95 research outputs found

    The Study on GaN Grown by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy

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    In this study, the optical properties of thick GaN films grown on sapphire substrates using the HVPE (hydride vapor phase epitaxy) method were investigated by photoluminescence (PL) measurement at 300 K and 77 K. GaN was grown at different growth temperature from 900 โ„ƒ to 1090 โ„ƒ for obtaining high quality GaN. At the results of PL spectrum, bound exciton peak at 357.5 nm(3.46 eV) with FWHM(full width at half maximum) of 17.7 meV and DAP(donor-accepter pair)peak at 376.5 nm(3.29 eV) was observed at 77 K. A peak was appeared at 80.5 meV below the bound exciton peak. This peak might originate from the impurity-related peak formed by diffusion of Oxygen impurities from sapphire substrates. Therefore, we suggest that optimized growth temperature to obtain high quality GaN crystal was 1050 โ„ƒ.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 1 1.2 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  4 2. ์ด ๋ก  6 2.1 GaN์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 6 2.2 GaN์˜ ๊ธฐํŒ 20 2.3 ๊ฐ์ข… ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ(epitaxy) ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฒ• 24 2.4 ๊ฒฐ์ • ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  27 2.5 ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ ฅ 30 2.6 ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  31 3. ์‹ค ํ—˜ 33 3.1 ์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 33 3.2 PL 40 4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ† ๋ก  47 5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  59 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 6

