A Study on the Utilization Strategies of Rules of Origin in Korean FTA

Abstract This study tries to make a literature survey to understand the testing methods and some characteristics of rules of origin in terms of Korean FTA. Also we introduce theoretical and empirical backgrounds about rules of origin in Korean FTA. Then this study used the existing statistical data, related to Korean rules of origin such as FTA utilization rates, rigorness index, complexity index and tariff rates. Through the linear regression methods, we try to find the facts related to the spaghetti bowl effects in Korean FTA. We want to know whether the spaghetti bowl phenomena appear in Korean FTA or not. Our study shows that Korean FTAs have the spaghetti bowl effects during early FTA periods before 2008. Our empirical results and policy implications are summarized as follows. Firstly, the more complex rules of origin show the more serious spaghetti bowl effects. So the Korean government will make some efforts to unify the more complex rules of origin under the more FTAs. Also the government needs to analyze the complex rules of origin and introduce them with very easy contents. Small and medium- sized companies avoid the complex rules of origin and neglect them. They are not willing to utilize them because of heavy opportunity costs. So more incentives are given to these small and medium- sized companies Secondly, the higher tariff rates induce the more utilization of rules of origin. The bigger differences between privileged and non-privileged tariff rates give some incentives to utilize the complex rules of origin even if more FTAs make Korean rules of origin more complex. This means that non-privileged tariff rates have strong protective effects which can protect domestic industries. From this result, we have to analyze the FTA results to harm the domestic industries with comparative disadvantages. We have to minimize the harmful effects to influence the domestic industries. Thirdly, this study has some contributions in that we find out the spaghetti bowl phenomena in Korean FTAs. Many Asian countries have been exposed to more FTAs and rapidly experienced the more complex rules of origin. So these countries are expected to show more serious spaghetti bowl phenomena. This study has some limitations. In the future studies, we need to extend our data with longer time series. In particular, with recent rigorousness index, we should examine the recent spaghetti bowl effects. Also we need to analyze spaghetti bowl phenomena in terms of individual products instead of aggregate products. We need compare Korean results with foreign results.목 차 Abstract iii 1. 서 론 1 1.1 연구의 목적 1 1.2 연구의 범위 및 방법 3 1.2.1 연구의 범위 3 1.2.2 연구방법 3 2. 원산지 규정의 의미 및 중요성 4 2.1 원산지 규정의 의미 4 2.2 원산지 규정의 중요성 5 3. 원산지 규정과 관련한 무역효과 7 3.1 원산지 규정과 간접적 무역효과 7 3.2 자유무역협정의 원산지규정과 무역효과 8 3.3 원산지 규정과 투자구조 9 4. 원산지 규정의 유형과 검증 11 4.1 FTA의 원산지 결정기준 11 4.2 실질변경기준 비교 12 4.3 FTA의 원산지 규정의 유형 14 4.4 FTA의 원산지 증명 15 4.5 FTA의 원산지 검증 16 5. FTA 원산지에 관한 기존 연구 17 5.1 이론적 연구 배경 17 5.2 실증적 연구 배경 20 6. 한국의 원산지 규정에 관한 실증 연구 25 6.1 원산지 규정의 엄격성 지수 25 6.2 FTA별 원산지 규정의 엄격성 지수 26 6.3 FTA 원산지 규정에 따른 활용율 29 6.4 FTA 원산지 규정에 관한 실증연구 29 7. 결론 33 7.1 연구의 결과 33 7.2 연구의 정책적 함의 33 참고문헌 3

Deguelin, an Akt inhibitor, down-regulates NF-kB signaling, induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells, and inhibits tumor growth in mice

