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    ๋น„์ •์งˆ In-Ga-Zn-O MIOSM ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์˜ ํ„ด์˜จ ์ „์•• ์ด๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(๋‚˜๋…ธ์œตํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต), 2021. 2. ๊น€์—ฐ์ƒ.์ตœ๊ทผ MIOSM (Metal-Insulator-Oxide Semiconductor-Metal) ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ (TFD)๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ •๋ฅ˜ ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ–์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋„“์€ ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ž ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํŽธ์˜์™€ ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด MIOSM TFD์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ ํ„ด์˜จ ์ „์•• ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” MIOSM TFD์˜ ํ„ด์˜จ ์ „์••์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. MIOSM TFD์˜ ํ„ด์˜จ ์ „์•• ์ œ์–ด๋Š” ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง„ ํŠธ๋žฉ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ฒด์— ์ฃผ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜ ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. a-IGZO๋ฅผ RF Sputtering ์ฆ์ฐฉ ์‹œ Ar:O2 ๊ฐ€์Šค ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ•˜ ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. MIOSM TFD์˜ ํ„ด์˜จ ์ „์••์€ ยฑ 4V์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž‘๋™ ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ยฑ 50V์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ž‘๋™ ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ„ด์˜จ ์ „์••์ด ์ด๋™ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ 106์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ •๋ฅ˜ ์œจ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. MIOSM TFD์˜ ํ„ด์˜จ ์ „์••์„ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„๋œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™•์žฅ ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.Recently, metal-insulator-oxide semiconductor-metal (MIOSM) thin-film diodes (TFDs) have received attention as a next-generation diode due to the high rectification ratio and their broad option on operating voltage range. Nevertheless, precise turn-on voltage control of the MIOSM TFDs has been required for circuit design convenience. I report the method and mechanism for varying the turn-on voltage of MIOSM TFD in a much simpler and more accurate way. The turn-on voltage of the MIOSM TFD can be easily set by adjusting the amount of trap state that is filled inside the insulator, and the number of charge carriers injected into the insulator. The diodes adopting the new method can freely set various turn-on voltages of MIOSM TFDs not only in the low operating voltage range of ยฑ4 V, but also in the high operating voltage range of ยฑ50 V, and maintain a high rectification ratio of over 106 even when the diode's turn-on voltage is shifted. My new method and the analyzed mechanism that can easily and accurately change the turn-on voltage of MIOSM TFD are expected to accelerate the diode's applicability and expandability.Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 The Thin Film Diodes (TFDs) 1 1.2 New Type of TFDs Based on Oxide Materials 3 1.3 Purpose of MIOSM TFDโ€™s Turn-on Voltage Controll 5 2. Experimental Process 7 2.1 Fabrication of Turn-on Voltage-controlled MIOSM TFD 7 2.2 Characterizations 9 3. Results and Discussion 10 3.1 Electrical Conductions and Turn-on Voltage Shift in MIOSM TFDs 10 3.2 The Mechanism of the Turn-on Voltage-controlled MIOSM TFDs with A-IGZO Film 26 3.3 Fine Turn-on Voltage Control according to the Change of Operating Voltage Range of MIOSM TFD 34 4. Conclusion 49 References 51 ์ดˆ๋ก (๊ตญ๋ฌธ) 56Maste

    ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ด์ฐจ ์ „์ง€์šฉ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021. 2. ํ™์„ฑํ˜„.์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ฐ ์ €์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€์™€ ์†Œ๋“ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ€๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ, ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์ฐจ ์ „์ง€์—์„œ ์ƒ์šฉํ™” ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ๋Š” ํ‘์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฝ์ž…, ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ, ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์žฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ-๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์—ดํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์ค‘ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ถฉ-๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‚ฝ์ž… ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ทน ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ์™€์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ทน ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ณ„์—ด ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ๋‚˜ ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋“ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฝ”ํŒ…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ทน ์—ดํ™”๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ถฉ-๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฝ์ž… ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์†Œ์žฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ํฐ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์„ ์™„์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ „๊ทน ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ž…์ž์˜ ํŒŒ์‡„ ๋ฐ ์‘์ง‘ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ทน ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ทน ์ˆ˜๋ช… ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „๊ทน ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์—๋Š” ์ด์ข…์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์†Œ์žฌ ๊ฐ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ณต์ •์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ๋‚ด์˜ ์ด์ข… ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์†Œ์žฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด์ข… ์†Œ์žฌ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „๊ทน ์—ดํ™” ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ  ๋‹จ์ ๋“ค์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ด์ฐจ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๋žต์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด์ข…์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ ๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ-ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ˜• ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์ข…์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ์†Œ์žฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‚ด ์ด์ข…์˜ ์›์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์›์ž ๋‹จ์œ„์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋œ ๋‘ ์ด์ข… ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด์ข… ์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ „๊ทน ํŠน์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ์ „๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ข… ์›์†Œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„์œจ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ทน ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” MnP ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” FeP ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐ„ ๋™ํ˜• ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ „์œจ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด(์ „ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑ)๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ/๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€ ์ „๊ทน ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ Mn1-xFexP (0โ‰คxโ‰ค1) ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ์ „๊ทน์˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜, ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ „์œ„, ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ MnP/FeP ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ฑฐ๋™๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ Mn1-xFexP (0โ‰คxโ‰ค1) ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ์ „๊ทน๋“ค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ด ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์œจ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ฑ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด MnP ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ๊ณผ FeP ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์—์„œ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋™ (๊ฐ€์—ญ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”)์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ Mn1-xFexP (x=0.75) ์กฐ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ 2 A g-1์˜ ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฐ€๋„์—์„œ ์•ฝ 360 mA h g-1์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ 100 ์‹ธ์ดํด ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๊ทน ํŠน์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ/๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์‹œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ํ˜•์ƒ (Li-Mn-P ์‚ผ์„ฑ๋ถ„๊ณ„ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ™˜์›๋œ Fe ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ •์งˆ Li3P ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์Œ“์ธ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์„ ์™„์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์‘์ง‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ทน ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ํŠน์„ฑ๋„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์†Œ์žฌ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ธ Mn1-xVxP ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ/์‚ฝ์ž… ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์†Œ์žฌ์ธ orthorhombic ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ MnP ์†Œ์žฌ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” hexagonal ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์†Œ์žฌ VP ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ Mn1-xVxP (x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75)๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ฐจ์ „์ง€ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Mn1-xVxP ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์น˜ํ™˜๋œ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋“ ์ด์˜จ์€ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ VP ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ผœ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ/์‚ฝ์ž… ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ Mn1-xVxP (x=0.25) ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ 1 A g-1์˜ ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์—์„œ ์•ฝ 352 mA h g-1์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ 1500 ์‹ธ์ดํด๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž˜ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ Mn1-xVxP ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ๋ช‡ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ/์‚ฝ์ž… ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ถฉ-๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ „๊ทน ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ฒด์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ž…์ž์˜ ํŒŒ์‡„ ๋ฐ ์‘์ง‘์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ „์ž์™€ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ-ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ(Mn1-xTixP ๋ฐ Mn1-xMoxP)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ/์‚ฝ์ž… ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด์ฐจ์ „์ง€ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์œ ๋„๋ฅผ Mn1-xTMxP4 (TM = V ๋ฐ Fe) ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณ  ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์†Œ๋“ ์ด์ฐจ ์ „์ง€ ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์ฐจ ์ „์ง€ ์Œ๊ทน ํŠน์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ๋งํ•œ ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” MnP4 ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์†Œ๋“ ์ด์ฐจ ์ „์ง€๋กœ์จ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ข… ์›์†Œ ์น˜ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ MnP4 ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž์™€ ์ƒ์šฉ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด MnP4/๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€์—์„œ ์•ฝ 856 mA h g-1์˜ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ 2 A g-1์˜ ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์—์„œ 100 ์‹ธ์ดํด ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ์ง€์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ์†Œ๋“ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€์—์„œ ์•ฝ 446 mA h g-1์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ 0.5 A g-1์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฐ€๋„์—์„œ 250 ์‹ธ์ดํด ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ์ง€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด์ข…์˜ ์›์†Œ (V ๋˜๋Š” Fe)๋ฅผ MnP4 ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ์ „๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์ „์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ณ ์† ์ถฉ-๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋“ ์ด์ฐจ์ „์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ Mn1-xVxP4 (x=0.25) ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 0.5 A g-1์˜ ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์—์„œ ์•ฝ 790 mA h g-1์˜ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ 50 ์‹ธ์ดํด ๋™์•ˆ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ณ ์† ์ถฉ-๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ข… ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์Œ๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ-ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์Œ๊ทน ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ๋“ค์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ , ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ฑ๋ถ„๊ณ„ ์น˜ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฒด ์ „๊ทน์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋“ ์ด์ฐจ ์ „์ง€์˜ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.Rechargeable lithium-ion battery (LIB) and sodium-ion battery (SIB) are emerging as next generation energy storage systems owing to their high energy and power densities to apply for large scale energy storage application such as electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and energy storage system (ESS). The exploration of alternative electrode material for high energy density anode to replace the commercial graphite has been conducted on various electrochemical reaction mechanisms, such as alloying, conversion and insertion reactions. However, the intrinsic shortcomings of each reaction mechanism undermine the electrode performance. In fact, the most desirable solution would be a combination between alloying or conversion reaction anodes with insertion reaction anode to overcome their own distinct limitations of each electrochemical reaction mechanisms. So far, many researches have been conducted on high performance nanocomposite anodes to prevent electrode degradation by mixing or coating insertion reaction anode materials, which is mainly carbonaceous material and early transition metal (titanium and vanadium) oxide, with alloying or conversion reaction anode materials. This approach has improved cycle retention properties with the structural integrity of electrode obtained by mitigating the volume expansion, pulverization, and agglomeration of alloying or conversion reaction anodes by providing buffer spaces with negligible volume change of insertion reaction material. However, this approach requires complex optimization of nano-fabrication process for nanocomposites consisting of homogeneously distributed each reaction anodes in nanoscale. In addition, each reaction anode in nanocomposite would react individually in nanoscale and their interaction and synergistic effect are limited to effectively mitigate the electrode degradation factors occurred in few nanoscales of each material. The objective of this thesis is to develop the novel solid solution anode with hybrid electrochemical reaction for high performance secondary-ion battery. This new strategy to overcome intrinsic shortcomings of each electrochemical reaction mechanism is to find out the material systems to form a single compound with different types of electrochemical reaction mechanism anodes and to allow the simultaneous hybrid electrochemical reaction of two different mechanisms in a single phase. This could lead to the excellent synergistic effect due to their atomically homogeneous and finer distribution than that of physically mixed nanocomposite between two different materials. In addition, electrode performance can be tailored by varying the ratio of different reaction materials in solid solution compound. First of all, complete solid solution compounds of Mn1-xFexP (0 โ‰ค x โ‰ค 1) as a conversion/alloying hybrid electrochemical reaction anode was introduced for LIBs by using the iso-structural