    ๋ฒ ๋„ท ๋ฆฌ๋จธ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์  ์žฌ์Œ๋ฏธ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต, 2019. 2. ๊ณฝ๋•์ฃผ.The purpose of this study is to explore the issues of educational philosophy in the discourse of multicultural music education as a social demand that has been placed on our contemporary multicultural society, and to draw the implications of the purposes of music education related to such issues. Today, teachers who engage in multicultural music education are confused about the purpose of music education. They have essential questions about why they should teach students the music of foreign cultures. In addition, they ask the following questionswhether such educational practices are merely to understand other cultures, or to understand the universal value of music apart from Western-style music, or to maximize the student's individual inner joy through the expansion of the musical styles and genres they are exposed to. Through such questions, they also recognize that the practice of multicultural music education is a form of civic education, and that such educational goals have room to conflict with the intrinsic values of the subject of music. In this way, the multicultural music education practiced in public education today is characterized by the subtle conflict of intrinsic and external values of music, and conflict between knowing within music and knowing about music, and in this conflict, the direction of music education is not clarified. In addition, the controversy surrounding this problem is compounded by the question of exactly where the educational values of sound as music and musical experience lie. The knowing about music, which is emphasized in the discourse of contextualism, has many implications in the field of education because it reflects the new roles and values of music and music education by seeking direct participation and development in society and communities. However, in the multidimensional knowing of musical experiences, when we examine the value and the roles of affective knowing from the knowing within music emphasized in the discourse of universalism, and when we considerate the educational values of the affective knowing from the perspective of the maturity of a more holistic humanity including community relationships and history, we find the educational values proposed serve as a new purpose for contemporary multicultural music education. In order to propose a new purpose for contemporary multicultural music education, I explore the issues and the concepts inherent in the discourse of multicultural music education, and specifically reconsider the meaning of an education of feelings suggested by Bennet Reimer and its associated educational value. Through these reconsiderations, I want to propose a new purpose of music education for the comprehensive practice of multicultural music education, and to reduce confusion within the profession in the practice of music education. To that end, I start by posing the following research questionsfirst, what is the core debate in the theory of multicultural education?second, what is the philosophical debate in the discourse of multicultural music education?third, what is the value of music education as an education of feelings according to Bennett Reimer?and fourth, what are the implications of an education of feelings according to Bennett Reimer for the purpose of multicultural music education and music curriculum principles? With these questions, in chapter 2, I explore the four theoretical approaches to multicultural educationโ€•cultural assimilationism, cultural pluralism, multiculturalism, critical multiculturalismโ€• and consider the debate on universality and contextuality inherent in the theory of multicultural education. In chapter 3, I explore the controversy of contextualism and universalism as a philosophical debate inherent in the teleological discourse of multicultural music education, and reinterpret the concepts of the multicultural and the multi-musical in this regard. In chapter 4, based on research conducted by Antonio Damasio, I explore the concept of feeling and feeling feelings (or knowing feelings) as a state of consciousness, and through these explorations I re-examine the educational values of an education of feelings as a new vision of multi-musical music education. Furthermore, I discuss how the feeling-state implies the possibility of self-understanding as a state of consciousness, and explore three concepts of sounds, structured sounds (or structured form), and meanings to reveal the educational meaning of experiencing the universality of musical experiences through self-understanding within multicultural music education. In chapter 5, I summarize the educational value of an education of feelings as a proposal for multi-musical music education, and suggest that the education of feelings which acknowledges the universality of the musical experience can become an educational practice that encompasses communication, empathy, and the recognition of others. Several conclusions can be drawn from these arguments. Multi-musical music education refers to education that highlights the universality of the human experience through internal exploration of musical sounds from various cultures and emphasizes the expansion of the student's self-understanding. In addition, this type of education includes an examination of the material of sounds, structured sounds (or musically structured forms), and the intrinsic and extrinsic meanings of music which are components of the universality of musical experiences, and also involves experiencing the commonness of humanity as well. Furthermore, multi-musical reinforces the idea of the universality of a more comprehensive meaning that encompasses contextuality and specificitythis suggests the possibility of integration and balance. That is, the multi-musical is rooted in the balance of knowing within music and knowing about music as delineated by Bennett Reimer, and this multi-musical music education is an educational practice requiring such a balance of knowing. Moreover, this balanced multi-musical music education necessitates the existence of a linguistic dimension (in the form of knowing about music) for communication between community members, and also requires an understanding of selfnessโ€•the self as a member of community belonging to a specific cultureโ€• and acknowledge otherness. Such educational practices suggest that the meaning of the musical experience experienced by an individual can be maximized through communication, empathy, and recognition for others, transcending the logic that human beings are connected simply through musical sounds. As a result, multi-musical music education is not an educational practice that pursues the universality of musical experience as an abstract concept, but a practice pursuing universality based on contextuality as a specific and experiential musical experience that plays a crucial role in our lives.