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    Analysis of Changing Islamic Masculinity Found in the Martyrdom Discourse of Ali Shariati and Morteza Avini

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μΈλ¬ΈλŒ€ν•™ μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ–Έμ–΄λ¬Έλͺ…ν•™λΆ€, 2021.8. κΉ€κ±΄ν•˜.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ΄λž€μ˜ 쒅ꡐ적 λ―Όμ‘±μ£Όμ˜μ— λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” λ‚¨μ„±μ„±μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ κ·ΌλŒ€μ  주체성이 ν˜•μ„±λ˜λŠ” 역동적인 과정을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. 특히 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ΄λž€μ˜ λ¬Έν™” 사상가 μ•Œλ¦¬ 샀리아티(1933-1977)와 λͺ¨λ₯΄ν…Œμž μ•„λΉ„λ‹ˆ(1947-1993)의 μ €μž‘μ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 20μ„ΈκΈ° μ€‘λ°˜ 이후 μ΄λž€μ˜ β€˜μˆœκ΅β€™ 사상에 λ‹΄κΈ΄ λ‚¨μ„±μ„±μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μΆ”μ ν•œλ‹€. 두 μ‚¬μƒκ°€λŠ” κ³΅ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 쒅ꡐ적 μ „ν†΅μ˜ μž¬ν•΄μ„ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λͺ¨μƒ‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ „μžλŠ” 1979λ…„ μ΄λž€ 혁λͺ… 이전 μ‹œκΈ°μ— μ±…, λ…Όλ¬Έ, μ—°μ„€ 등을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ μ΄μŠ¬λžŒμ„ 혁λͺ… 이데올둜기둜 μž¬ν•΄μ„ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , ν›„μžλŠ” μ΄λž€-이라크 μ „μŸ 쀑 λ‹€νλ©˜ν„°λ¦¬ κ°λ…μœΌλ‘œμ„œ μ˜μƒ 맀체λ₯Ό 톡해 혁λͺ… 이데올둜기λ₯Ό ν†΅μΉ˜μ΄λ…ν™” ν•˜λŠ” 데에 결정적인 역할을 ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λž€μ‚¬μ˜ λ‚¨μ„±μ€‘μ‹¬μ£Όμ˜μ™€ κ°€λΆ€μž₯적 쒅ꡐ 해석을 닀룬 선행연ꡬ듀은 β€˜μˆœκ΅μžβ€™ λͺ¨λΈμ΄ ν˜„λŒ€ μ΄λž€μ˜ λ‚¨μ„±μ€‘μ‹¬μ£Όμ˜μ™€ κ°€λΆ€μž₯적 νŠΉμ„±μ„ λŒ€ν‘œν•œλ‹€κ³  νŒŒμ•…ν•΄μ™”λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ•žμ„  연ꡬ듀이 닀원적 이슬람 μ—¬μ„±μ„±κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ β€˜μ΄μŠ¬λžŒμ  남성성’을 정적이고 λ‹¨μΌν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ™”λ‹€λŠ” μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ•Œλ¦¬ μƒ€λ¦¬μ•„ν‹°μ˜ μ €μž‘μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” 남성성이 λͺ¨λ₯΄ν…Œμž μ•„λΉ„λ‹ˆμ˜ μ‹œκΈ°μ— 이λ₯΄λŸ¬ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³€ν™”ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μΆ”μ ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, κ·œλ²”μ  이슬람 남성성이 자발적 사고에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ κ°€μ‘± 기반의 λ‚¨μ„±μ—μ„œ 자기좩쑱적, μœ„κ³„μ  남성 곡동체 μ†μ˜ 개인으둜 λ³€λͺ¨ν•˜μ˜€μŒμ„ μ£Όμž₯ν•œλ‹€. ꡬ체적으둜 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μƒ€λ¦¬μ•„ν‹°μ˜ 이상적 무슬림 가쑱관을 톡해 그의 젠더관을 μ΄ν•΄ν•œλ‹€. κ·ΈλŠ” μ•Œλ¦¬ 이븐 μ•„λΉ„ νƒˆλ¦¬λΈŒ, νŒŒν‹°λ§ˆ 자흐러, ν•˜μ‚°κ³Ό 후세인, μžμ΄λ‚©μœΌλ‘œ 이루어진 이상적 무슬림 가쑱을 μƒμƒν•˜λŠ”λ°, 특히 κ·ΈλŠ” 후세인이 μˆœκ΅μžλ‘œμ„œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μ˜μ›…μ  남성성을 κ·œλ²”μ  이슬람 λ‚¨μ„±μ„±μœΌλ‘œ μ œμ‹œν•œλ‹€. ν•΄λ‹Ή 남성성 λͺ¨λΈμ€ μžκΈ°μ£Όλ„μ„±κ³Ό μžλ°œμ„±μ„ νŠΉμ§•μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λ©° ν•¨μž 이븐 μ••λ‘˜ νƒˆλ¦½(λ¬΄ν•˜λ§ˆλ“œμ˜ μΉœμ²™μ΄μž 제자)이 λ‹΄μ§€ν•œ 전톡적 μž₯사(葬師) 남성성과 λŒ€μ‘°λœλ‹€. 그의 μ  λ”κ΄€μ—μ„œ κ°€μ‘±μ˜ μ—¬μ„± ꡬ성원듀은 μžλ°œμ„±κ³Ό 지성에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ „λ‹¬μž, μ–‘μœ‘μž, ꡐ윑자의 역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜κ³ , 이λ₯Ό 톡해 남성 ꡬ성원듀을 λ³΄μ‘°ν•œλ‹€. 