20 research outputs found

    Gelcasting of Si Suspensions for Reaction-bondedSilicon Nitride

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    Maste

    ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,1999.Maste

    ๋ฌดํ–ฅ ์นผ๋งŒํ•„ํ„ฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ INSGPS ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

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    Thesis(doctors) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2008.2.Docto

    (A) time series analysis for the monthly variation of SO2 in the certain areas of seoul using ARIMA model

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    ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Box์™€ Jenkins๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์ถ”๊ณ„ํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด๋ถ„์„๋ฒ• ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ๊ณตํ•™, ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ฆ‰ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœํ•œ ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ถ”๊ณ„ ์— ์‘์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๊ฐˆ๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์งˆ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•ด์„์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด๋ถ„์„์ด ์‘์šฉ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์—๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋„์˜ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ARIMA(autoregressive integrated moving average)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 1982๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1 986๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ˆ˜, ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋™ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ์ž๋™ ์ธก์ •๋ง์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์›”๋ณ„ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ํ‰๊ท ๋† ๋„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด๋ถ„์„์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›”๋ณ„ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ€๋™์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„ ์„์—๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„(autocorrelaton function)์™€ ํŽธ ์ž๊ธฐ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„(partial autocorrelat ion function)๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ARIMA model์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ๋„๋Š” ๋…„๋ณ„๋กœ ์„ฑ์ˆ˜๋™์€ ์ฐจ์ธฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 84๋…„์„ ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์  ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋™์€ 5๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์›”๋ณ„ ๋†๋„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒจ์šธ๋™์•ˆ์— ์˜ค์—ผ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. 2. ์›”๋ณ„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์งˆ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด์€ 12๊ฐœ์›”์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ธ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ์ •์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด์ด ๋จ์„ ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค. 3. ์›”๋ณ„ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค๋†๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ARIMA (1,0,0) (0,1,0)^^12 ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ ์ง€์ ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋„ ์ถ”๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ˆ˜ : Y^^t = 0.5214 Y^^t-1 + Y^^t-12 - 0.5214 Y^^t-13 + a^^t ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ : Y^^t = 0.8541 Y^^t-1 + Y^^t-12 - 0.8541 Y^^t-13 + a^^t ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ Y^^t : t์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ SO^^2 ๋†๋„ Y^^t-1 : t-1 ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ SO^^2 ๋†๋„ Y^^t-12 : t-12 ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ SO^^2 ๋†๋„ a^^t : ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋†๋„(white noise) 5. ์ถ”๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ์ •ํ•ฉ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ธก์น˜(X)์™€ ์ถ”๊ณ„์น˜(Y)๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํฌ ๊ท€๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋ฐ” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ˆ˜ : Y = 0.8710X + 0.0062 r=0.8768 ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ : Y = 0.8758X + 0.0073 r=0.9512 ๋‘์ง€์  ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The cypical ARIMA model which was developed by Box and Jenkins, was applied to the monthly SO^^2 data collected at Seoungsoo and Oryudong in metropolitan area over five years, 1982 to 1986. To find out the changing pattern of SO^^2 concentration, autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation analysis were undertaken. The three steps of time series model building were followed and the residual series was found to be a random white noise. The results of this study is summarized as follows. 1) The monthly SO^^2 series was found to be a non-stationary series which has a periodicity of 12 months. After eliminating the periodicity by differencing, the monthly SO^^2 series became a stationary series. 2) The ARIMA seasonal model of the SO^^2 was determined to be ARIMA (1,0,0)(0,1,0)^^12 model. 3) The model equations based on the prediction were: for Seoungsoodong: Y^^t = 0.5214Y^^t-1 + Y^^t-12 - 0.5214Y^^t-13 + a^^t for Oryudong: Y^^t = 0.8549Y^^t-1 + Y^^t-12 - 0.8549Y^^t-13 + a^^t 4) The validity of the model identified was checked by compairing the measured SO^^2 values and one-month-ahead predicted values. The result of correlation and regression analysis is as follows. Seoungsoodong: Y = 0.8710X + 0.0062 r = 0.8768 Oryudong: Y = 0.8758 + 0.0073 r = 0.9512restrictio