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์š”์ฒญ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‚ฏ์„  ํƒ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์Œ์•…์„ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ์งˆ์  ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ต์œก์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํƒ€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์„œ๊ตฌ์–‘์‹ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์Œ์•…์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ํ˜น์€ ์Œ์•… ์–‘์‹๊ณผ ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋‚ด์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์˜ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ต์œก์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์•… ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๋„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ•™๊ต ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์‹ค์ฒœ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์€ ์™ธ๊ฒฌ์ƒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ์Œ์•… ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์™ธ์žฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์†์—์„œ, ํ˜น์€ ์Œ์•… ๋‚ด์ ์ธ ์•Ž(knowing within music)๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์  ์•Ž(knowing about) ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์†์—์„œ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ช…๋ฃŒํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ(sounds as music) ๋ฐ ์Œ์•…์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋””์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์••์ถ•๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ์  ์•Ž์˜ ๊ต์œก์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์Œ์•… ๋ฐ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ต์œก ํ˜„์žฅ์— ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Œ์•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์ ์ธ ์•Ž ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ณดํŽธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์•… ๋‚ด์ ์ธ ์•Ž์ด ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ •์„œ์  ์•Ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์ธ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ •์„œ์  ์•Ž์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก ๋‹ด๋ก ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ๊ต์œก๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์Ÿ์  ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฒ ๋„ท ๋ฆฌ๋จธ(Bennett Reimer)์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์žฌํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฅ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ’์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฃผ์žฅ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์ด๋ก ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์  ๋‹ด๋ก ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ์…‹์งธ, ๋ฒ ๋„ท ๋ฆฌ๋จธ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋„ท์งธ, ๋ฒ ๋„ท ๋ฆฌ๋จธ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ๊ต์œก์ด ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ์›๋ฆฌ์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ(๋™ํ™”์ฃผ์˜, ๋ฌธํ™”๋‹ค์›์ฃผ์˜, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์ฃผ์˜, ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์ฃผ์˜)๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์ด๋ก ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ฑ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์  ๋‹ด๋ก ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์žฌํ•ด์„ํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋’ค์ด์–ด 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๋ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์žฌํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค ๋‹ค๋งˆ์ง€์˜ค(Antonio Damasio)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์‹์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์„œ ๋Š๋‚Œ(๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜์‹์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์„œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์Œ์•…์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ํ˜•์‹, ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. 5์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ์ „๋ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์Œ์•…์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ๊ต์œก์ด ์–ธ์–ด์  ์†Œํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ, ํƒ€์ž์˜ ์ธ์ •์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์˜ ์Œ์•…์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์ ์ธ ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์Œ์•…์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ, ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ(ํ˜น์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ํ˜•์‹), ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌ์ ยท์™ธ์žฌ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋‹ค์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ด„์  ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋‹ค์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋จธ๊ฐ€ ์นญํ•œ ์Œ์•…์  ์•Ž์˜ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์Œ์•… ๋‚ด์ ์ธ ์•Ž(knowing within music)๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์  ์•Ž(knowing about) ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•Ž์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ(๋งฅ๋ฝ์  ์•Ž)๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ • ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์— ์†ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒ€์ž๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์š”์ฒญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ต์œก์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์€ ๊ณง ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์Œ์•…์  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์„œ, ์–ธ์–ด์  ์†Œํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ, ํƒ€์ž์˜ ์ธ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‹ค์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์€ ์ถ”์ƒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ์„œ ์Œ์•…์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š”, ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ ๋„ ์ฒดํ—˜์ ์ธ ์Œ์•…์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 20 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 20 4. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 21 โ…ก. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ธฐ์›๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ 33 1. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ธฐ์›: ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ „๊ฐœ 34 2. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ: ๋™ํ™”์ฃผ์˜, ๋ฌธํ™” ๋‹ค์›์ฃผ์˜, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์ฃผ์˜, ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์ฃผ์˜ 36 3. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์ด๋ก ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ฑ ๋…ผ์Ÿ 43 1) ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ์ž์•„๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์ฃผ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ 45 2) ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ์ž์•„๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ 49 3) ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์ฃผ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์  ํ•ด์„: ๋ณดํŽธ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ณ€๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ 56 โ…ข. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์  ๋‹ด๋ก ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ 63 1. ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์  63 2. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ: ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ 68 3. ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 78 โ…ฃ. ๋ฒ ๋„ท ๋ฆฌ๋จธ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ๊ต์œก 85 1. ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ 85 1) ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์งˆ 88 2) ์˜์‹์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์„œ ๋Š๋‚Œ: ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ(์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 92 3) ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ: ์Œ์•… ๋‚ด์ ์ธ ์•Ž์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์Œ์•…์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ 96 2. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์Œ์•…์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ: ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ํ˜•์‹, ์˜๋ฏธ 105 โ…ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๋ง 114 โ…ฅ. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  131 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 139 Abstract 146Docto

