20 research outputs found
๊ฐ๋ฐฉํ ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๊ตฌํ์ ์ํ ์ํํธ์จ์ด ๋ชจ๋์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ ๊ธฐ๊ณตํ๋ถ,1999.Maste
๋ฌดํฅ ์นผ๋งํํฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ INSGPS ํตํฉํญ๋ฒ์์คํ
Thesis(doctors) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๊ธฐ๊ณํญ๊ณต๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2008.2.Docto
(A) time series analysis for the monthly variation of SO2 in the certain areas of seoul using ARIMA model
ํ๊ฒฝ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
Box์ Jenkins๊ฐ ๊ด์ธก์น์ ์๊ธฐ์๊ด์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ ์ถ๊ณํ์ ๋ชจํ์ผ๋ก์ ์๊ณ์ด๋ถ์๋ฒ
์ ์ ์ํํ ๊ฒฝ์ , ๊ณตํ, ์์ฐ๊ณผํ์์ ์ด ๋ชจํ์ ๋ณด๊ธ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋ง์์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ตญ๋ด์์
๋ ์๊ณ์ด๋ถ์์ ํ์ฒ์์์ ์ ์ถ๋์ ์์ธก ์ฆ ์๋ฃ์ ์ฐ์ฅ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋กํ ๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ์์ถ๊ณ
์ ์์ฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๊ฐ๋ณ ์์ง์๋ฃ์ ํด์์ ์ด์ฉ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋๊ธฐ๋ถ์ผ์ ๋ํ
์๊ณ์ด๋ถ์์ด ์์ฉ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์์ง๊น์ง ๊ตญ๋ด์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ๋ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋
๋๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋์ ์๊ณ์ด์ ํน์ฑ์ ํ์
ํ๋ฉฐ ๋จ๊ธฐ์์ธก์ ์๋ํ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ARIMA(autoregressive integrated moving average)์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ 1982๋
๋ถํฐ 1
986๋
๊น์ง 5๋
๊ฐ ์ฑ์, ์ค๋ฅ๋ ๋๊ธฐ์ค์ผ ์๋ ์ธก์ ๋ง์์ ์ธก์ ๋ ์๋ณ ์ํฉ์ฐ๊ฐ์ค ํ๊ท ๋
๋๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์๊ณ์ด๋ถ์์ ํํ์๋ค. ์๋ณ ์ํฉ์ฐ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ๋์ํ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ
์์๋ ์๊ธฐ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ(autocorrelaton function)์ ํธ ์๊ธฐ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ(partial autocorrelat
ion function)๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ๊ณ ARIMA model์ ์ ํฉ์ฑ์ ๊ฒํ ํ์ฌ ์ถ๊ณ๋ฐฉ์ ์์ ์ป์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
1. ์กฐ์ฌ๋์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ค์ผ๋๋ ๋
๋ณ๋ก ์ฑ์๋์ ์ฐจ์ธฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค๊ฐ 84๋
์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์
๋ฎ์์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ ์ค๋ฅ๋์ 5๋
๋์ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ณ ๋๋๋ ๊ธฐ์จ์ด
๋ฎ์ ๊ฒจ์ธ๋์์ ์ค์ผ๋๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ฆ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฎ์๋ค.
2. ์๋ณ ๋๊ธฐ์ง์ ์๊ณ์ด์ 12๊ฐ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ๋ถ์์ ์๊ณ์ด์์ ํ์ธํ์๊ณ ์ฃผ
๊ธฐ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ฉด ์์ ์๊ณ์ด์ด ๋จ์ ์์๋ค.
3. ์๋ณ ์ํฉ์ฐ๊ฐ์ค๋๋ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ๋ชจํ์ ARIMA (1,0,0) (0,1,0)^^12 ์ ํํ๋ฅผ
์ป์๋ค.
4. ์๊ณ์ด๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ ์ง์ ์ ๋๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ ์ถ๊ณ๋ฐฉ์ ์์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์๋ค.