    Topographical anatomy of the hilum, pelvis and segments of the kidney in Korean adults

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์„ฑ์ธ ์ฝฉํŒฅ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์‘์šฉ ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ฒด์งˆ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์กฑ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค . ํ•œ๊ตญ ์„ฑ์ธ ์ฝฉํŒฅ 204๊ฐœ(์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ 81๊ฐœ ํฌํ•จ)๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝฉํŒฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ชจ์–‘, ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋™๋งฅ ์ด ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘, ์ฝฉํŒฅ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋™๋งฅ, ์ •๋งฅ, ์š”๊ด€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ด€๊ณ„, ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ์ฝฉํŒฅ ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€์™€ ์š”๊ด€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฝฉํŒฅ์˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฝฉํŒฅ 150๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™๋งฅ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฝฉํŒฅ๊น”๋•Œ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ˆ ์ž”๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๋ชจ์•™์€ ์ฝฉํŒฅ 10 0๊ฐœ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ˆ˜์ง€๋กœ ๋ณธ๋œฌ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„์ถ”๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ์ฝฉํŒฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ธ๋กœ๊ธธ์ด, ํญ, ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 10cm, 5.8cm, 3.9cm์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์–‘์ชฝ ์ฝฉํŒฅ์— ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์ฝฉํŒฅ์„ ์•ž๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋ชจ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 3์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ฐ•๋‚ญ์ฝฉ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด 73%์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ๋‚ด์ธก์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜(์•ฝ 60%), ์•ž์ชฝ์ด๋‚˜ ๋’ค์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋™๋งฅ๊ณผ ์ •๋งฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์š”๊ด€์ด ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์œ„์•„๋ž˜์™€ ์•ž๋’ค ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ ๋ผ 5์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋™๋งฅ์ด ์œ„์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์ •๋งฅ, ์ •๋งฅ ๋’ค์— ์š”๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ (68.8%), ๋™๋งฅ์ด ์ •๋งฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ž์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ 22.1%์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5. ์ฝฉํŒฅ ๋‚ด์ธก๋ฉด์— ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋™๋งฅ์ด ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘์„ 4์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€ ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋™๋งฅ์ค„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค(42.2%). 6. ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋ฌธ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋™๋งฅ๊ณผ ์ •๋งฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€์™€ ์š”๊ด€์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™๋งฅ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ด€์„ ์‹ธ๋“ฏ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ(91.2%)ํŒŒ ๋™๋งฅ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ชฝ์— ์น˜์šฐ์ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •๋งฅ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์š” ๊ด€์€ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋ฌธ์„ 4๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„(91.9%) ์•„๋ž˜๋’ค๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๋™๋งฅ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋Š” ์œ„์•ž๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 7. ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋™๋งฅ์˜ ๋’ท๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์กฑ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜ ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ์ธ๊ณผ ์ธ๋„์ธ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 8. ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋™๋งฅ์ด ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ์•ž๊ฐ€์ง€, ๋’ท๊ฐ€์ง€, ์•„๋ž˜๊ตฌ์—ญ๋™๋งฅ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 5 ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์กฑ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ํ˜•๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 9. ์ฝฉํŒฅ ์™ธ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋™๋งฅ ์•ž๊ฐ€์ง€์™€ ๋’ท๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์„ ์ฝฉํŒฅ 100๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™๋งฅ์กฐ ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์ด ์™ธ์ธก์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ธ๋กœ์„ ์˜ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ์น˜์šฐ์ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„(75% )์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 10. ์ฝฉํŒฅ์˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋™๋งฅ์„ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ๋ฌถ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ๋ณ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฝฉํŒฅ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ 3โˆผ7๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 3๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด 1.6%, 4๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด 24.2%, 5๊ตฌ ์—ญ์ด 50.8%, 6๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด 22.6%, 7๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด 0.8%์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”ํžˆ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜๋Š” 5๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์•ฝ 50%์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„(96%)์—์„œ ์œ„์™€ ์•„๋ž˜๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 11. ์œ„๊ตฌ์—ญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ž˜๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ฝฉํŒฅ์˜ ์•ž๊ณผ ๋’ค๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 56.1%์™€ 31.8%์˜€๋‹ค. 12. ์œ„๊ตฌ์—ญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ž˜๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋งฅ์ด ์ด๋Š”๊ณณ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„๊ตฌ์—ญ๋™๋งฅ์˜ ์ด ๋Š”๊ณณ์ด ๋” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 13. ์ฝฉํŒฅ๊น”๋•Œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ์ˆ ์ž”๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 5์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฐ์ˆ ์ž”์ด ์œ„์™€ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ 2๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํฐ์ˆ ์ž” ๋ชธํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์€์ˆ ์ž”์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” โ…กํ˜•์ด 47 .5%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 14. ์ž‘์€์ˆ ์ž”์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 5โˆผ18๊ฐœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ณดํ†ต 8โˆผ9๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์€์ˆ ์ž”์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฐฐ ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž‘์€์ˆ ์ž”์€ ์ฝฉํŒฅ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ‰์„ ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์ชฝ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์ƒ์— ์‘์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ์ฝฉํŒฅ์„ ๋ ์–ด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋ฌธ์€ ์•ฝ 25%์—์„œ ์•ž์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์—ด๋ ค ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋’ค์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ ์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋™๋งฅ์ด ์ •๋งฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ„์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์‹œ ์•ž์ชฝ์œผ ๋กœ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝฉํŒฅํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋จผ์ € ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ํ›„์— ์ฝฉํŒฅ๋™๋งฅ ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ  ํ”ํžˆ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ˆ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„๊ตฌ์—ญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ž˜๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋™๋งฅ์— ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋™๋งฅ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์–ด ์ ˆ์ œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ๋กœ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๊น”๋•Œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์œ„์™€ ์•„๋ž˜ํฐ์ˆ ์ž”์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ , ์•„๋ž˜ํฐ์ˆ ์ž”์œผ๋กœ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์€์ˆ ์ž”์ด ๋“ฑ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‚ด ์‹œ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฝฉํŒฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์•„๋ž˜ํฐ์ˆ ์ž”๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€์ˆ ์ž”์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The size and shape of the kidney, the configuration of the renal hilum and the relative position of the renal artery and vein and the ureter around the hilum were measured and observed through dissection of 204 kidneys from Korean adult cadavers(including 81 kidneys from fresh cadavers). To clarify the distribution of the renal segments, the findings of selective renal arteriography from 150 kidneys were analysed. The renal collecting system was observed by preparing resin casts of the renal pelvis and calyces from 100 kidneys. The results were as follows: 1. The average length, width and thickness of the kidney was observed to be 10cm, 5.8can and 3.9cm respectively without any significant difference between the right and left kidney. 