    WTO ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ํŒ์ •๊ณผ ์ดํ–‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œํ†ต์ƒ์ „๊ณต), 2020. 8. ์•ˆ๋•๊ทผ.Over the past 25 years, the WTO has brought considerable achievements as the principal institution of the world trading system. However, it now faces an unprecedented challenge to its fundamental reform since the paralysis of the Appellate Body (AB) function in December 2019. Among many other topics, the area for imperative reforms includes the existing rules associated with unfair trade. This study considers two main backgrounds underlying the need for newly refined rules on trade remedies in legal and economic contexts. The first one relates to widening the discrepancies among nation-states' trade policies, which is largely attributable to substantial discretion to Member states rendered by the ambiguity of the WTO legal texts. Furthermore, along with the criticism for judicial activism, the conflicts between the panels and the Appellate Body in understanding and interpreting the trade remedy laws of the WTO have certainly aggravated the integrity of the dispute settlement system expected to provide security and predictability to the multilateral trading system. The other aspect to understanding the discussion for the refinement on trade remedies is that the existing trade remedy rules have not reflected adequately the profound changes to the degree of the economic integration across the world. Indeed, multilateral rules on unfair trade practices such as dumping and subsidization are regarded as one of the most long-standing trade norms. Anti-dumping and countervailing rules made more than one hundred years ago are still the core framework at the WTO, but already conceptually outdated as national economies are inextricably interdependent with each other. Especially, proliferation of global value chains (GVCs) in the twenty first century calls for new thinking on invocation of traditional trade defense instruments and on reform of all disciplines, rules, and decisions governing trade remedies to incorporate such economic changes into the relevant regime. In all this respect, this study aims to assess legal adequacy and economic reasonableness of existing WTO disciplines on unfair trade and to suggest possible areas for improvement and refinement. This study particularly examines two specific topics, namely, targeted dumping and input subsidies, which have many economic and legal problems in its national operation, but the WTO provides little disciplines regarding these matters. Although this study attempts to analyze the possibility of the WTO to embrace more reasonable disciplines on such specific issues legally and economically, the study lastly addresses the area of retaliation when it comes to non-compliance with WTO rulings in anti-dumping or countervailing disputes. The present study in conjunction with an examination of two contentious dumping and subsidies ultimately aims to contribute to effective function of the WTOs dispute settlement system.์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฌด์—ญ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WTO)๋Š” ์ถœ๋ฒ” ์ดํ›„ ์ง€๋‚œ 25๋…„ ์—ฌ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์žํ†ต์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ 2019๋…„ 12์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋งˆ๋น„๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ œ๋„์™€ ๊ตญ์ œํ†ต์ƒ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ • ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ WTO ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ˜„์žฌ WTO ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋…ผ์˜ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ด์Šˆ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ •๋น„์™€ ๊ฐœ์ •์ด ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” WTO ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ํƒœ์ƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ๋ฌด์—ญํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ๊ธ‰๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ ธ๊ฐ”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, WTO ๋ฐ˜๋คํ•‘ ํ˜‘์ •๊ณผ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๊ณ„์กฐ์น˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ˜‘์ • ๋ฌธ์–ธ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ด ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋คํ•‘ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๊ณ„์กฐ์น˜ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ถŒ ๋‚จ์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ํ˜‘์ •๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•ด์„์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์ ๊ทน์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์ข…์ข… ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์Ÿ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŒจ๋„๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜์–ด WTO ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ œ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์•ฝํ™”์—๋„ ๊ณตํžˆ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์ฑ…์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ์ œ๋„ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ณผ WTO ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ํŒ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ WTO ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ ํ˜‘์ •๋ฌธ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์šฉ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ ํ•ด์„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์žฌ์ •๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์€ WTO ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ํˆฌ์ž ํ™•๋Œ€, ์ดˆ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ, ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ†ต์ƒํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ‹€์€ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์—์„œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋’ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๋Š”, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์˜์—ญ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์  ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ํ†ต์ƒํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ •, ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ , ๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ WTO ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์ถฉ๋ถ„์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ WTO ๋ฒ• ์ƒ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์œจ์€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ ์šฉํ•ด ์˜จ ํ‘œ์  ๋คํ•‘๊ณผ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ•์  ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  WTOํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ •๋น„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ํ‘œ์  ๋คํ•‘์€ WTO ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ œ๋กœ์ž‰์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์™”๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฐ˜๋คํ•‘ ํ˜‘์ •๋ฌธ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ํ‘œ์  ๋คํ•‘ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์  ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์— ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„, ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋งŽ์€ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๋‚จ์šฉ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‘œ์  ๋คํ•‘์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋คํ•‘์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ํ‘œ์  ๋คํ•‘ ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ US-Washing Machine ์ƒ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ํŒ์ •์„ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ƒ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํŒ์ •์ด ํ‘œ์  ๋คํ•‘ ์กฐํ•ญ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋คํ•‘ํ˜‘์ • ์ œ2.4.2์กฐ ์ œ2๋ฌธ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ๋กœ์ž‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋™ ํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์ •๋น„ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” WTOํ•˜์—์„œ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ทœ์œจ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์ƒ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์œจ์€ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ˜‘์ •์ƒ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ 1984๋…„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ• ์ƒ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•ด ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, WTOํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ทœ์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ทœ์œจํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ˜œํƒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ธก์ • ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ทœ์œจ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, WTO ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ ˆ์ฐจ์ธ ์–‘ํ—ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ์ •์ง€, ์†Œ์œ„ ๋ณด๋ณต ์กฐ์น˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, WTO๋ฒ• ์œ„๋ฐ˜์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋คํ•‘, ์ƒ๊ณ„๊ด€์„ธ ์กฐ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ณต์กฐ์น˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” US-Washing Machines (Art. 22.6)์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ณต์กฐ์น˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฐ˜๋คํ•‘ ์กฐ์น˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ณด๋ณต์กฐ์น˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ค‘์žฌ ํŒจ๋„์ด ์—ฌํƒ€ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ œํ•œ์  ์กฐ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•ด ์˜จ ์ „ํ†ต์  ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋คํ•‘ ์กฐ์น˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๊ท€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—ญํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ดํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ข…๋ฃŒ์ผ์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์—ญํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •๊ณผ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌด์—ญํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์„ธํƒ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ Armington๊ฐ€์ •๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๋ฌด์—ญํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ด์ต์˜ ๋ฌดํšจํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ์นจํ•ด์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์ •์ , ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œ์  ๋คํ•‘ ๊ณผ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋คํ•‘, ์ƒ๊ณ„๊ด€์„ธ ์กฐ์น˜ ๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰์‹œ ๋ณด๋ณต์กฐ์น˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‚ฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”ํ›„ WTO ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ตฌ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ์žฌ์ •๋น„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋…ผ์˜์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter I. General Introduction 1 1. Purpose of the Study 1 2. Historical and Policy Background of Unfair Trade Rules 4 3. Contemporary Challenges to WTO Trade Remedy Rules 7 4. Structure of Contents 9 Chapter II. Disciplines for Targeted Dumping in the WTO Anti-Dumping Law 11 1. Introduction 11 1.1. Research Background 11 1.2. Research Purpose and Structure of Contents 14 2. Economic Rationale of Targeted Dumping 15 3. History of Legal Development of Targeted Dumping 20 3.1. Historical Development of Targeted Dumping in GATT/WTO 20 3.2. Evolution of US Laws and Regulations for Targeted Dumping 23 4. US DOC's Analysis of Targeted Dumping 28 4.1. Targeted Dumping Analysis in the Washers AD Investigation 28 4.2. The DOC's Current Analytic Framework for Targeted Dumping 31 5. WTO Decisions on Targeted Dumping Before US โ€“ Washing Machines 35 5.1. US โ€“ Softwood Lumber V (Art. 21.5) Case 35 5.2. US โ€“ Zeroing (EC) Case 37 5.3. US โ€“ Zeroing (Japan) Case 39 5.4. Summary Remarks 40 6. Structural Issues of Targeted Dumping from US-Washing Machines 41 6.1. Interpretation of What Constitutes a Pattern 42 6.2. Interpretation of the Assessment Criteria for a Pattern 45 6.3. Obligation of Investigating Authorities in the Explanation Clause 47 6.4. Limiting the Calculation of Dumping Margins to Targeted Sales 53 6.4.1. New Issues Arising from the AB's Findings 57 6.4.2. Rethinking Zeroing Under the W-T Comparison Methodology 61 7. Concluding Remarks 62 Chapter III. Disciplines for Input Subsidies in the WTO Countervailing Duty Law 70 1. Introduction 70 1.1. Research Background 70 1.2. Research Purpose and Structure of Contents 74 2. Rules on Upstream Subsidies in the United States 75 2.1. Legislative History and the Framework of the Statue and the Regulation 75 2.1.1. Prior to the Omnibus Tariff and Trade Act of 1984 75 2.1.2. The Omnibus Tariff and Trade Act of 1984 and Afterwards 79 2.1.3. Changes in Regulations Governing Upstream Subsidies 81 2.2. Application of the Upstream Subsidy Provision since 1994 85 2.2.1. Delineating the Scope of Input 86 2.2.2. Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Products 89 2.2.3. Consistency of the Cross-Ownership Regulation with The Upstream Subsidy Provision of the Act 90 2.2.4. Absence of a Competitive Benefit 93 3. The GATT and the WTO Jurisprudence on Input Subsidies 94 3.1. Discussions on Input Subsidies during the GATT 94 3.2. GATT Case Law 100 3.3. WTO Case Law 102 3.3.1. US โ€“ Softwood Lumber III and IV (DS 236, DS257) 102 3.3.2. Mexico โ€“ Olive Oil (DS341) 106 4. Should Something Be Done About Input Subsidies? 108 4.1. Calculation of the Amount of a Subsidy 108 4.2. Conceptual Viability of the Scope of Input Subsidies 114 4.3. Countervailing Cross-National Input Subsidies 116 5. Concluding Remarks 118 Chapter IV. Retaliatory Level against Anti-Dumping /Countervailing Measures in the WTO 141 1. Introduction 141 1.1. Research Background 141 1.2. Research Purpose and Structure of Contents 143 2. Measurement of NOI in GATT Practices and the Negotiating History 146 2.1. From GATT 1947 to 1986 Post Tokyo Round Dispute Settlement 146 2.2. Uruguay Round Negotiation 151 3. Legal and Economic Grounds Governing the Measurement of Equivalence 154 4. WTO Decisions on a Retaliatory Level before US โ€“ Washing Machines (Art.22.6) 159 4.1. The Relevant Time-Frame for Analysis of Counterfactual 161 4.2. Methodology for Quantification of NOI 165 4.2.1. Conventional Approach to Estimating Direct Trade Effects 165 4.2.2. Approach to Beyond-Trade Effects 171 4.3. Causation, Quantification, and Non-Trade Effects 171 4.3.1. Causation 172 4.3.2. Quantifiability or Non-Trade Effects 173 5. Findings in the US โ€“ Washing Machines 22.6 Arbitration 175 5.1. Counterfactual and Timeframe in As Applied Measures on Washing Machines 175 5.2. Economic Model and Data Used in As Applied Measures on Washing Machines 178 5.3. Findings Associated with As Such Measures on Other Products 179 6. Issues Arising from the Calculation of NOI Concerning Non-Compliant AD/CVD Actions 181 6.1. Determination of Actual and Counterfactual Level of Export Value 181 6.2. Limitations of Using an Economic Model 187 7. Concluding Remarks 194 Chapter V. Conclusion 197 BIBLIOGRAPHY 201 ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ ๋ก 220Docto