학위논문(박사) --서울대학교 대학원 :의학과(내과학전공),2010.2.Docto

대덕전파천문대 다중빔 수신기용 제어시스템 구축과 고질량성 생성 영역에 대한 물과 메탄올메이저 관측연구

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :자연과학대학 물리·천문학부,2014. 8. 박용선.Multi-beam receiver can greatly increase the observation efficiency by allowing observations of wide-field of sky in a short time. World-wide observatories have made efforts to develop such multi-feed receivers. The TRAO imported a multi-beam receiver called QUARRY from the FCRAO, USA, instead of developing it by himself, to swiftly follow the trend. We developed control system for the multi-beam receiver to be compatible with the remaining system. We made a new program and an interface to control spectrometers that acquire data from the receiver, improved a front-end system that manages the receiver, and installed a new data acquisition storage that saves data from Modcomp. In software part, we applied an asynchronous timer and a non-blocking method to the back-end system, used several communication methods to carry command and data directly, and edited the front-end system program with the non-blocking method to minimize a time of tuning process. In hardware part, we revised a DIO board, connected new DIO lines and serial lines, and adopted DMA method to transfer data quickly. By using the radio telescope equipped with the multi-feed receiver and the KVN telescope, we carried out survey observations toward star forming regions in H2O, CH3OH masers and in HCO+, H13CO+, and 13CO thermal lines to understand their association with star formation activities. The targets are taken from Arecibo methanol maser Galactic plane survey and from Methanol Multibeam catalog identified with 6.7 GHz CH3OH class II methanol maser. The detection rates of 22 GHz, 44 GHz, and 95 GHz toward 271 6.7 GHz class II methanol maser sources are 49 %, 51%, and 44%, respectively. Water maser is detected mostly with other masers, but does not show any correlation with them in terms of the flux density and the velocity. 12 sources out of the 66 sources in which water maser are detected have high-velocity (> 30kms−1) features, and the 7 sources out of the 12 sources may be related with pole-on jets. 95GHz class I methanol maser always comes with 44 GHz class I methanol maser. They are related with each other in the flux density and the velocity. Almost 44 GHz sources (87 %) come with 95 GHz maser. The distribution of velocity offset from the systemic velocity of 6.7GHz peak flux density appears as a double peak shape and differs from others.Abstract i 1 Introduction 1 Reference .................................... 5 2 Development of the TRAO control system for the multi-beam receiver 7 2.1 Introduction................................ 8 2.2 Hardware structure............................ 10 2.2.1 Modcomp............................. 10 2.2.2 Platform PC (PPC) ....................... 12 2.2.3 Backend management PC (BPC)................ 14 2.2.4 correlator PC (CPC)....................... 16 2.2.5 Data Acquisition Server (DAS)................. 18 2.2.6 Correlator............................. 19 2.2.7 Time generator (TG) ...................... 20 2.2.8 digital input / output (DIO) divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3 Details on the control system ...................... 23 2.3.1 Concepts of system programming................ 23 2.3.2 Communication between the control programs . . . . . . . . 35 2.3.3 Realization of the DMA method ................ 42 2.4 Conclusion ................................ 44 Reference .................................... 49 3 Simultaneous observation of water and class I methanol masers toward class II methanol maser sources 51 3.1 Introduction................................ 52 3.2 Source Selection and Observations ................... 55 3.2.1 Source Selection ......................... 55 3.2.2 Observations ........................... 55 3.3 Results................................... 57 3.3.1 Detection Rates ......................... 57 3.3.2 New Maser Sources........................ 58 3.3.3 Notes on Selected Sources.................... 60 3.4 Analyses.................................. 63 3.4.1 Velocity Characteristics ..................... 63 3.4.2 Flux Densities and Luminosities ................ 67 3.4.3 Associated BGPS Clumps.................... 71 3.4.4 Methanol Column Densities and Abundances . . . . . . . . . 72 3.5 Conclusions................................ 76 Reference .................................... 79 4 Observational study of water and class I methanol masers toward class II methanol maser sources 107 4.1 Introduction................................ 108 4.2 Source Selection and Observations ................... 111 4.2.1 Source Selection ......................... 111 4.2.2 Observations ........................... 111 4.3 Results................................... 113 4.3.1 Detection Rates ......................... 113 4.3.2 Notes on Selected Sources.................... 114 4.3.3 High velocity Features of Water Maser . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 4.4 Analyses.................................. 117 4.4.1 Velocity Characteristics ..................... 117 4.4.2 Analysis of detection rates.................... 128 4.4.3 Flux Densities .......................... 131 4.4.4 BGPS counterparts ........................ 134 4.5 Conclusions................................ 134 Reference .................................... 137 5 Conclusions 169Docto