์ฑ์ : Y^^t = 0.5214 Y^^t-1 + Y^^t-12 - 0.5214 Y^^t-13 + a^^t
์ค๋ฅ : Y^^t = 0.8541 Y^^t-1 + Y^^t-12 - 0.8541 Y^^t-13 + a^^t
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ Y^^t : t์๊ฐ์์์ SO^^2 ๋๋
Y^^t-1 : t-1 ์๊ฐ์์์ SO^^2 ๋๋
Y^^t-12 : t-12 ์๊ฐ์์์ SO^^2 ๋๋
a^^t : ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋๋(white noise)
5. ์ถ๊ณ๋ฐฉ์ ์์ ์ ํฉ๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ค์ธก์น(X)์ ์ถ๊ณ์น(Y)๊ฐ์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ ๋ฐ ํฌ
๊ท๋ฐฉ์ ์์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ฐ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฑ์ : Y = 0.8710X + 0.0062 r=0.8768
์ค๋ฅ : Y = 0.8758X + 0.0073 r=0.9512
๋์ง์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋์ ์๊ด์ฑ์ ๋ํ๋ด๊ณ ์๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
The cypical ARIMA model which was developed by Box and Jenkins, was applied to
the monthly SO^^2 data collected at Seoungsoo and Oryudong in metropolitan area
over five years, 1982 to 1986. To find out the changing pattern of SO^^2
concentration, autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation analysis were
undertaken. The three steps of time series model building were followed and the
residual series was found to be a random white noise.
The results of this study is summarized as follows.
1) The monthly SO^^2 series was found to be a non-stationary series which has a
periodicity of 12 months. After eliminating the periodicity by differencing, the
monthly SO^^2 series became a stationary series.
2) The ARIMA seasonal model of the SO^^2 was determined to be ARIMA
(1,0,0)(0,1,0)^^12 model.
3) The model equations based on the prediction were: for Seoungsoodong:
Y^^t = 0.5214Y^^t-1 + Y^^t-12 - 0.5214Y^^t-13 + a^^t
for Oryudong:
Y^^t = 0.8549Y^^t-1 + Y^^t-12 - 0.8549Y^^t-13 + a^^t
4) The validity of the model identified was checked by compairing the measured
SO^^2 values and one-month-ahead predicted values. The result of correlation and
regression analysis is as follows.
Seoungsoodong:
Y = 0.8710X + 0.0062 r = 0.8768
Oryudong:
Y = 0.8758 + 0.0073 r = 0.9512restrictio
Topographical anatomy of the hilum, pelvis and segments of the kidney in Korean adults
์ํ๊ณผ/๋ฐ์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ํ๊ตญ ์ฑ์ธ ์ฝฉํฅ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ํํํ์ ๋ณ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ์ฌ ์์์ ์์ฉ
์ ๋์์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ฒด์ง์ธ๋ฅํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ข
์กฑ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ค
.
ํ๊ตญ ์ฑ์ธ ์ฝฉํฅ 204๊ฐ(์ ์ ํ ๊ฒ 81๊ฐ ํฌํจ)๋ฅผ ํด๋ถํ์ฌ ์ฝฉํฅ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ์, ์ฝฉํฅ๋๋งฅ
์ด ๋๋๋ ๋ชจ์, ์ฝฉํฅ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฝฉํฅ๋๋งฅ, ์ ๋งฅ, ์๊ด์ ์์น๊ด๊ณ, ์ฝฉํฅ๋ฌธ์ ํํ, ์ฝฉํฅ
๋ฌธ์์ ํ๊ด์ ๊ฐ์ง์ ์๊ด์ ์์น๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. ์ฝฉํฅ์ ๊ตฌ์ญ์ ๊ตฌ๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋
์ฝฉํฅ 150๊ฐ์ ๋๋งฅ์กฐ์์ฌ์ง์ ์ฐ์ด ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ฝฉํฅ๊น๋๊ธฐ์ ์ ์๊ณํต์ ๋ชจ์์ ์ฝฉํฅ 10
0๊ฐ์์ ํฉ์ฑ์์ง๋ก ๋ณธ๋ฌ ํ๋ณธ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์๋์ ๊ฐ๋ค.
1. ์ฝฉํฅ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ ์ธ๋ก๊ธธ์ด, ํญ, ๋๊ป๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 10cm, 5.8cm, 3.9cm์ด์๊ณ ์์ชฝ ์ฝฉํฅ์
์ฐจ์ด๋ ์์๋ค.