    ํ‘œ์ ๋คํ•‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ-์„ธํƒ๊ธฐ(DS464)์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œํ†ต์ƒ์ „๊ณต), 2016. 8. ์•ˆ๋•๊ทผ.In the Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) of the WTO, the margin of dumping is normally established by comparison of weighted-average normal value and weighted-average export price or by comparison of normal value and export price on a transaction-to-transaction basis. If targeted dumping occurs, the ADA permits comparison of weighted-average normal value and prices of individual export transactions, namely, asymmetric comparison methodology. Zeroing, which refers to the method of treatment by which any negative dumping margin set to zero in price comparison, has been repeatedly prohibited by the WTO jurisprudence. However, it is restricted to normal symmetric comparison methodologies, thereby providing no obligation to prohibit zeroing under targeted dumping. As a result, the US analysis of targeted dumping in many antidumping investigations currently raises new issues in terms of interpretation of targeted dumping provision and the possibility of zeroing. Based on this understanding, this paper analyzed structural issues of the ii targeted dumping provision. It understood the background and the intent in nature of the targeted dumping provision by reviewing the historical development of the provision. Then, while summarizing the evolution of laws and regulations for targeted dumping in the United States, it studies the USs approach to its analysis of targeted dumping in the Washers original investigation and its reviews. Finally, this paper presented the Panels findings of the US โ€“ Washing Machines case and analyzed structural problems of targeted dumping from both legal and practical perspectives. Despite that the Panel in US โ€“ Washing Machines provides major implications in interpreting and understanding the provision, the targeted dumping provision could be abused beyond its original intent due to its inherent lack of specificity and detail for targeted dumping. The Panels incoherent findings on two separate zeroing issues are found to be technical and textual flaws of the reasoning. Furthermore, they imply the possibility that can be opposed to the provisions own intent and function, considering the jurisprudence of the WTO and the historical development of the provision. This papers analysis on structural problems of the targeted dumping provision heralds both two possibilities: one pertains to the practical change of investigating authorities by allowing some form of zeroing which have been firmly disallowed, the other is the nullity of the provision by outright prohibition of zeroing. In conclusion, this paper provides suggestions in order for the provision to function properly based on its intent.I. Introduction 1 II. History of Development of Targeted Dumping 5 1. Historical Development of Targeted Dumping in GATT/WTO 5 2. Evolution of Laws and Regulations for Targeted Dumping in US 10 III. US's Approach to its Analysis of Targeted Dumping 15 1. Calculation Methodology of Residential Washer Case 15 2. The USDOC's Current Analytic Framework for Targeted Dumping 19 IV. WTO DSB's Decision on Targeted Dumping 27 1. Law Cases Prior to US Washing Machines (DS464) 27 2. US Washing Machines (DS464) . 30 1) Background 30 2) Main Findings 32 V. Structural Issues of Targeted Dumping 42 1. Feasibility of the Targeted Dumping Provision 42 2. Zeroing Issue in Targeted Dumping Circumstances 45 VI. Conclusion 53 BIBLIOGRAPHY 55 APPENDIX 62 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 65Maste