2. The characteristic form, similar to a bean, made up 73% of all cases, which were divided into three types according to the ventral view. 3. The configuration of the renal hilum was remarkably variable but it was directed medialward in the majority of cases(60%). In the remainder, it was directed ventralward or dorsalward. 4. According to the anatomical relationship of the renal artery and vein and the ureter outside the hilum, the arrangement could be classified into five types. In the most common type(68.8%) the renal artery was observed to be superior to renal vein and the ureter posterior to it. In 22.1% of the cases, however, the renal artery was observed to be anterior to the renal vein. 5. Among the four types classified by the branching pattern of the renal artery outside the renal hilum, the most frequent was the type in which the renal artery did not have any branches(42.2%). 6. At the hilar plane the anatomical relation of the renal artery and vein and the ureter was observed. The arterial branches were arranged around the ureter as a ring in 91.2% of the cases according to the arrangement of the venous branches was made. The ureter was observed within the posteroinferior quadrant of the hilar plane and the arterial branches within anterosuperior quadrant in almost of the cases. 7. The branching patterns of the posterior division of the renal artery were observed and the results revealed a significant difference from that of the English and the Indian, but few difference from that of the Japanese. 8. The branching patterns were classified into five types according to the order of the origin of the anterior and posterior division of the renal artery and the lower segmental artery. The frequency of each type was compared to reveal differences from that of other races as well as that of other reports on Koreans. 9. The boundary on the lateral surface of the kidney between the areas of the arterial supply from anterior and posterior division of the renal artery was investigated by analysis of the findings of selective renal arteriography from 100 kidneys. In 75% of the cases the arterial supply was observed to be posterior to the lateral borderline of the kidney and the configuration of the boundary was variable. 10. Under the definition of the segmental artery as the secondary branch of the renal artery that could be tied outside the hilum, the distribution of the renal segments was observed. The number of the renal segments in a kidney ranged from 3 to 7 and the frequency was 1.6%, 24.2%, 50.8%, 22.6% and 0.8% in the order of increment. The 5-segment-kidney, the most common form described in many textbooks, was observed in 50.8% of cases and it was observed as the most common form in this study also. In most of the cases(96%) apical and lower segments were observed. 11. The level of each boundary of the apical and lower segments was observed on the ventral and dorsal surface of the kidney and compared. The level was identical on both surfaces in 56.1% and 31.8% of the apical and lower segments respectively. 12. Variation in the origin and the number of arteries supplying the apical and lower segment was compared and the result revealed more complex variation in the former. 13. The renal collecting system was divided into five types according to the shape and relation of the renal pelvis and calyces. The type โ…กl, in which the renal pelvis was composed of upper and lower major calyces with minor calyces derived from the infundibulum of the major calyx, was observed in 47.5% of the cases as the most common type. 14. In most of the cases the number of minor calyx was 8 or 9, ranging from 5 to 18. Most of the minor calyces were directed ventralward and dorsalward in the same frequency and more minor calyces were distributed in the lower than in the upper area as divided by the mid-horizontal line. From the viewpoint of clinical application, these results may provide useful information and important suggestions for renal surgery. First, it may be convenient for uroligists to decide the direction of approach to the renal pedicle after close observation of the direction of the renal hilum and the anatomical relationship of the renal artery and vein because in 25% of the cases the renal hilum was directed only ventralward. In these case it may be difficult far the surgeon to approach the renal artery posteriorly and the renal artery was superior to the renal vein in most cases. Second, considering that the distribution of renal segments is variable and the number and origin of the arteries supplying the apical and lower segment, which are frequently indicated for partial nephrectomy, are variable, it may contribute to better surgical results if surgeons observe and decide the resection margin preoperatively by taking selective renal arteriography from several directions. Finally, the collecting system, in most cases, was composed of upper and lower major calyces in good communication with each other and minor calyces that are directed vertralward and dorsalward equally. It seems to be efficient that endourologists appoach minor calyces of the lower major calyx from the dorsalward direction for percutaneous renal surgery.restrictio