2. ์ฝฉํฅ์ ์๋ฉด์์ ๋ณธ ๋ชจ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 3์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ์๊ณ ์ ํ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ญ์ฝฉ ๋ชจ์์ ํ
๊ฒ์ด 73%์๋ค.
3. ์ฝฉํฅ๋ฌธ์ ๋ชจ์์ ๋ค์ํ๊ณ ๋ถ๊ท์นํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋ด์ธก์ผ๋ก ํฅํ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง
์์ผ๋(์ฝ 60%), ์์ชฝ์ด๋ ๋ค์ชฝ์ผ๋ก๋ง ํฅํ ๊ฒ๋ ์์๋ค.
4. ์ฝฉํฅ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์์ ์ฝฉํฅ๋๋งฅ๊ณผ ์ ๋งฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๊ด์ด ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ์์๋์ ์๋ค ๊ด๊ณ์ ๋ฐ
๋ผ 5์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ์๋๋ฐ, ๋๋งฅ์ด ์์ชฝ์ ์๊ณ ๊ทธ ์๋์ ์ ๋งฅ, ์ ๋งฅ ๋ค์ ์๊ด์ด ์๋
ํ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์๊ณ (68.8%), ๋๋งฅ์ด ์ ๋งฅ๋ณด๋ค ์์ชฝ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ 22.1%์์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค.
5. ์ฝฉํฅ ๋ด์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ ํ๋ ํ๋ฉด ๋ฐ๊นฅ์์ ์ฝฉํฅ๋๋งฅ์ด ๋๋๋ ๋ชจ์์ 4์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ์
๋๋ฐ ๋๋งฅ์ค๊ธฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์๋ค(42.2%).
6. ์ฝฉํฅ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ๋ฉด์์ ์ฝฉํฅ๋๋งฅ๊ณผ ์ ๋งฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง์ ์๊ด์ ๋ฐฐ์ด์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค.
๋๋งฅ๊ฐ์ง๊ฐ ์๊ด์ ์ธ๋ฏ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ๊ฒ(91.2%)ํ ๋๋งฅ๊ฐ์ง๊ฐ ํ์ชฝ์ ์น์ฐ์ณ ์๋ ๋
์ ํ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋์๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ค์ ์ ๋งฅ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ฐฐ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋๋๊ณ ๋น๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ์
๊ด์ ์ฝฉํฅ๋ฌธ์ 4๊ตฌ์ญ์ผ๋ก ๋๋์์ ๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ(91.9%) ์๋๋ค๊ตฌ์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ง๋๊ฐ๊ณ , ๋๋งฅ๊ฐ์ง
๋ ์์๊ตฌ์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ง๋๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์๋ค.
7. ์ฝฉํฅ๋๋งฅ์ ๋ท๊ฐ์ง๊ฐ ๋๋๋ ๋ชจ์์ ๋ถ๋ฅํ๊ณ ๋น๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ์ฌ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ข
์กฑ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ
์๋๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๊ณผ๋ ๋น์ทํ์๊ณ ์๊ตญ์ธ๊ณผ ์ธ๋์ธ๊ณผ๋ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค.
8. ์ฝฉํฅ๋๋งฅ์ด ๋๋๋ ๋ชจ์์ ์๊ฐ์ง, ๋ท๊ฐ์ง, ์๋๊ตฌ์ญ๋๋งฅ์ด ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 5
์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๋น๋๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ข
์กฑ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์๋๋ฐ ์ ํ๋ง๋ค ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ตญ
์ฌ๋์ ์๋ฃ์๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
9. ์ฝฉํฅ ์ธ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์ฝฉํฅ๋๋งฅ ์๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ท๊ฐ์ง๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ ์ฝฉํฅ 100๊ฐ์ ๋๋งฅ์กฐ
์์ฌ์ง์์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ด ์ธ์ธก์ค๊ฐ์ธ๋ก์ ์ ๋ค์ชฝ์ ์น์ฐ์ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋๋ถ๋ถ(75%
)์ด์์ผ๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ ๋ชจ์์ ๋ค์ํ์๋ค.