    BMP-2 ์œ ์ „์ž ์ „์ด ์น˜์ฃผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์  ๊ณจํ˜•์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Thesis(doctoral)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์น˜์ฃผ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2006.Docto

    (The) contribution of peripheral acid sensing ion channels to mechanical hyperalgesia following peripheral nerve injury in

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๋ง์ดˆ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์†์ƒ์€ ๋ง์ดˆ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์™ˆ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์†์ƒ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ H+ ์ด์˜จ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ H+๋Š” acid sensing ion channels (ASICs)์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํฅ๋ถ„์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ง์ดˆ์—์„œ์˜ ASICs ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ASICs ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆํ†ต์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆ์€ ์ฅ์˜ ์ขŒ์ธก ์ œ5์š” ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋ฏผํ†ต ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ค€ von Frey filament์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒํ”ผ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์—ญ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆํ†ต์ฆ์—์„œ ASICs์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์†์ƒ ์ธก ๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ํ”ผํ•˜์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ amiloride (ASICs ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ)๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๋ฏผํ†ต ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆํ†ต์ฆ์‹œ ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ASICs ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ด€์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ASIC3์™€ ASIC2a์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ง์ดˆ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ASIC3์˜ ๋ง์ดˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ถ” ์ชฝ ์ด๋™์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ฅ์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์†์ƒ ๋™์ธก ๋ฐœ์— ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ค€ ํ•„๋ผ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒํ”ผ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์—ญ์น˜๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ณผ๋ฏผํ†ต๋ฐ˜์‘์€ amiloride๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์‹œ ์™„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ASIC3๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ทผ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ ๋‚ด ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ ์ค‘, ์ž‘์€ ์ง๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ(C-๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ)์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ฅ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ4์š” ๋ฐฐ๊ทผ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์—์„œ ASIC3 ๋ฐœํ˜„ C-๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ˆ˜์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ASIC2a๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ํฐ ์ง๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ(๊ฐ ๊ฐAฮด-์™€ Aฮฒ-๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ)์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์ œ4์š” ๋ฐ ์ œ5์š” ๋ฐฐ๊ทผ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ฅ์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ASIC3๋Š” ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋™์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ง์ดˆ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ ์ด๋™๋จ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋™์–‘์ƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ฅ์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋ง์ดˆ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์†์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ณผ๋ฏผํ†ต ๋ฐ˜์‘์—๋Š” ์†์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋œ H+ ์ด์˜จ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ง์ดˆ์—์„œ์˜ ASIC3 ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ASIC3๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์†์ƒ ์นจํ•ด์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ˆ˜์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ง์ดˆ์—์„œ์˜ ASIC3 ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ณผ ASIC3-๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋น„์†์ƒ ์นจํ•ด์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์˜ ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆํ†ต์ฆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Peripheral nerve injury leads to Wallerian degeneration of the injured axons distal to the lesion, which causes an increase of H+ release at the lesion site. The H+ produces an excitation of primary afferent neurons by directly gating depolarizing ASICs. This paper examines whether peripheral ASICs contributes to and, if so, the modulation of their expressions in primary afferent neurons is involved in, nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain.As a neuropathy model, a lumbar 5 spinal nerve ligation (L5 SNL) was performed unilaterally on rats. Mechanical sensitivity of hind paw was examined by measuring paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) to von Frey filament application. The ASICs blocker amiloride was given via an intraplantar (i.pl.) injection before and after nerve injury. The changes in immunoreactivity of antibodies against ASICs subtypes, ASIC3 and ASIC2a, were examined on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The direction to which ASIC3 was transported in peripheral nerve was also examined.SNL induced mechanical hyperalgesia in affected hind paw as evidenced by a decrease in PWT. When an i.pl. injection of amiloride was given after SNL, established hyperalgesia was attenuated. ASIC3 was expressed mainly in small-sized neurons in L4 and L5 DRGs of control rats. ASIC3-immunoreactive (ir) small-sized neurons increased in number in L4 DRG of SNL-rats. ASIC2a was expressed mainly on medium- and large-sized neurons in L4 and L5 DRGs of control rats. This expression was not different from that of SNL-rats. ASIC3 was transported in the peripheral nerve to the periphery, but not to the spinal cord.The results suggest that activation of peripheral ASICs by H+ released following nerve injury and increased number of uninjured ASIC3-ir nociceptive afferents contribute to nerve injury-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Therefore, preventing the ASIC3 activation and the upregulation of ASIC3 expression in uninjured nociceptors may be novel therapeutic options for treating neuropathic pain.ope

