두 가지 PRRSV와 PCV2 백신의 효능 비교 평가

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 수의과대학 수의학과, 2017. 8. 채찬희.Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) induced by PRRS virus (PRRSV) has led to the most devastating economic losses in the global swine industry because PRRSV causes reproductive failure in breeding herds and respiratory disorder in growing/finishing pigs. Vaccination has become the most common strategic method for the prevention and control of PPRSV infection. Since simultaneous immunization is an efficient tool for controlling the co-challenge of PCV2 and PRRSV infection, the objective of the first study was to compare clinical, virological, immunological, and pathological indicators in pigs each treated simultaneously with both PRRSV and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines from one of two commercial products and then later exposed to field strains of both viruses. Pigs in one group vaccinated with Fostera PCV and Fostera PRRS simultaneously and pigs in another group vaccinated with Ingelvac CircoFLEX and Ingelvac PRRS MLV simultaneously on study day -28 (21 days of age) were exposed to both viruses at study day 0 (49 days of age). No significant differences concerning transmission were seen between the two immunized groups in clinical, virological (except PCV2 viremia on day 14), immunological, or pathological examinations. Under these study conditions, there was no difference in protection whether PCV2 and PRRSV vaccines were administered simultaneously or not. The objective of the second study was to compare the efficacy of two modified live virus (MLV) PRRSV vaccines under field conditions. The clinical trial at the site was performed on a 1,000-sow herd with two-site generation: farrowing nursery and growing/finishing system. The farm had had difficult times because of losing animals due to respiratory disease brought on by PRRSV-2 in postweaning and late growing pigs at the same time of study. Via intramuscular injections, pigs in Group 1 were administered with 2.0 mL of the Fostera PRRS vaccine (Zoetis, Lot No. A405013B), pigs in Group 2 were administered with 2.0 mL of the Ingelvac PRRS MLV (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., Lot No. 245-659A) and pigs in Group 3 were administered with 2.0 mL of phosphate buffered saline (0.01M, pH 7.4). This study indicated that pigs immunized with MLV vaccines Fostera PRRS (Zoetis, Florham New Jersey) and Ingelvac PRRS MLV (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., St Joseph Missouri) showed better growth performance and less lung lesions than unvaccinated controls under wild conditions. Moreover, no significant differences were detected between the MLV PRRSV vaccines in this study based on clinical (average daily weight gain), immunologic (antibodies), virologic (PCR testing), and pathologic (lesions and viral antigen) measurements.GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 1. PRRS 7 2. PRRSV 8 3. Clinical Signs of PRRS 9 4. Infectious Activity of PRRSV 9 4.1 Breeding Herd 10 4.2 Piglets 11 4.3 Weaned and Growing Pigs 11 5. PRRSV Immunity 11 6. PRRSV MLV (Attenuated) Vaccine 15 6.1 Protective Efficacy 16 6.2 Safety 18 6.3 Commercial Product 20 6.3.1 Ingelvac PRRS MLV 20 6.3.2 Fostera PRRS 21 7. PMWS 22 8. PCV2 25 9. Clinical Signs of PCV2 27 10. Infectious Activity of PCV2 30 10.1 Sows 31 10.2 Fetuses 32 11. PCV2 Immunity 32 12. PCV2 Vaccine 38 12.1 Protective Efficacy 41 12.2 Safety 42 12.3 Commercial Product 44 12.3.1 Ingelvac CircoFLEX 44 12.3.2 Fostera PCV 45 13. Interaction between PCV2 and PRRSV 46 14. Correlation between efficacy and genetic similarity in the vaccine viruses 36 REFERENCES 51 PART 1. Comparative efficacy of concurrent administration of a porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine plus a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine from two commercial sources in pigs challenged with both viruses 86 Abstract 86 1. Introduction 87 2. Materials and Methods 89 3. Results 96 4. Discussion 114 References 118 PART 2. Comparison of growth performance under field conditions in growing pigs each vaccinated with one of two commercial modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vaccines 125 Abstract 125 1. Introduction 127 2. Materials and Methods 127 3. Results 133 4. Discussion 139 References 142 국문 논문 초록 146Docto

(The) study of temporomandibular disorders and occlusal wear pattern between the baseball players and general population