10. ์ฝฉํฅ์ ๊ตฌ์ญ๋๋งฅ์ ์ฝฉํฅ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์์ ๋ฌถ์ ์ ์๋ ์ด์ฐจ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ณ ๊ตฌ์ญ์ ๋ณ
์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ์ฝฉํฅ๊ตฌ์ญ์ 3โผ7๊ฐ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋์๋๋ฐ 3๊ตฌ์ญ์ด 1.6%, 4๊ตฌ์ญ์ด 24.2%, 5๊ตฌ
์ญ์ด 50.8%, 6๊ตฌ์ญ์ด 22.6%, 7๊ตฌ์ญ์ด 0.8%์๋ค. ํํ ๊ต๊ณผ์์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋๋ 5๊ตฌ์ญ์ ์ ํ์
์ฝ 50%์๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๊ตฌ์ญ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์ญ์ ๋ถํฌ๋ ๋ค์ํ์๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ(96%)์์ ์์
์๋๊ตฌ์ญ์ ์ผ์ ํ๊ฒ ์์๋ค.
11. ์๊ตฌ์ญ๊ณผ ์๋๊ตฌ์ญ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๊ฐ ์ฝฉํฅ์ ์๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฉด์์ ์ผ์นํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 56.1%์
31.8%์๋ค.
12. ์๊ตฌ์ญ๊ณผ ์๋๊ตฌ์ญ์ ๋ถํฌํ๋ ๋๋งฅ์ด ์ด๋๊ณณ๊ณผ ์๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ์๊ตฌ์ญ๋๋งฅ์ ์ด
๋๊ณณ์ด ๋ ๋ค์ํ์๋ค.
13. ์ฝฉํฅ๊น๋๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ์๊ณผ ์ ์๊ณํต์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 5์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๋น๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌ
ํ์๋ค. ํฐ์ ์์ด ์์ ์๋๋ก 2๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๊ณ ํฐ์ ์ ๋ชธํต์ผ๋ก ์์์ ์์ด ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ โ
กํ์ด 47
.5%๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์๋ค.
14. ์์์ ์์ ์๋ 5โผ18๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๊ณ ๋ณดํต 8โผ9๊ฐ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ์์์ ์์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋ฐฐ
์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋ฑ์ชฝ์ ํฅํ ๊ฒ์ด ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ ๋ถํฌ๋ ๋น์ทํ์๋ค. ์์์ ์์ ์ฝฉํฅ์ ์ค๊ฐ์ ์
ํ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์์ชฝ๋ณด๋ค ์๋์ชฝ์ ๋ ๋ง์ด ๋ถํฌํ์๋ค.
์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค์ ์ข
ํฉํ์ฌ ์์์ ์์ฉํ ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ด๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋ก
์ฝฉํฅ์ ๋ ์ด๋ผ ๋ ์ฝฉํฅ๋ฌธ์ ์ฝ 25%์์ ์์ชฝ์ผ๋ก๋ง ์ด๋ ค ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ค์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ทผํ๋ ๊ฒฝ
์ฐ ์ด๋ ค์์ด ์์๋๋ฉฐ, ์ฝฉํฅ๋๋งฅ์ด ์ ๋งฅ๋ณด๋ค ์์ชฝ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ง์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์์ ์ ์์ชฝ์ผ
๋ก ์ฝฉํฅ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๊ทผํ์ฌ ์ฝฉํฅํ๊ด์ ์์น์ ์ฝฉํฅ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋จผ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ํ์ ์ฝฉํฅ๋๋งฅ
์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋์งํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋์งธ๋ก ์ฝฉํฅ๊ตฌ์ญ์๋ ๋ณ์ด๊ฐ ๋ง๊ณ ํํ
๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ์๊ตฌ์ญ๊ณผ ์๋๊ตฌ์ญ ๋๋งฅ์ ๋ณ์ด๊ฐ ๋ง์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์์ ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฐฉํฅ์์
๋๋งฅ์กฐ์์ฌ์ง์ ์ฐ์ด ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๊ด์ฐฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ ๋์ด๋ ๋ฐ
๋์์ด ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ์
์งธ๋ก ์ฝฉํฅ๊น๋๊ธฐ๋ ์์ ์๋ํฐ์ ์์ด ์๋ก ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด
์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ง๊ณ , ์๋ํฐ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ ์์์ ์์ด ๋ฑ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ๋ถํฌํ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ด
์๊ฒฝ์ ํตํ์ฌ ํผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฝฉํฅ์์ ์ ํ๊ณ ์ ํ ๋๋ ๋ฑ์ชฝ์์ ์๋ํฐ์ ์๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋
์์์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ทผํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
The size and shape of the kidney, the configuration of the renal hilum and the
relative position of the renal artery and vein and the ureter around the hilum were
measured and observed through dissection of 204 kidneys from Korean adult
cadavers(including 81 kidneys from fresh cadavers). To clarify the distribution of
the renal segments, the findings of selective renal arteriography from 150 kidneys
were analysed. The renal collecting system was observed by preparing resin casts of
the renal pelvis and calyces from 100 kidneys.
