λ°˜μΆœν•˜μ—¬ ν˜μ˜μ‚¬μ‹€κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ 정보λ₯Ό 탐색 볡사 좜λ ₯ν•  λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€μ˜ μ „ κ³Όμ •μœΌλ‘œ 보고 있고, μ••μˆ˜μ˜ μ „ 과정에 지속적인 ν”Όμ••μˆ˜μžμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬κΆŒ 보μž₯을 μ λ²•μš”κ±΄μœΌλ‘œ μ œμ‹œν•˜μ—¬ 이λ₯Ό μ€€μˆ˜ν•˜μ—¬μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  νŒμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μˆ˜μ‚¬κΈ°κ΄€ μ‚¬λ¬΄μ‹€μ—μ„œ μ €μž₯맀체의 μ „μžμ •λ³΄ 탐색 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ ν”Όμ••μˆ˜μžμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬κΆŒ 미보μž₯, ν˜μ˜μ‚¬μ‹€κ΄€λ ¨ ꡬ뢄 μ—†λŠ” 재볡제, ν˜μ˜μ‚¬μ‹€κ³Ό λ¬΄κ΄€ν•œ 정보 좜λ ₯ 등을 μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ μœ„λ²•μ²˜λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ νŒλ‹¨ν•˜κ³  영μž₯에 κΈ°ν•œ μ••μˆ˜Β·μˆ˜μƒ‰ 전체λ₯Ό μ·¨μ†Œν•˜λŠ” νŒκ²°μ„ λ‚΄λ Έλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 같은 λŒ€λ²•μ›μ˜ μ „μžμ •λ³΄ μ••μˆ˜Β·μˆ˜μƒ‰μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ λ²•μš”κ±΄μ„ μ‹€λ¬΄ν˜„μ‹€μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  κΈ°κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ„ν•˜μ˜€μ„ 경우 μˆ˜μ‚¬κΈ°κ΄€μ˜ μ „μž μ¦κ±°μˆ˜μ§‘μ„ 맀우 μ–΄λ ΅κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν•  μœ„ν—˜μ΄ μžˆμ–΄ 싀체적 진싀 규λͺ…을 ν†΅ν•œ ν˜•μ‚¬ μ‚¬λ²•μ˜ μ •μ˜ μ‹€ν˜„μ„ μ–΄λ ΅κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 문제점이 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ 논문은 각각의 어렀움이 μžˆλŠ” ν”Όμ••μˆ˜μžμ˜ κΆŒμ΅λ³΄ν˜Έμ™€ ν˜•μ‚¬ 사법 μ •μ˜ μ‹€ν˜„μ΄ μ‘°ν™”λ₯Ό 이루고자 ν•˜λŠ” λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό 가지고 μ••μˆ˜Β·μˆ˜μƒ‰ κ³Όμ •λ³„λ‘œ μ–΄λ– ν•œ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ°Έμ—¬κΆŒμ„ 보μž₯ν•˜μ—¬μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ°©μ•ˆμ„ μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μˆ˜μ‚¬κΈ°κ΄€μ΄ ν”Όμ••μˆ˜μžκ°€ 배제된 μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ μ €μž₯맀체 λ‚΄ μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ—΄λžŒ 및 λ³΅μ œλ‚˜ 좜λ ₯ 등을 λ°©μ§€ν•˜λŠ” μœ„ν•œ λ°©μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ μ €μž₯맀체 λ‚΄ μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ‚¬μš© 이λ ₯ 관리 체계 λ°©μ•ˆμ„ μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜νŠΉμ„±, μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μ••μˆ˜Β·μˆ˜μƒ‰ 방식, μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μˆ˜μ§‘ 및 뢄석 방법을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³  μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰ μ ˆμ°¨μ—μ„œμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬κΆŒ λ²”μœ„, μ°Έμ—¬κΆŒ 보μž₯ κ΄€λ ¨ λŒ€λ²•μ› μ£Όμš”νŒλ‘€ 등을 κ²€ν† ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ κΆκ·Ήμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μ••μˆ˜Β·μˆ˜μƒ‰μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 보닀 체계적이고 μ‹€νš¨μ„± μžˆλŠ” λ²•κ·œκ°€ ν˜•μ„±λ˜λŠ” 것에 도움이 되기λ₯Ό λ°”λž€λ‹€.