치의학과/석사[한글] 오늘날 사회의 발달과 더불어 스포츠에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있으며 아울러 운동선수의 경기력 향상과 선수보호를 위한 스포츠 의학의 역할도 증대되고 있다. 운동 선수들은 최고의 성적과 기량을 발휘하고 자신의 신체 근 골격계의 기능 강화를 위한 부단한 훈련을 하고 있다. 운동선수들은 경기 중 근력의 활용을 극대화시키며 동시에 경기 중 신체 부상의 위험도 갖고 있다. 신체의 안면부에 위치하는 저작계도 근력의 발생과 부상의 위험으로부터 예외는 아니다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 운동선수의 측두하악장애의 정도, 증상별 빈도, 치아 마모도를 일반인과 비교 분석하여 치료와 예방의 필요성을 평가할 수 있는 임상적 자료를 얻고자 전문 야구선수 34명과 일반 대조군 31명을 대상으로 설문조사와 임상검사를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 안면부위 외상 병력과 구강 악습관은 야구선수군이 대조군에 비해서 높게 나타났다. 2. Helkimo의 Clinical Dysfunction Index에 의한 측두하악장애의 정도는 야구선수군이 더 높았으나 유의차는 없었으며 악관절부위의 통증은 야구선수군에서 더 많이 나타났다(p<0.05). 3. 야구선수군의 치아 교합면 마모도는 대조군의 마모도보다 크게 나타났다(P<0.05). 4. 야구선수군에서 치아 교합면 마모도는 전치부 수평피개, 수직피개, 구치부 관계, 전방유도, 얼굴 골격형태에 따른 차이는 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과에 따르면 운동선수들의 악안면부 외상 및 치아 교합면 마모를 방지하고 이로 인한 측두하악장애 증상의 발현을 막기 위한 예방이 필요함을 알 수 있다. [영문] There has been increased interests on sports in conjunct ion with the urban life style of modern society, and its' vital role has been highly motivated by the sports medicine In terms of the protection of athletes and the better athletic capabilities, Scientists and athletes have been challenged by the demands for the new records and the power , which motivates them to continuous physical training and scientific training systems. However, there are risks that the athletes have been faced for their entire professional athletic life,'physical in juries'. There is no exception in dento facial region as well as its' related anatomic structures for the physical injuries of the athletes. This study is focused on the survey of temporomandibular disorders related to the physical injuries and occlusal wear pattern of athletes, and searching the way of prevention from these physical injuries. This investigation's data has been collected from the survey of 34 professional baseball players and clinical analysis and compared to the control group of 31 general population. The results are as fort lows ; 1. The frequencies of orofacial trauma and oral parafunction habit were higher in the baseball player's group. 2. Temporomandibular disorders of baseball player's group in terms of Helklmo clinical Dysfunction Index was not significantly different from the control group. But, palpation tenderness on the temporomandibular joint was higher in the baseball player's group(P<0.05). 3. The occlusal wear of dentition was higher in the baseball player's group than the general population(P<O.05). 4. There was no statistically significant difference of occlusal wear according to overjet, overbite, and the relationship of posterior molars, facial pattern between the baseball player's group and the general population. Above studies indicates that the prevention of orofacial trauma and occlusal wear is recommended to prevent temporomandibular disorders in the athletes.restrictio

