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    ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ œ์•ฝํ•˜์—์„œ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ œ์–ด๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋…ผํ™€๋กœ๋…ธ๋ฏน ์ด๋™ํ˜• ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ œ์–ด

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ์ด๋™์ค€.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผํ–‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ œ์•ฝ ํ•˜์— ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์›๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋˜๋Š” ๋…ผํ™€๋กœ๋…ธ๋ฏน ์ด๋™ํ˜• ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ œ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ผ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์ง„ ์˜จ๋ณด๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉ, ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ๋กœ๋ด‡์˜ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋…ผํ™€๋กœ๋…ธ๋ฏน ํŒจ์‹œ๋ธŒ ๋””์ปดํฌ์ง€์…˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€, ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌํ…์…œ ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. n๋Œ€์˜ ๋กœ๋ด‡์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ† ๋ก ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑ, 39๋Œ€์˜ ํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์—ฌ 5๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ๋กœ๋ด‡ 3๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•„๋‘๋กœ ์ข์€ ๊ธธ๋ชฉ, ๊ฐœํ™œ์ง€ ๋“ฑ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.We propose a novel framework for formation reconguration of multiple nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots (WMRs) in the changing driving environment. We utilize an onboard system of WMRs with the capability of sensing and computing. Each WMR has the same computing power for visualizing the driving environment, handling the sensing information and calculating the control action. One of the WMRs is the leader with the FPV camera and SLAM, while others with monocular cameras with limited FoV, as the followers, keep a certain desired formation during driving in a distributed manner. We set two control objectives, one is group driving and the other is holding the shape of the formation. We have to capture the control objectives separately and simultaneously, we make the best use of nonholonomic passive decomposition to split the WMRs' kinematics into those of the formation maintaining and group driving. The repulsive potential function to prevent the collision among WMRs and attractive potential function to restrict the boundary of follower WMRs' moving space due to limited FoV range of the monocular cameras while switching their formation are also used. Simulation with 39 tanks and experiments with three WMRs are also performed to verify the proposed framework.Acknowledgements iii List of Figures vii Abbreviations ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Formation Reconguration Control Design 5 2.1 Nonholonomic Passive Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Attractive and Repulsive Potential Function . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3 Control Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.4 Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3 Estimation and Predictive Display 20 3.1 Distributed Pose Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.1.1 EKF Pose Estimation of Leader WMR . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.1.2 EKF Pose Estimation of Follower WMRs . . . . . . . . . 22 3.2 Predictive Display for Distributed WMRs Teleoperation . . . . . 23 4 Experiment 27 4.1 Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.2 Demonstrate the Proposed Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.3 Teleoperation Experiment with the Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 33 5 Conclusion 40Maste
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