character of MnP and FeP compounds. The systematic studies on electrochemical properties of Mn1-xFexP (0 โ‰ค x โ‰ค 1) compounds as anodes for LIBs were investigated, particularly focusing on the electrochemical reaction mechanism and the tunability of working voltage, specific capacity, and cycle performance and compared with those of MnP/FeP nanocomposite anode. As-prepared Mn1โˆ’xFexP (0 โ‰ค x โ‰ค 1) electrode showed the hybrid reaction with alloying reaction of MnP and conversion reaction of FeP electrodes, and it was investigated that the contribution rate of conversion and alloying reactions to total electrochemical reaction can be controlled by varying the composition in Mn1โˆ’xFexP solid solution. Through this novel strategy, the intrinsic shortcomings of fast capacity fading for MnP electrode and capacity activation behavior at high current density for FeP electrode were improved by hybrid conversion/alloying reaction of Mn1-xFexP (x=0.75) electrode, which delivered a reversible capacity of 360 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at high current density at 2 A g-1. This improved electrochemical performance of Mn1-xFexP electrode can be attributed to the in situ generated nanocomposite nature of the Liโ€“Mnโ€“P alloying element and the Fe nano-network in combination with the surrounding amorphous lithium phosphide, which e๏ฌ€ectively bu๏ฌ€ers the accompanying volume variation, hinders the aggregation of the alloying element, and ensures electron and ion transport. In the second part, alloying/insertion hybrid electrochemical reaction anode as Mn1-xVxP was introduced to further obtain highly stable cycle retention properties with intermediate specific capacity. The series of Mn1-xVxP compounds (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0) between alloying reaction-type of orthorhombic MnP and insertion reaction-type of hexagonal VP are synthesized based on their similar crystal structure relation. The homogeneously substituted vanadium ions in the Mn1-xVxP compounds enable the alloying/insertion hybrid electrochemical reactions in a solid solution phase by expanding the volume of prismatic site in Mn1-xVxP close to the that of insertion-reaction type VP. The optimized Mn1-xVxP (x=0.25) electrode showed reversible capacity of 352 mA h g-1 after 1500 cycles even at high current density of 1 A g-1. Such a superior electrochemical performance of Mn1-xVxP was attributed to the synergistic effect of hybrid alloying/insertion electrochemical reaction occurred close to a few-nanometer scale in a single compound Mn1-xVxP phase, which effectively reduce the rate of volume change and hinder pulverization and agglomeration of alloying reaction elements and ensure fast electron and ion transport. Finally, solid solution compound of Mn1-xTMxP4 (TM = V and Fe) anode was introduced as a hybrid conversion reaction anode for SIBs. The electrochemical reaction mechanism and performance of MnP4 phase in SIB application were firstly investigated and enhanced electrochemical performance by forming the solid solution phase was examined. By encapsulating as-synthesized MnP4 nanoparticles with commercial graphene nanosheets, superior electrochemical performance for both LIBs and SIBs could be achieved, which delivered reversible capacities of 856 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at 2 A g-1 for LIBs and 446 mA h g-1 after 250 cycles at 0.5 A g-1 for SIBs, respectively. Further, different cation substituted Mn1-xVxP4 (x=0.25) solid solution exhibits improved rate capabilities for both LIBs and SIBs, which could be derived from the structural and electronic structure change. The Mn1-xVxP4 (x=0.25) electrode showed improved high rate capability, which delivers reversible capacity of 790 mA h g-1 for 50 cycles at high current density of 0.5 A g-1. Overall, this thesis focuses on the synthesis and investigate on hybrid electrochemical reaction anode with their structural and chemical relationship to overcome intrinsic shortcomings of each electrochemical reaction mechanism. The obtained results through this thesis show the promising potential with dramatic changes in performance of hybrid electrochemical reaction materials designed with multi-component substitution by considering chemical and structural relation and suggests that there are many other candidates in transition metal compounds to explore in high performance both lithium-ion and sodium-ion battery application.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Overview: Rechargeable Batteries for Energy Storage 1 1.2. Thesis Motivation and Scopes 12 1.3. Bibliography 14 Chapter 2. Background and Literature Review 18 2.1. Li-ion and Na-ion Batteries 18 2.2. Electrochemical Reaction Mechanism for Anode Materials 25 2.2.1. Intercalation/Insertion Reaction Type Anode 26 2.2.2. Alloying Reaction Type Anode 29 2.2.3. Conversion Reaction Type Anode 31 2.3. Conventional Approach for High Performance Anode 39 2.3.1. Nanostructured Material and Nanocomposite with Different Electrochemical Reaction 40 2.3.2 Ternary Compound of Conversion/Alloying Materials 45 2.4. Bibliography 49 Chapter 3. Complete Solid Solution Mn1-xFexP as a Conversion/Alloying Hybrid Reaction Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries 56 3.1. Introduction 56 3.2. Experimental Procedure 62 3.3. Results and Discussions 3.3.1. Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization 64 3.3.2. Electrochemical Properties and Reaction Mechanism 73 3.3.3. Electrochemical Performance 83 3.4. Conclusion 103 3.5. Bibliography 104 Chapter 4. A Novel Solid Solution Mn1-xVxP Anode with Alloying/Insertion Hybrid Electrochemical Reaction for High Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries 108 4.1. Introduction 108 4.2. Experimental Procedure 112 4.3. Results and Discussions 4.3.1. Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization 115 4.3.2. Electrochemical Properties and Reaction Mechanism 129 4.3.3. Electrochemical Performance 144 4.3.4. Synergistic Effect of Hybrid Alloying/Insertion Reaction 150 4.3.5 Discussion on Hybrid Alloying/Insertion Reaction Anodes 160 4.3.6. Practical Application with Full-Cell Configuration 165 4.4. Conclusion 167 4.5. Bibliography 168 Chapter 5. Solid Solution Mn1-xTMxP4 (TM = V and Fe) Anode with High Performance Conversion Reaction for Sodium-Ion Batteries 171 5.1. Introduction 171 5.2. Experimental Procedure 175 5.3. Results and Discussions 5.3.1. Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization 178 5.3.2. Electrochemical Reaction Mechanism and Performance 185 5.3.3. Improvement of Rate Capability by Forming Solid Solution 202 5.4. Conclusion 216 5.5. Bibliography 217 Chapter 6. Conclusions 221 Abstract in Korean 224Docto