The results were as follows:
1. The average length, width and thickness of the kidney was observed to be 10cm,
5.8can and 3.9cm respectively without any significant difference between the right
and left kidney.
2. The characteristic form, similar to a bean, made up 73% of all cases, which
were divided into three types according to the ventral view.
3. The configuration of the renal hilum was remarkably variable but it was
directed medialward in the majority of cases(60%). In the remainder, it was
directed ventralward or dorsalward.
4. According to the anatomical relationship of the renal artery and vein and the
ureter outside the hilum, the arrangement could be classified into five types.
In the most common type(68.8%) the renal artery was observed to be superior to
renal vein and the ureter posterior to it. In 22.1% of the cases, however, the
renal artery was observed to be anterior to the renal vein.
5. Among the four types classified by the branching pattern of the renal artery
outside the renal hilum, the most frequent was the type in which the renal artery
did not have any branches(42.2%).
6. At the hilar plane the anatomical relation of the renal artery and vein and
the ureter was observed. The arterial branches were arranged around the ureter as a
ring in 91.2% of the cases according to the arrangement of the venous branches was
made. The ureter was observed within the posteroinferior quadrant of the hilar
plane and the arterial branches within anterosuperior quadrant in almost of the
cases.
7. The branching patterns of the posterior division of the renal artery were
observed and the results revealed a significant difference from that of the English
and the Indian, but few difference from that of the Japanese.
8. The branching patterns were classified into five types according to the order
of the origin of the anterior and posterior division of the renal artery and the
lower segmental artery. The frequency of each type was compared to reveal
differences from that of other races as well as that of other reports on Koreans.
9. The boundary on the lateral surface of the kidney between the areas of the
arterial supply from anterior and posterior division of the renal artery was
investigated by analysis of the findings of selective renal arteriography from 100
kidneys. In 75% of the cases the arterial supply was observed to be posterior to
the lateral borderline of the kidney and the configuration of the boundary was
variable.
10. Under the definition of the segmental artery as the secondary branch of the
renal artery that could be tied outside the hilum, the distribution of the renal
segments was observed. The number of the renal segments in a kidney ranged from 3
to 7 and the frequency was 1.6%, 24.2%, 50.8%, 22.6% and 0.8% in the order of
increment. The 5-segment-kidney, the most common form described in many textbooks,
was observed in 50.8% of cases and it was observed as the most common form in this
study also. In most of the cases(96%) apical and lower segments were observed.
11. The level of each boundary of the apical and lower segments was observed on
the ventral and dorsal surface of the kidney and compared.
The level was identical on both surfaces in 56.1% and 31.8% of the apical and
lower segments respectively.
12. Variation in the origin and the number of arteries supplying the apical and
lower segment was compared and the result revealed more complex variation in the
former.
13. The renal collecting system was divided into five types according to the
shape and relation of the renal pelvis and calyces. The type โ
กl, in which the
renal pelvis was composed of upper and lower major calyces with minor calyces
derived from the infundibulum of the major calyx, was observed in 47.5% of the
cases as the most common type.