치아발생 과정 중 ERK pathway의 활성 및 그 역할

Dept. of Dentistry/박사[한글] 치아의 발생은 치아상피와 치아간엽조직의 상호작용에 의해 조절된다. 이 상호작용에는 상피와 간엽에 존재하는 많은 유전자들이 관여함으로써, 특정한 형태와 크기를 가지는 치아를 형성하게 된다. 본 연구에서 연구한 ERK pathway는 세포의 분화, 생장, 사멸에 중요한 역할을 한다고 널리 알려져 있다. 하지만 특정 조직에서 ERK pathway를 연구한 사례는 극히 드물며, 특히 구강이나 치아 발생에 있어서는 보고된 바가 전혀 없다. 때문에 ERK pathway의 치아발생에서의 기능구명을 위한 총체적인 연구가 요구되어 지며 또한 이러한 기전을 형태학적인 측면과 분자생물학적인 측면으로 동시에 접근 할 수 있는 체계적인 연구방법이 요구되어진다. 따라서 본 연구는 세포 분화와 증식에 중요한 역할을 하는 ERK가 발생중인 치배의 간엽조직에서 발현되는 FGF10과 연관되어 치아 발생에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보았다. 본 연구에서는 E13.5에서 E16.5사이의 생쥐 배아를 이용하여 실험하였으며, MAPK pathway protein인 ERK, MEK, PTEN, PI3K를 시기별, 기관별로 immunohistochemistry 기법을 이용하여 그 활성 위치를 확인하였다. 이 결과를 통해 ERK와 PTEN이 치아 발생과정 중 치아 상피에 특이적으로 활성화된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 치아 ERK와 FGF10의 치아 발생에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대한 연구를 진행하였으며 ERK pathway를 저해하는 물질인 U0126과 P98059를 처리하여 치배를 배양한 후 쥐의 신장에 이식한 후 2주 뒤에 형성된 치아의 형태를 분석하였다. U0126을 처리한 경우 치배의 발생이 대조군에 비해 현저히 느려진 것을 확인하였지만 흥미롭게도 FGF10을 같이 처리했을 경우 치배의 발생이 대조군과 거의 비슷하게 복원된 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. ERK pathway 저해제를 처리 한 후 누드 마우스의 콩팥 피막아래공간에 치배를 이식하여 2 주 뒤에 석회화된 치아를 얻을 수 있다. 이렇게 석회화된 치아의 형태를 관찰한 결과 U0126과 P98059를 처리했던 치배에서 자란 치아는 치아의 모양이 비정상적이고 그 크기가 대조군에 비해 매우 작았다. 하지만 FGF10을 같이 처리 후 이식한 치아는 치아의 크기는 작지만 그 모양은 대조군과 같은 모습을 보였다. 대조군과 ERK pathway 저해제를 처리한 치아 모두 치아의 구조는 정상적이었다. 본 연구를 통해 ERK, PTEN, MEK, PI3K의 활성 위치를 치아 발생 단계별로 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 ERK는 치아 발생 중 치아 상피의 증식에 관여하며 이 과정 중 FGF10과 밀접한 관련이 있을 것으로 사료된다. [영문] One of the most important pathways for cell proliferation is mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases), also called ERKs (extracellular signal-regulated kinases) pathway1. MEK/ERK signaling plays a crucial role in a diverse set of cellular functions including cell proliferation2, 3. It has been reported that Ras is a common upstream activator of the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways4. Furthermore PTEN mutation may contribute to suppression of the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade due to the ability of elevated activated Akt levels to phosphorylate and inactivate Raf-15. ERK has been reported that, which targets multiple downstream genes, evokes many downstream responses such as the gene transcription, translation and cytoskeletal rearrangement6, 7, while upstream gene of the ERK is MEK predominantly. The PTEN is the central negative regulator of the PI3K signal transduction cascade5. Cell promotes growth via balance of cell survival over cell death signals and this pathway is also important in organogenesis8. While many developmental signaling pathways are described to date, the signaling pathways which regulate craniofacial development are not well understood.In this study, we investigated the MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN signaling pathways in mouse oral development. Towards this end, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the localization patterns of the phospholyated forms of MEK (pMEK), ERK (pERK), and PTEN (pPTEN). We report pERK, pMEK, pPTEN, and PI3K differ in their spatial distribution and their activation level from E11.5 to E16.5. In addition, we found the different localization patterns of pERK, pMEK, pPTEN, and PI3Kin the developing craniofacial area. We identified novel pERK and pPTEN activation patterns in the tooth germ and tongue. Interestingly, during tooth development at the bell stage, pERK was activated in the inner dental epithelium and cervical loop, whereas pPTEN was activated in the outer dental epithelium. We showed that pERK and pPTEN have contrasting localization in the tongue epithelium and PI3K was robustly activated in the inner dental epithelium and cervical loop.We also identified the roles of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt signaling pathways in the tooth development, we investigated the location of the pERK via FGF signaling in the tooth. We applied comparative immunohistochemistry to p-ERK and its related signaling compounds such as pMEK and pPTEN to investigate tooth development. The activation patterns of these substances also differ strikingly in the developing tooth development. The U0126 was retarded tooth development via decreased pERK activation level. However, U0126 and FGF10 combination treated tooth germs had no differences from control. Moreover, ERK pathway regulated tooth development via FGF10 which was reported that FGF10 stimulates proliferation in dental epithelium. These results reveal that current study of ERK, MEK, and PTEN exhibited specific spatial and temporal localization patterns inmouse molar development. Subsequently, these findings have suggested studying the potential roles of ERK pathway in tooth development via FGF signaling.ope

물리적 거동 효과가 포함된 모델링 기법을 이용한 주문형 신발 제작용 구두골의 설계

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :기계설계학과,1999.Maste