    The effect of cetirizine, a histamine 1 receptor antagonist, on bone remodeling after calvarial suture expansion

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    Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cetirizine, a histamine 1 receptor antagonist, on bone remodeling after calvarial suture expansion. Methods: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups; the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected no expansion group, cetirizine-injected no expansion group, PBS-injected expansion group, and cetirizine-injected expansion group, and were observed at 7, 14, and 28 days. Five rats per group were examined at each observation day. Daily injections of cetirizine or PBS were administered to the relevant groups starting 2 weeks prior to expander insertion. A rapid expander was inserted in the calvarial bone to deliver 100 cN of force to the parietal suture. The specimens were prepared for hematoxylin and eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Suture opening and bone regeneration were evaluated using microcomputed tomography and bone histomorphometric analysis. Serum blood levels of osteocalcin and carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX) were also evaluated. Results: TRAP-positive cell counts and CTX levels decreased while osteocalcin levels increased in the cetirizine-injected expansion group at observation day 28. In the expansion groups, the mineralized area gradually increased throughout the observation period. At day 28, the cetirizine-injected expansion group showed greater bone volume density, greater mineralized area, and narrower average suture width than did the PBS-injected expansion group. Conclusions: Cetirizine injection facilitated bone formation after suture expansion, mostly by suppressing osteoclastic activity. Histamine 1 receptor antagonists may aid in bone formation after calvarial suture expansion in the rat model.ope

    ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…(ACE)์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์‹ ์ •์ฒ .๋ณดํŽธํ™” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์ด๋ฅธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…(ACE)์€ 2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํฌ๋ฎฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์žฌ์ •๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ •์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€์š”์ธ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 7๋…„์งธ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ •์„ฑ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋งค๋…„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์—ญ์‹œ๋„ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—…๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์ด์–ด์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํšจ๊ณผ. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์—…์— ์„ ์ •๋œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์ง•, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๋น„์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ์ฐจ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์— ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ์ธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์žฌ์ •์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—… ์ค‘ ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ์ •์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์—… ์„ ์ •์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—…์ด๋‹ค. ํƒ€ ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—…๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํฌ๋ฎฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŽ€๋”ฉ, ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋“œ ํŽ€๋”ฉ ๋“ฑ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ์ •์„ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ์ง€ 7๋…„์ฐจ์ด๋ฉฐ 1๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘(2010๋…„)๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋(2013๋…„)๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ(2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€)๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์žฌ์ •์ด ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์œก์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ•ํ™”์‚ฌ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์—์„œ๋Š” Weeํด๋ž˜์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—… ์—ญ์‹œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ 2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋จผ์ €, ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์— ์„ ์ •๋œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๋น„์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ์„ ์ • ๋‹น์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ํŠน์ง•, ์—ฌ๊ฑด, ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•œ ๋น„์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๋น„์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์–ธ์ œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ถ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์›Œ๋‚™ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‹œํ–‰์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๊ณ„ํš ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์•„์˜จ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด์ž๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‚ฌ์—… ์„ ์ • ๋‹น์‹œ ์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๋น„์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์—… ์—ฐ๋„์—์„œ ์žฌํ•™์ƒ์ถฉ์›์œจ, ์ทจ์—…๋ฅ , ์ค‘๋„ํƒˆ๋ฝ์œจ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•จ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์ •์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋„ 1์ฐจ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ •์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜๋งค์นญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๋น„์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ ์ดํ›„์— ์—ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๋น„์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ๊ฐ ์ง€ํ‘œ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์žฌํ•™์ƒ์ถฉ์›์œจ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๋น„์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ญ์‹œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์œก์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์žฌํ•™์ƒ ์ค‘๋„ํƒˆ๋ฝ์œจ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์žฌํ•™์ƒ์ถฉ์›์œจ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๋„ํƒˆ๋ฝ์œจ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹ ์ž…์ƒ์ถฉ์›์œจ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™๋ณดํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์žฌํ•™์ƒ์ถฉ์›์œจ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ • ์งํ›„์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ • ์ดํ›„ 3๋…„์ฐจ์—์„œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 3๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ์—ญ์‹œ๋„ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ 3๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 5 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 7 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  8 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 1. ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก ์žฌ์ •์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—… 9 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ๊ด„ 9 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐœํ˜ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 11 2. ํ•™๋ถ€๊ต์œก ์„ ๋„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…(ACE) 13 3. ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์œก์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ 19 4. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  20 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 22 1. ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ 22 ๊ฐ€. ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 22 ๋‚˜. ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ 22 2. ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋„๊ตฌ 23 ๊ฐ€. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜• 23 ๋‚˜. ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋งค์นญ 25 ๋‹ค. ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ 27 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 1. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 29 2. ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜๋งค์นญ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 38 3. ์˜ํ–ฅ ํƒ์ƒ‰ 47 โ…ค. ๋…ผ์˜ 56 1. ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์žฌํ•™์ƒ์ถฉ์›์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 56 2. ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 60 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  63 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 65 Abstract 70Maste

