貞觀之治의 이론서 《群書治要》

唐 太宗 이세민(599~649)의 언행을 기록한 책 《貞觀政要》는 역대로 동아시아 군왕들의 帝王學 교과서였다. 隋末唐初의 대혼란을 수습하고 당 왕조의 기틀을 공고하게 다진 唐 太宗의 업적은 그 자체로 천하를 통치하는 최고 권력자들에게 훌륭한 참고의 체계를 제공했을 테지만, 唐 太宗이 조정의 신하들과 진지하게 토론하면서 치국의 방법을 모색하던 과정을 주제별로 분류하여 평이한 문체로 일목요연하게 정리해놓은 《貞觀政要》의 매력도 이후 帝王들이 이 책을 즐겨 읽게 되었던 주요한 이유였을 것이다. 신하들의 입장에서도 이 책이 군주의 독단적인 국정운영을 경계하고 관료들의 간언을 수용하는 내용을 풍부하게 담고 있다는 점에서 군주에게 적극적으로 추천할 만한 문헌이었다. 이 때문에 《貞觀政要》는 중국뿐만 아니라 조선이나 일본에서도 통치자들의 필독서 중 하나로 자리 잡게 된다

(The) quality of life in cancer patients

의학과/석사[한글] 의학의 모든 치료는 궁극적으로 살의 질을 증진시키는 것을 목적으로 한다. 선행연구결과들에서 암환자가 느끼는 삶의 질이 경과나 예후 등에 있어 중요하다는 점은 충분히 입증되고 있다. 이러한 점에서 암환자가 지각하는 삶의 질과 그 특성을 구체적으로 비교 평가함으로써, 질환에 보다 나은 대처를 할 수 있을 것이다. 이 연구는 암환자의 삶의 질이 다른 질병을 가진 환자 및 질병이 없는 군과의 차이를 밝히고자 하였다. 연구방법으로 58명의 암환자군, 202명의 일반 환자군과 229명의 질병이 없는 정상인군을 대상으로 한국어판 세계보건 기구 삶의 질 척도(WHOQOL)를 이용, 삶의 질을 평가하게 하여 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 삶의 질 점수가 암환자군이 가장 낮았고 일반 환자군, 정상인군의 순서를 보였다. 이러한 군간의 차이가 삶의 질 점수에 영향을 미치는 영역은 신체적 영역(domain 1), 심리적 영역(domain 2), 독립성 영역(domain 3), 환경영역(domain 5), 영성 영역(do main 6)이었으며 사회 영역(domain 4)에서는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그 중 암환자군에서 가장 낮은 삶의 질 점수를 보인 영역은 신체적 영역(domain 1), 독립성 영역(domain 3)이었다. 암환자군과 일반 환자군간에서 통계적으로 차이가 나지 않는 영역은 심리적 영역(domain 2)과 환경 영역(domain 5)이었다. 영성 영역(domain 6)에서는 암환자군과 일반 환자군에서만 차이를 보였다. 경로분석 결과 전반적인 삶의 질과 심리적 영역이 다른 영역들의 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타나 심리적인 삶의 질이 최종적으로 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 질병의 유무에 따라 삶의 질이 나빠지며, 암환자에게 신체적 고통, 독립성 유지 그리고 영성 문제에 보다 많은 도움이 필요하다고 할 수 있으며 최종적으로 심리적 삶의 질이 중요하다는 것을 시사한다. [영문] All the treatments of medicine is toward to the goal of improvement of the quality of life. The results of previous studies proves that the quality of life in cancer patients have influence on the course and prognosis of the disease. From this view point, evaluating how the cancer patients percept one's quality of life and comparing its characteristics, will make better interventions possible for the disease. This study is proposed to compare the quality of life, in cancer patients with the patients of other disease group, and the normal person group. In our study 58 cancer Patients, 202 patients of different diseases, 228 normal persons, assessed by WHOQOL, Korea version. underwent the evaluation the quality of life. The results of this study came out that the score of the cancer patient group was the lowest, followed by the patients of different diseases and the normal persons. These difference between groups were influenced by the physical domain(domain1), the psychological domain(domain2), the independent domain(domain3), the environmental domain(domain5), the spiritual domain (domain6), while the social domain(domain4) showed no difference. Among these domains, the physical domain(domain1 ) and the independent domain(domain3) showed the lowest scores in cancer patients. The psychological domain (domain2) and the environmental domain (domain5) showed no statistical difference between the cancer patients and the patients of other diseases. The statistical results through path analysis showed that the general quality of life and the psychological domain (domain2) were more influenced by other domains, suggesting that the psychological quality of life is the most important. These results shows that the quality of life is influenced by the presence of an illness, and suggest an intervention for physical pain, maintenance of independence and spiritual problems, and finally that the psychological quality of life is most important.restrictio