제1μž₯ μ„œλ‘  1 제2μž₯ μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ νŠΉμ„± 4 1. 맀체독립성 4 2. λΉ„κ°€μ‹œμ„±, 비가독성 5 3. μ·¨μ•½μ„±(λ³€κ°œ μš©μ΄μ„±) 5 4. λŒ€λŸ‰μ„± 6 5. μ „λ¬Έμ„± 6 6. λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ κ΄€λ ¨μ„± 7 제3μž₯ μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰κ³Ό μ°Έμ—¬ 8 1. μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰ 방식 8 κ°€. μˆ˜μ‚¬κΈ°κ΄€μ˜ μ „μžμ •λ³΄ μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰ 방식 8 λ‚˜. μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰ 방식별 μ„ΈλΆ€ 절차 9 2. μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μˆ˜μ§‘ 및 뢄석 기법에 λŒ€ν•œ 쑰사 10 κ°€. μ•ˆν‹°ν¬λ Œμ‹ 기법 뢄석을 ν†΅ν•œ μ•ˆν‹°ν¬λ Œμ‹ λŒ€μ‘ λ°©μ•ˆ 10 λ‚˜. 디지털 증거 μˆ˜μ§‘λ„κ΅¬λ³„ κΈ°λŠ₯ 비ꡐ 16 3. μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰ μ ˆμ°¨μ—μ„œμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬ 19 κ°€. μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰ μ ˆμ°¨μ™€ μ°Έμ—¬κΆŒ κ΄€λ ¨ κ·œμ • 19 λ‚˜. μ „μžμ •λ³΄ μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰ κ΄€λ ¨ λŒ€λ²•μ› μ£Όμš” νŒλ‘€ 20 λ‹€. νŒλ‘€ 뢄석 30 제4μž₯ μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰ 영μž₯ 집행 μ‹œ μ°Έμ—¬κΆŒ 보μž₯ λ°©μ•ˆ 32 1. ν”Όμ••μˆ˜μžμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬κΆŒ 보μž₯ 방법 32 2. μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰μ§‘ν–‰ κ°κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬ 보μž₯ 33 κ°€. μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰ ν˜„μž₯μ—μ„œμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬ 35 (1) μ••μˆ˜ ν˜„μž₯μ—μ„œμ˜ 영μž₯집행에 λŒ€ν•œ 톡지 35 (2) 정보 탐색선별 및 좜λ ₯볡제 μ ˆμ°¨μ—μ˜ μ°Έμ—¬ 36 λ‚˜. μˆ˜μ‚¬κΈ°κ΄€ μ‚¬λ¬΄μ‹€μ—μ„œμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬κΆŒ 보μž₯ 절차 36 (1) μ••μˆ˜λ¬Όμ˜ 봉인 ν•΄μ œ 및 이미징 생성등둝 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬ 37 (2) μ €μž₯맀체 뢄석을 ν†΅ν•œ μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μˆ˜μ§‘ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬ 37 (3) νƒμƒ‰μΆœλ ₯ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬ 42 3. μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ˜ μ••μˆ˜μˆ˜μƒ‰ 절차(μ•ˆ) 44 4. μ €μž₯맀체 λ‚΄ μ „μžμ •λ³΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ‚¬μš© 이λ ₯ 관리 λ°©μ•ˆ 47 κ°€. λ„μž… λ°°κ²½ 47 λ‚˜. 섀계 μ‹œ 고렀사항과 싀무상 보완해야 ν•  사항 48 λ‹€. 기술적 ν•΄κ²° λ°©μ•ˆ 49 라. κΈ°λŒ€ 효과 51 제 5 μž₯ κ²°λ‘  52 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 54Maste
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