14. In most of the cases the number of minor calyx was 8 or 9, ranging from 5 to
18. Most of the minor calyces were directed ventralward and dorsalward in the same
frequency and more minor calyces were distributed in the lower than in the upper
area as divided by the mid-horizontal line.
From the viewpoint of clinical application, these results may provide useful
information and important suggestions for renal surgery. First, it may be
convenient for uroligists to decide the direction of approach to the renal pedicle
after close observation of the direction of the renal hilum and the anatomical
relationship of the renal artery and vein because in 25% of the cases the renal
hilum was directed only ventralward. In these case it may be difficult far the
surgeon to approach the renal artery posteriorly and the renal artery was superior
to the renal vein in most cases.
Second, considering that the distribution of renal segments is variable and the
number and origin of the arteries supplying the apical and lower segment, which are
frequently indicated for partial nephrectomy, are variable, it may contribute to
better surgical results if surgeons observe and decide the resection margin
preoperatively by taking selective renal arteriography from several directions.
Finally, the collecting system, in most cases, was composed of upper and lower
major calyces in good communication with each other and minor calyces that are
directed vertralward and dorsalward equally. It seems to be efficient that
endourologists appoach minor calyces of the lower major calyx from the dorsalward
direction for percutaneous renal surgery.restrictio
์์ด์ํฑ๊ณผ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ํ ๋๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๊ทผ ์ฑ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํํ ๋ฐ ๋ด๋ถ๋ฌผ์ง ๋ณํ์ ์์ก ํน์ฑ
Thesis (doctoral)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์์ํ๊ณผ,2002.Docto
Experimental study on reviability of cryopreserved human spermatozoa
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์ ์์ ์ก๊ณผ ๋น์ ์์ ์ก์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋๋๋จ๊ณ์ ํด๋นํ ์๊ฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋ณ๋ก acridine
orange ์ ์์ผ์๋ฒ๊ณผ eosin yellow ์ ์์ผ์๋ฒ ๋ฐ ์ ์์ด๋์ฑ์ธก์ ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ํํ์ฌ ๊ทธ
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น๊ต ๊ด์ฐฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ, ๋๋์ ์์ ์ง์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํ์คํ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ค์ ํ๊ณ ์ ์์ ์ก
๊ณผ ๋น์ ์์ ์ก๊ฐ์ ๋ํด์ ํญ๋์ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋๋๋จ๊ณ๋ณ ์์กด์จ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋น๊ต
๋ถ์ํ๋ฉฐ ๋๋๋ณด์กด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํฅํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ , ์์ธ๋ฌ ํด๋นํ ์๊ฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋ณ ์์กด์จ์
๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์ฌ ๋๋์ ์์ ํจ์จ์ ์ธ ์์์ ์ด์ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ ์คํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
๋ฅผ ํ์ฌ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.
1. ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ฒด์์ ์๋ช
์จ์ด ์ด๋์จ๋ณด๋ค ๋๊ฒ ์ธก์ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ์ ์ด๋์จ์ด ๋ฎ์
์๋ก ํฌ๊ฒ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค.
2. ๋ํด์ ํญ๋ ๋น๊ต์์ ๋๋์ ์ฑ์ ์ ๋ํ ๋๋ํ์ฑ์ ์ ๋น๋ก๋น์จ๊ฐ(์์์จ)์ ๋น์ ์
์ ์ก์ด ์ ์์ ์ก๋ณด๋ค ํ์ ํ ๋ฎ๊ฒ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค(p 0.05).
3. ๋๋๋จ๊ณ๋ณ ๋ํด์ ๋ ๋น๊ต๋ ๋น๊ฒฐ๋จ๊ณ(4ใCโผ-10ใC)์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ํด๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ
๋ก ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค(p<0.05).
4. ์ ์๋๋์ ์ก์ ํด๋นํ 30๋ถ์์ 60๋ถ์ฌ์ด์ ์ ์์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค(p<0.05)
.