Dynamics of the modified billiard problem

Maste

魏晉南北朝 志怪의 상상력 연구 : 志怪 연구의 통합적 방법 모색

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :중어중문학과 문학 전공,2001.Maste

간암종에서 ERα에 의한 IL-6, EpCAM, K19의 발현에 미치는 영향

Dept. of Medical Science/석사The expression of “stemness”-related markers in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was recently reported to be associated with more aggressive biological behavior and poor prognoses. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) was previously known to be involved in the generation of cancer stem cells. HCCs occur mainly in men, and estrogen and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) were reported to play a protective role in HCC development by inhibiting secretion of IL-6, which is capable of inducing EMT. In this study, the role of ERα on the expression of cancer stem cell markers (EpCAM and keratin (K19), IL-6, EMT markers (Snail and Twist) as well as the biological behavior of HCC was investigated in both HCC cell lines and human HCC tissue samples. In PLC/PRF/5 and SNU423 cell lines, EpCAM-positive and EpCAM-negative cells were sorted by flow cytometry. ERα mRNA level was significantly higher in the EpCAM-negative cell fractions than in the EpCAM-positive cell fractions of both cell lines (P < 0.05). Snail mRNA level and Twist mRNA level were significantly higher (P < 0.05) (P = 0.06) in the EpCAM-positive cell fractions than in the EpCAM-negative cell2 fractions of both cell lines. IL-6 mRNA levels were significantly higher in the EpCAM-positive cell fractions than in the EpCAM-negative cell fractions of SNU423 cells (P = 0.03), whereas it was not detected in PLC/PRF/5 cells. Overexpression of ERα by transfection of pEGEF-C1-ERα plasmids showed a significant reduction of EpCAM and K19 expression levels in PLC/PRF/5 and SNU423 cell lines at both the mRNA and protein level (P < 0.05). Interestingly, overexpression of ERα reduced IL-6 expression at both the mRNA and protein level in SNU423 cells. However, Snail and Twist expression demonstrated no significant change after ERα overexpression in both cell lines. Overexpression of ERα significantly reduced the activities of cell proliferation, invasion and migration in both cell lines compared to the control group. We also studied 64 human HCC tissues; ERα type was evaluated by RT-PCR, and the mRNA expression levels of ERα, EpCAM, K19, IL-6, Snail and Twist were studied by real-time RT-PCR. The protein expression of EpCAM and K19 was also detected by immunohistochemical stain. Their expression levels were correlated with clinicopathologic features. HCC patients with the ERα wild type showed significantly higher mRNA levels of ERα; lower mRNA levels of EpCAM, K19 and IL-6; and lower protein expression of EpCAM and K19, compared to those with the ERα variant type (P < 0.05 in all); whereas there was no significant difference in mRNA levels of Snail and Twist between the two groups. HCC patients with the ERα variant type showed3higher incidences of portal vein invasion (P = 0.008), microvascular invasion (P = 0.024), and poor differentiation (P = 0.015), compared to those with the ERα wild type. Similarly, HCC patients with low ERα mRNA expression (lower 50%) showed higher portal vein invasion (P = 0.021) and microvascular invasion (P = 0.007) than those with high ERα mRNA expression (upper 50%). There were no significant differences in disease free survival and overall survival according ERα type and expression levels of ERα, IL-6, Snail, Twist, EpCAM and K19 at the mRNA or protein level. In conclusion, these data suggest low ERα mRNA expression and variant-ERα type are involved in the aggressive biological behavior of HCC, demonstrating high expressions of EpCAM, K19 and IL-6 in both HCC cell lines and HCC patients.ope

Visualization of endogenous p53 gene expression using sodium iodide symporter

Thesis (master`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :협동과정 종양생물학전공,2004.Thesis (master`s)-

마우스 모델에서 알파태아단백 인핸서프로모터를 이용한 리포터유전자 발현의 간암 표적화

Thesis(doctors) --서울대학교 대학원 :협동과정(종양생물학전공),2009.2.Docto

Separatrix map and anti-integrability

Docto

Recent Advance in the Treatment of Hypertension

Hypertension is one of the most significant but modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Previous clinical trial clearly showed that blood pressure reduction effectively decreased the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Despite the improvement of hypertension treatment, the overall control rate of hypertension has not yet been clearly improved. The proportion of hypertensive patients who have their blood pressure controlled has increased dramatically during the past several decades; however, a lot of patients still did not reach the optima goal. In addition, other cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease rapidly increased recently. As such, the proper control of the risk factors is much more important in high risk hypertensive patients. The control of hypertension continues to be inadequate despite the effective, well-tolerated medications. The control rates are even worse among the high risk patients, to whom target blood-pressure levels of 130/80 mm Hg or lower are recommended. In order to improve the level of blood pressure control in the population, we should enhance the awareness and treatment of hypertension through public health education. In addition, aggressive combination therapy including diuretics, overcoming therapeutic inertia, and screening for primary aldosteronism is warranted in all the hypertensive patients. Novel therapeutic approach for hypertension such as immunization against angiotensin II or renal denervation has gained much attention. In condusion, despite recent advance in pharmacological therapeutics, the rate of hypertension control is still far from satisfactory. Lower treatment thresholds and more intensive treatment contribute to better hypertension control. In particular, much more efforts are needed to encourage the use of low-cost thiazide diuretics as antihypertensive agents in patients taking more than three anti-hypertensive medications.Chobanian AV, 2009, NEW ENGL J MED, V361, P878Jamerson K, 2008, NEW ENGL J MED, V359, P2417Parati G, 2008, J HYPERTENS, V26, P1505Beckett NS, 2008, NEW ENGL J MED, V358, P1887Mancia G, 2007, J HYPERTENS, V25, P1105Rossi GP, 2006, J AM COLL CARDIOL, V48, P2293, DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.059Okonofua EC, 2006, HYPERTENSION, V47, P345, DOI 10.1161/01.HYP.0000200702.76436.4b2006, HYPERTENS RES S, V29, pS1Elliott WJ, 2004, HYPERTENSION, V44, P800, DOI 10.1161/01.HYP.0000146909.69161.8cJulius S, 2004, LANCET, V363, P2022Staessen JA, 2004, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V291, P955