반면 μ•„λΉ„λ‹ˆμ˜ 젠더관은 κ΅°μΈλ“€λ‘œ 이루어진 남성 곡동체λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λ©°, 이 μ†μ—μ„œ 남성듀은 μ§€λ„μžλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ κ΅°λŒ€μ  μ§ˆμ„œλ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κ³  μ—¬μ„±λ“€μ˜ 도움없이 μžμ‘±μ„ μœ μ§€ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ³€ν™” μ†μ—μ„œ 여성은 μ–‘μœ‘μžμ™€ ꡐ윑자의 역할을 μžƒκ³  순ꡐ자λ₯Ό μž¬μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ” μ—­ν• λ§Œμ„ λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λ˜ν•œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°œκ²¬μ„ μ΄μ „μ‹œκΈ° 민쑱주의 λ‹΄λ‘ μ˜ 젠더관과 연관지어 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. μƒ€λ¦¬μ•„ν‹°λŠ” λ°˜κ΅­κ°€ μ‹œλ―Ό 민쑱주의 λ‹΄λ‘ μ˜ 전톡을 따라 남성-μ—¬μ„± μ‹œλ―Ό λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ μ‹œλ―Όμ„±κ³Ό 자발적 μ—­ν•  μˆ˜ν–‰μ„ κ°•μ‘°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 반면 μ•„λΉ„λ‹ˆλŠ” μœ„κ³„μ  남성 곡동체λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” κ΅­κ°€μ£Όμ˜μ  민쑱주의의 젠더관을 κ³„μŠΉν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 두 담둠은 κ³΅ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 이성애 κ·œλ²”ν™”(heteronormalization)와 이 μ†μ—μ„œ λ‚¨μ„±μ˜ μš°μ›”μ„ μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” κ·ΌλŒ€μ  흐름을 λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 두 담둠은 κ³΅ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬μ„±μ˜ 보호자 ν˜Ήμ€ κ΅μœ‘μžλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 남성 μ±…μž„μ„ μ œκ±°ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ„ ν–‰ 민쑱주의 λ‹΄λ‘ λ“€κ³Ό 차이λ₯Ό 보인닀. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 이슬람주의의 젠더관을 λ°˜λ™μ μ΄λΌκ³  μΌλ°˜ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 기쑴의 이해λ₯Ό κ±°λΆ€ν•˜λ©°, 이슬람주의의 λ‹€μ–‘μ„±κ³Ό ν˜Όν•©μ  νŠΉμ§•(hybridity)을 이해할 ν•„μš”λ₯Ό μ—­μ„€ν•œλ‹€. 결둠적으둜 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ΄λž€ 남성성을 μ΄λž€ μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ” 세속적 자유주의, 보수주의, 이슬람주의의 κ²½ν•©κ³Ό ν˜Όν•©μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” ν”„λ¦¬μ¦˜μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŒμ„ μ œμ‹œν•œλ‹€.This research finds changing notions of masculinity in Iranian religious nationalism as a β€˜site of modernity,’ where the concept of the modern gendered subject is contested and negotiated. It analyzes embedded masculinity in late-twentieth-century Iranian political discourses centering on martyrdom or shahadat by focusing on works of two prominent Iranian cultural theorists, Ali Shariati (1933-1977) and Morteza Avini (1947-1993). Both men focused on the potentiality of religious traditions for making political changes; the former, as a scholar-activist before the 1979 Iranian Revolution, re-interpreted Islam into revolutionary ideology through the medium of books, articles, and speeches, and the latter, as a documentary filmmaker during the Iran-Iraq war, played a crucial role in re-capturing revolutionary ideology and turning it into one that can be utilized in favor of the state, utilizing visual media. Scholars of Iranian gender studies have previously pointed to the masculine nature of Iranian history and patriarchal religious interpretations. The discourse of martyrdom has