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    Experimental study on reviability of cryopreserved human spermatozoa

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ •์•ก๊ณผ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ •์•ก์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ƒ‰๋™๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ํ•ด๋น™ํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋ณ„๋กœ acridine orange ์ •์ž์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•๊ณผ eosin yellow ์ •์ž์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ •์ž์šด๋™์„ฑ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ƒ‰๋™์ •์ž์˜ ์งˆ์ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ์ •์•ก ๊ณผ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ •์•ก๊ฐ„์— ๋ƒ‰ํ•ด์ €ํ•ญ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ƒ‰๋™๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ƒ‰๋™๋ณด์กด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ํ•ด๋น™ํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ƒ‰๋™์ •์ž์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์ด์šฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒ€์ฒด์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์œจ์ด ์šด๋™์œจ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ’์€ ์šด๋™์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๋ƒ‰ํ•ด์ €ํ•ญ๋„ ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ ๋ƒ‰๋™์ „์„ฑ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๋™ํ›„์„ฑ์ ์˜ ๋น„๋ก€๋น„์œจ๊ฐ’(์†Œ์ƒ์œจ)์€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์ •์•ก์ด ์ •์ƒ์ •์•ก๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(p 0.05). 3. ๋ƒ‰๋™๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๋ƒ‰ํ•ด์ •๋„ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” ๋น™๊ฒฐ๋‹จ๊ณ„(4ใ€‚Cโˆผ-10ใ€‚C)์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ƒ‰ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05). 4. ์ •์ƒ๋ƒ‰๋™์ •์•ก์€ ํ•ด๋น™ํ›„ 30๋ถ„์—์„œ 60๋ถ„์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ •์ž์˜ ์งˆ์ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05) . ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ •์ž๋Š” ๋ƒ‰๋™๋ณด์กด๊ณผ์ •์ค‘ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ƒ‰ํ•ดํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ƒ‰๋™ ์ •์ž์˜ ์งˆ์ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ •์ž์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์šด๋™์„ฑ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ •์•ก์€ ์ •์ƒ์ •์•ก์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ƒ‰ํ•ด์ €ํ•ญ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์ด์šฉ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ , ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ƒ‰๋™๋ณด์กด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋น™๊ฒฐ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๋ƒ‰๋™์ •์•ก์€ ๊ฐ€๊ธ‰์  ํ•ด๋น™ํ›„ 30๋ถ„์ด๋‚ด์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] In order to perform standardization in analytic methods of cryopreserved human semen, to investigate the differences of resistance to cryoinjury, to define the stage of critical cryoinjury during cryopreservation and to evaluate the quality change after thawing by time interval, the reliability of 30 normal and 30 abnormal semen were evaluated by the supravital stainings of spernatozoa using acridine orange and eosin yellow and the motility assay simultaneously according to the stages of freezing-thawing and the time interval after thawing The results were summarized as follows; 1. Vitality was estimated higher than motility at. all specimens and the gap between two became greater as motility decreased. 2. Reviability of abnormal semen was estimated lower than that of normal semen(p<0.05). 3. The critical cryoinjury to spermatozoa wag noticed at the stake of freezing from 4ใ€‚C to -10ใ€‚C(p<0.05). 4. The significant decrease in quality cryopreserved semen was noticed between 30 to 60 min. after thawing(p<0.05). These results suggest that the cryoinjury to human stamen is different in naturel therefore it is advisible that the quality of cryopreserved human semen should be evaluated by vitality and motility assay simultaneously. And the resistance of abnormal semen to cryopreservation is so low that it would be difficult to be used clinically with satisfaction . Moreover the laboratory studies should be concentrated on freezing method to achieve better reviability and it is desirable in practice that post-thaw semen should be used within 30 min. after thawing.restrictio

    Observability Analysis of Static State for Strapdown Inertial Navigation System

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    ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์œ ๋„๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ฒด์˜ ์ž์„ธ, ์†๋„, ์œ„์น˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋žฉ๋‹ค์šด ๊ด€์„ฑํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(Strapdown Inertial Navigation System-SDINS)์€ ๋™์ฒด์™€ ์ž์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์ธก์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„์™€ ์ž์ด๋กœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” ๋น„ํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์˜ค์ฐจ๋„ ์ปค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ธ๊ณต์œ„์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „ํŒŒํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ GPS(Global Positioning System)๋ฅผ INS์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. INS/GPS ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ GPS ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ฐฉํ•ด์—๋„ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ INS์˜ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ GPS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ž‘ ์ค‘์— ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ADD/KOSE

    In-flight Alignment Algorithm Using UKF

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    In this paper, GPS aided in-flight alignment algorithm using UKF is presented for an SDINS under large initial heading error. Usually, the EKF is applied for this task. However, the EKF is suboptimal choice from a theoretical point of view, as it approximates the propagation of mean and covariance of Gaussian random vectors through these nonlinear models by a linear transformation, which is accurate to first-order only. But UKF algorithms achieve an accurate approximation to at least second-order. Simulation results show that performance of EKF and UKF are the almost same when the initial heading error is small (about 30ยฐ) but UKF has a better performance for large initial heading error (about 45ยฐ).AD
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