์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์๋ ๋๋๋ณด์กด๊ณผ์ ์ค ์ด์ง์ ์ธ ๋ํดํ์์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ฏ๋ก ๋๋
์ ์์ ์ง์ ํ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์์ผ์๋ฒ๊ณผ ์ด๋์ฑ์ธก์ ๋ฒ์ ๋์์ ์ํํ์ฌ ์ข
ํฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐํ๋
๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋์งํ๋ฉฐ, ๋น์ ์์ ์ก์ ์ ์์ ์ก์ ๋นํ์ฌ ๋ํด์ ํญ๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ์์ ์์์ ์ด์ฉ์
์ด๋ ค์์ด ์์๋๊ณ , ํฅํ ๋๋๋ณด์กด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ด์ ๋น๊ฒฐ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋ํ ๋ณด๋ค ์ง์ค์ ์ธ
์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์์ธ๋ฌ ๋๋์ ์ก์ ๊ฐ๊ธ์ ํด๋นํ 30๋ถ์ด๋ด์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์์์ ์ผ
๋ก ํจ์จ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
In order to perform standardization in analytic methods of cryopreserved human
semen, to investigate the differences of resistance to cryoinjury, to define the
stage of critical cryoinjury during cryopreservation and to evaluate the quality
change after thawing by time interval, the reliability of 30 normal and 30 abnormal
semen were evaluated by the supravital stainings of spernatozoa using acridine
orange and eosin yellow and the motility assay simultaneously according to the
stages of freezing-thawing and the time interval after thawing The results were
summarized as follows;
1. Vitality was estimated higher than motility at. all specimens and the gap
between two became greater as motility decreased.
2. Reviability of abnormal semen was estimated lower than that of normal
semen(p<0.05).
3. The critical cryoinjury to spermatozoa wag noticed at the stake of freezing
from 4ใC to -10ใC(p<0.05).
4. The significant decrease in quality cryopreserved semen was noticed between 30
to 60 min. after thawing(p<0.05).
These results suggest that the cryoinjury to human stamen is different in naturel
therefore it is advisible that the quality of cryopreserved human semen should be
evaluated by vitality and motility assay simultaneously. And the resistance of
abnormal semen to cryopreservation is so low that it would be difficult to be used
clinically with satisfaction . Moreover the laboratory studies should be
concentrated on freezing method to achieve better reviability and it is desirable
in practice that post-thaw semen should be used within 30 min. after thawing.restrictio
Observability Analysis of Static State for Strapdown Inertial Navigation System
ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ ์ ๋๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ฑ์์ ํญ์ฒด์ ์์ธ, ์๋, ์์น ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ๋ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์คํธ๋ฉ๋ค์ด ๊ด์ฑํญ๋ฒ์์คํ
(Strapdown Inertial Navigation System-SDINS)์ ๋์ฒด์ ์์ธ๊ฐ ์ผ์น๋์ด ์ธก์ ๋๋ ๊ด์ฑ์ผ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์๋๊ณ์ ์์ด๋ก๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๊ด์ฑ์ผ์๋ ๋นํ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํญ๋ฒ ์ค์ฐจ๋ ์ปค์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ฏ๋ก ์ด๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ํ์ฌ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ํญ๋ฒ ์์คํ
์ ์ธ๊ณต์์ฑ์ ์ํ ์ ํํญ๋ฒ์์คํ
์ธ GPS(Global Positioning System)๋ฅผ INS์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. INS/GPS ๊ฒฐํฉ ํญ๋ฒ์์คํ
์ GPS ์ ํธ์ ๊ฐ์ญ์ด๋ ์ ํ ๋ฐฉํด์๋ ํญ๋ฒํด๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์๋๋ก ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ ํจ๊ป INS์ ํญ๋ฒ ์ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ GPS๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋์ ์ค์ ์ค์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ํ ์ ์๋ค.ADD/KOSE
In-flight Alignment Algorithm Using UKF
In this paper, GPS aided in-flight alignment algorithm using UKF is presented for an SDINS under large initial heading error. Usually, the EKF is applied for this task. However, the EKF is suboptimal choice from a theoretical point of view, as it approximates the propagation of mean and covariance of Gaussian random vectors through these nonlinear models by a linear transformation, which is accurate to first-order only. But UKF algorithms achieve an accurate approximation to at least second-order. Simulation results show that performance of EKF and UKF are the almost same when the initial heading error is small (about 30ยฐ) but UKF has a better performance for large initial heading error (about 45ยฐ).AD