    Initial changes of centres of rotation of the anterior segment in response to horizontal forces

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    This study investigated the changes in the initial centres of rotation (Crot) of the upper six anterior teeth in response to a horizontal load. Six upper anterior teeth were extracted, splinted as a unit, and embedded in dental stone after the roots were uniformly coated with silicone. An aluminium fixture was bonded to the anterior segment and three linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) were attached to measure the microdisplacement of the segment. A pulley and dead weight assembly were used to apply a 200 g occluso-gingivally varying horizontal force to the segment. The changes in the Crot for the anterior segment to the horizontal load were recorded. The results showed that the centre of resistance (Cres) of the upper anterior segment was located 14.5 mm apical and 9.5 mm distal from the incisal edge of the central incisors. A linear functional axis (a trace of the measured Crot) was recorded. The functional axis maintained an angle of 14.5 degrees to the vertical axis of the anterior segment passing through the Cres of the segment. The Crot constant, which determines the tipping sensitivity of the segment, was 23 mm2. The results demonstrate that the upper anterior segment may be slightly intruded when a horizontal force is applied and is less prone to tipping than a single tooth.ope

    ๊ธฐ์—…๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํˆฌ์ž์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 2. ์ •์ง„ํ™”.ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž…์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์†Œ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— R&D ํ™œ๋™์„ ์œ„ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—… ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์ž์›์„ ํ˜์‹ ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํ˜์‹ (Open Innovation)์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ์—…๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ํ™œ๋™์— ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , ๋น„์šฉํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—… ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ง€์‹์ž์›์„ ๋‹ค์›ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D๊ฐ€ ํ˜์‹ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ ํ˜์‹ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ €, ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์—… ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D๊ฐ€ ์™œ ํ˜์‹ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž์ฒด R&D์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  R&D ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ถ”์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ใ€Œ๊ธฐ์—…ํ™œ๋™์กฐ์‚ฌใ€์˜ ์ œ์กฐ์—… ๊ธฐ์—… ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ œ์กฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ์ œ์กฐ์—… ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‹จ์œ„ ์ด์š”์†Œ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ด์š”์†Œ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ†ต์ƒ์ตœ์†Œ์ž์Šน๋ฒ•(OLS)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ„์œ„ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„(Quantile regression)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํˆฌ์ž ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ €๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ œ์กฐ์—…์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํˆฌ์ž์˜ OLS ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ €๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ œ์กฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋ถ„์œ„ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ž์ฒด R&D ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ž์ฒด R&D ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ž์ฒด R&D์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์ฒด R&D ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์  ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ R&D ์ธ๋ ฅ๋„ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์€ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํˆฌ์ž…์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, R&D ์ „(ๅ…จ) ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋„ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ํก์ˆ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํ˜์‹ ํ™œ๋™ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D๊ฐ€ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ํ˜์‹ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ธฐ์—…๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์›์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŽธ์ต์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  5 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 10 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 11 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ R&D ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ 11 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์—…๋‹จ์œ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์ถ”์ • 14 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋ชจํ˜• 18 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 18 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ R&D ํˆฌ์ž ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 20 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• 28 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„ 31 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 33 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•จ์ˆ˜ ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 33 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์™ธ๋ถ€ R&D ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 35 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  48 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 51 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 57 Abstract 75Maste

    The comparison of torque values in two types of miniscrews placed in rabbits: tapered and cylindrical shapes: Preliminary study.

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    OBJECTIVE: This study compared the stability of cylindrical miniscrews (Cy, 7 mm in length) with that of tapered miniscrews (Ta, 5 mm in length), using torque values to determine if the healing time before loading affects the stability of the miniscrew and if the insertion torque is associated with the removal torque measured after a few weeks of healing. METHODS: Ta and Cy with different thread lengths were placed in the tibias of 12 female New Zealand white rabbits (body weight: 3.0 - 3.5 kg), and the maximum insertion torque values (ITV) were measured. No orthodontic forces were applied so as to allow us to determine the pure effects of the different shapes. After 3 different healing periods (2, 4, and 6 weeks), maximum removal torque values (RTV) were measured immediately before the rabbits were sacrificed. RESULTS: No miniscrews were loosened. There were no significant differences in ITV or RTV between the Ta and Cy nor were there any significant differences in the ITV and RTV between the 3 groups, which had different healing periods. There was a correlation between the ITV and RTV. CONCLUSIONS: Shorter Ta showed similar stability as Cy, as determined by torque values. This result strongly suggests that the tapered shape is more advantageous than the cylindrical shape. The RTV did not increase significantly over time. It is recommended that a miniscrew be loaded immediately; waiting a few weeks before loading should be avoided. The correlation between the ITV and RTV suggests that the ITV can be used to estimate a screw's future stability.ope

    The relationship between malocclusion and menarcheal age, and its secular trend for Korean women.

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    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the mean age of menarche, its secular trend in Korean women, and the relationship between malocclusion and the rate of skeletal maturation, as defined by menarcheal age. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data on menarcheal age from 931 Korean women born during 1961 - 1997. Subjects were divided by the malocclusion type and birth-year decade into 3 and 4 groups, respectively. The mean menarcheal age for each group was determined, and one-way ANOVA was performed for intergroup comparison (p = 0.05). Two-way ANOVA was also performed to compare all the 12 subgroups (p = 0.05). RESULTS: The mean age of menarche was 12.82 years for Korean women born during 1961 - 1997. A distinct downward secular trend of menarcheal age was noticed (p 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A positive secular trend towards earlier menarche exists among Korean women. Malocclusion does not show any significant relationship with the rate of skeletal maturation, as defined by menarcheal age.ope