been portrayed as being representative of this trend. This research problematizes the previous scholarship, arguing that in these studies β€˜Islamic masculinity’ has been considered monolithic and static, devoid of change contrary to heterogenic Islamic femininities. By tracking differentiated masculinity in the discourse of Shariati and Avini, this research proposes that normative Islamic masculinity has changed from elevating voluntary, family-oriented men to individuals in a self-sufficient, hierarchical, fraternal community. In specific, this research understands Shariati’s gendered perspective through his imagination of an exemplary Muslim family consisting of Ali ibn Abi Talib as the father, Fatimah bint Muhammad (Muhammad’s daughter) as the mother, Hasan and Husayn as the sons, and Zaynab as the daughter. In this imagination, heroic masculinity embodied by Husayn as a martyr is particularly proposed as normative Islamic masculinity. This version of masculinity highlights self-leadership and self-consciousness in contradistinction to traditional strongman masculinity embodied by Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib, a relative and disciple of the Prophet Muhammad. In Shariati’s imagination, female members of the family support male members of the family by serving the roles of messenger, nurturer, educator, based on their intellectual ability and voluntarism. On the other hand, Avini’s gender perception centers around a fraternal community composed of warriors. A militaristic hierarchy centering on a leader dominates the community and persists self-sufficiently without the help of women, who lost the role of caregivers and persist only as the bearer of future martyrs. This research situates these findings in line with previous nationalist discourses. Shariati, following the tradition of anti-state nationalist discourse, countered the discourse of public patriarchy by accentuating citizenship and the voluntarist role of citizens, both male, and female, for the nation. Avini, on the other hand, inherited a gender perspective of statist nationalism centered on a hierarchical fraternal community. Both discourses, however, showed continued male dominance in the modern project of heteronormalization in Iranian society. On the other hand, both discourses mark a definite departure from previous nationalist discourses by eliminating male responsibility as a protector and educator of women. Therefore, this research rejects the conventional notion, which understands the gender perspective of Islamism as reactionary, and argues for the necessity to understand its heterogenic and hybrid nature. Consequently, this research proposes Iranian masculinity as a prism, through which one can observe the contestation and intermixing of secular liberalism, conservatism, and Islamism in Iranian society.I. Introduction 01 1. Literature Review 04 2. Research Methodology 10 β…‘. Analysis of Embedded Masculinity 13 1. Analysis of Ali Shariati’s Discourse 13 2. Analysis of Morteza Avini’s Discourse 22 β…’. Discussing Iranian Masculinity 33 β…£. Conclusion 46 Bibliography 50 Abstract in Korean 57석

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