    The Effect of a Parent Education Program Based on Transactional Analysis Theory in the Kindergarten on the Mother's Life Position, Self-concept

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ์•„๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ถ„์„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ž์„ธ์™€ ์ž์•„๊ฐœ๋…์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์‹œ k๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋งŒ3์„ธ, 4์„ธ, 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ 120๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ต์œก์„ 10์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ 10ํšŒ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ถ„์„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ต์œก์ด ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ž์„ธ(์ž๊ธฐ๊ธ์ •, ํƒ€์ธ๊ธ์ •, ์ž๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ •, ํƒ€์ธ๋ถ€์ •)์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ž์„ธ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ธ์ •-ํƒ€์ธ๊ธ์ •์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ž์„ธ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์Šน์ž์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ž์•„๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ถ€๋ชจ์ž์•„์™€ ๊ฐœ์ž‘๋œ ์•„๋™์ž์•„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๊ณ , ์–‘์œก์  ๋ถ€๋ชจ์ž์•„์™€ ์„ฑ์ธ์ž์•„, ์ฒœ์„ฑ์  ์•„๋™์ž์•„๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ž์•„๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์—ญU์žํ˜•์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ž์•„๊ฐœ๋…์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์œ ์•„๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ถ„์„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of a parent education program based on transactional analysis theory in the kindergarten the relationship between children's self-concept and their parents' psychological life position. The experimental group, which consisted of 60 mothers from a kindergarten in Seoul, was trained by means of a TA parent education program for 10 weeks. (1 week means 1 session lasting 2 hours.) The control group, recruited from the same kindergarten, consisted of 60 mothers randomly selected from 100 mothers who volunteered. Introduced in 'Born to win' by M. James and D. Jongeward was used. The statistics were analyzed by pair-sample and t-test comparing means between pretest and posttest in mother's life position and in life patterns of the winner and the loser and mother's egogram. The findings were as follows; 1. There were significant differences in life position between the experimental group and the control group. Therefore, TA parent education had a positive effect on mother's 4 life positions (I'm OK, You're OK, I'm not OK, You're not OK). 2. The parent education program had a positive effect on mother's life position patterns (i.e. I'm OK-You're OK, I'm not OK-You're OK, I'm OK-You're not OK, I'm not OK-You're not OK). So most mothers changed their life position patterns to 'I'm OK-You're OK' from other patterns. 3. There were significant differences in the life patterns of the winner and the loser between the experimental group and the control group. This means that TA parent education changed mothers' life patterns from loser to winner. 4. There was not statistically significant correlation between preschool children's self-concept and the children's variable such as their age or their sex. In conclusion, the TA parent education program for the kindergarten mothers was effective enough to change mothers' life position positively

    Voice and Speech Variation under Physical Stress

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์–ธ์–ดํ•™๊ณผ,2007.Docto

    (A)Study on an ethical approach to architecture by K. Harries

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ฏธํ•™๊ณผ,2005.Maste

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์–ต์–‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์Œ์„ฑํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์–ธ์–ดํ•™๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ „๊ณต,1999.Maste
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