    Skeletal and alveolar changes in conventional rapid palatal expansion (RPE) and miniscrew-assisted RPE (MARPE): a prospective randomized clinical trial using low-dose CBCT

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    Background: This prospective randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the immediate and short-term skeletal, dentoalveolar, and periodontal effects of rapid palatal expansion (RPE) and miniscrew-assisted RPE (MARPE) in adolescent and young adult patients. Methods: This study followed a two-arm, parallel, randomized clinical trial design that recruited patients with transverse maxillary deficiency in a 1:1 allocation ratio. Forty patients (14 men and 26 women) requiring maxillary expansion were randomly allocated to the RPE (n = 20, age = 14.0 ยฑ 4.5) or MARPE (n = 20, age = 14.1 ยฑ 4.2) groups. The assignment was performed via computer-generated block randomization, with a block size of four. Upon identical (35 turns) amount of expansion, low-dose cone-beam computed tomography images were taken before treatment (T0), immediately after expansion (T1), and after a 3-month consolidation period (T2). The primary outcome of this study comprised the assessment of midpalatal suture separation. Secondary outcomes included, skeletal, dentoalveolar, and periodontal measurements, which were performed at each time point. Results: The frequency of midpalatal suture separation was 90% (18/20) and 95% (19/20) for the RPE and MARPE groups, respectively. A greater increase in nasal width in the molar region (M-NW) and greater palatine foramen (GPF) was observed immediately after the expansion (T1-T0) and consolidation periods (T2-T0) in the MARPE group compared to the RPE group (P < 0.05). The MARPE and RPE groups showed similar dentoalveolar changes except for the maxillary width (PM-MW, M-MW). The MARPE group presented greater bilateral first premolar (PM-MW) and molar (M-MW) maxillary width in relation to the RPE group (P < 0.05). Through the expansion and consolidation periods (T2-T0), lesser buccal displacement of the anchor teeth was observed in the MARPE group (PM-BBPT, PM-PBPT, M-BBPT [mesial and distal roots], and M-PBPT)( P < 0.05). Conclusions: Midpalatal suture separation was observed in 90% and 95% of patients in the RPE and MARPE groups, respectively. Both RPE and MARPE groups exhibited significant triangular basal bone expansion and skeletal relapse during consolidation. Under identical amounts of expansion, the MARPE group showed lower decrease in the skeletal, dentoalveolar and periodontal variables after consolidation. The reinforcement of RPE with miniscrews contributes to the maintenance of the basal bone during consolidation period. Trial registration WHO Institutional Clinical Trials Registry Platform (IRB No. KCT0006871 / Registration date 27/12/2021).ope

    Skeletal myogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stromal cells isolated from orthodontically extracted premolars

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    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the stem cell-like characteristics of human periodontal ligament (PDL) stromal cells outgrown from orthodontically extracted premolars and to evaluate the potential for myogenic differentiation. METHODS: PDL stromal cells were obtained from extracted premolars by using the outgrowth method. Cell morphological features, self-replication capability, and the presence of cell-surface markers, along with osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation, were confirmed. In addition, myogenic differentiation was induced by the use of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) for DNA demethylation. RESULTS: PDL stromal cells showed growth patterns and morphological features similar to those of fibroblasts. In contrast, the proliferation rates of premolar PDL stromal cells were similar to those of bone marrow and adipogenic stem cells. PDL stromal cells expressed surface markers of human mesenchymal stem cells (i.e., CD90 and CD105), but not those of hematopoietic stem cells (i.e., CD31 and CD34). PDL stromal cells were differentiated into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Myotube structures were induced in PDL stromal cells after 5-Aza pretreatment, but not in the absence of 5-Aza pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: PDL stromal cells isolated from extracted premolars can potentially be a good source of postnatal stem cells for oromaxillofacial regeneration in bone and muscle.ope
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