서울전파천문대(SRAO) 6M 망원경의 On The Fly Mapping 시스템구축

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :지구환경과학부 천문학전공,2004.Maste

바람 및 조석을 고려한 황해 및 동중국해 해수 순환에 관한 수치 실험 연구

Thesis (doctoral)--서울대학교 대학원 :해양학과,2001.Docto

A study on the effect of technology transfer support on SME business performance

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 공기업정책학과, 2021.8. 금현섭.This study sought to examine whether supporting SMEs to quickly acquire the necessary technologies through technology transfer is actually more effective in improving the business performance of SMEs than supporting them to develop their own technologies. In addition, it was intended to examine whether there was a difference in the business performance of SMEs depending on the area of technology transfered. To this end, whether technology was transferrer, and whether it was transfered in the strategic technology sector of the 4th Industrial Revolution were set as independent variables and financial indicators on growth, profitability and stability were set as dependent variables. Research was conducted on SMEs that received IP-Acquisition guarantees or R&D guarantees from the Korea Technology Finance Corporation from 2011 to 2017. The study found that supporting technology transfer through IP acquisition guarantees has a negative impact on the growth rate of total assets by SMEs rather than supporting their own development through R&D guarantees, but a positive impact on the return on total assets and return on equity by SMEs. Because technology development costs are credited as assets if they meet intangible asset recognition requirements, the effect of asset growth is not significant for technology transactions that require less cost. But, If SMEs receive technology transfer, they are considered more advantageous in generating profits because they have a low risk of failure and can respond quickly to market demand. This study confirmed empirically that creating a technology ecosystem where open innovation such as technology transfer actively occurs is effective in enhancing the financial performance of SMEs Because the effectiveness of technology greatly affects the financial performance of SMEs rather than the type of technology transfered, it has been confirmed that it is important to accurately identify the demand for technology from SMEs and support technology transfer.본 연구는 중소기업이 기술거래를 통해 낮은 비용으로 신속하게 필요한 기술을 획득하도록 지원하는 것이 자체적으로 기술을 개발하도록 지원하는 것보다 중소기업의 재무 성과 제고에 실제로 더 효과적인지 살펴보고자 하였다. 또한, 기술거래를 지원하는 경우 중소기업이 이전받은 기술의 분야에 따라 중소기업의 재무적 성과에 차이가 있는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 기술거래를 통해 기술을 이전받았는지 여부 및 이전받은 기술의 4차 산업혁명 전략기술분야 해당여부를 독립변수로 설정하고 성장성, 수익성 및 안정성에 관한 재무지표를 종속변수로 설정하였으며, 2011년 부터 2017년 까지 기술보증기금으로부터 기술거래자금 또는 자체개발자금을 지원받은 중소기업을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 연구 결과, IP인수보증을 통해 기술거래를 지원하는 것이 R&D보증을 통해 자체개발을 지원하는 것보다 성장성 측면에서는 중소기업의 총자산증가율 제고에 유의미한 부(-)의 영향을 미치나, 수익성 측면에서는 중소기업의 총자산순이익률 및 자기자본 순이익률 제고에 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 거래기술이 4차 산업혁명 전략기술분야에 해당하는지 여부는 기술을 이전받은 중소기업의 사업성과 차이에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 기술개발비는 무형자산 인식요건을 충족할 경우 자산으로 계상되기 때문에 상대적으로 비용이 적게 소요되는 기술거래의 경우 자산증가 효과는 작지만, 실패위험성이 낮고 시장수요에 신속한 대응이 가능하기 때문에 수익 창출에는 더 유리한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통해 기술거래 등 개방형 혁신이 활발하게 일어나는 기술생태계를 조성하는 것이 중소기업의 재무성과 제고에 효과적임을 실증적으로 확인할 수 있었으며, 기술거래의 성과는 거래되는 기술의 종류보다는 거래되는 기술의 실효성 유무가 더 중요하기 때문에 중소기업의 기술수요를 정확하게 파악하고 실효성 있는 공급기술과 매칭하여 기술거래를 지원하는 것이 중요함을 확인할 수 있었다.제 1 장 서 론 1 제 1 절 연구의 배경과 목적 1 제 2 절 연구대상 및 방법 4 제 2 장 제도 개요 및 선행연구 검토 6 제 1 절 IP인수 및 R&D보증 제도와 국제특허분류 6 1. IP인수보증 제도 6 2. R&D보증 제도 7 3. 국제특허분류(IPC) 9 제 2 절 선행연구 검토 11 1. 기술시장 현황 11 2. 기술거래 활성화 방안에 관한 연구 13 3. 기술이전 성과에 관한 연구 15 4. R&D 지원성과에 관한 연구 18 제 3 장 연구설계 20 제 1 절 연구모형 20 1. 연구가설과 분석틀 20 2. 변수의 정의 22 가. 독립변수 22 나. 종속변수 27 다. 통제변수 30 제 2 절 연구방법 30 1. 분석대상 30 2. 분석방법 31 가. 확률효과 모형 32 나. 성향점수 매칭 33 제 4 장 분석결과 36 제 1 절 기술거래 지원의 성과 36 1. 기술통계량 36 2. 성장성 지표 분석결과 40 3. 수익성 지표 분석결과 44 4. 안정성 지표 분석결과 48 제 2 절 거래기술의 분야별 성과 50 1. 기술통계량 50 2. 성장성 지표 분석결과 51 3. 수익성 지표 분석결과 55 3. 안정성 지표 분석결과 59 제 5 장 결론 62 제 1 절 연구결과의 요약 62 제 2 절 연구의 시사점 63 제 2 절 연구의 한계 및 향후과제 67 참고문헌 69 Abstract 72석

간흡충에서의 피낭유충 장기 보존에 대한 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :의학과 기생충학전공,2004.Maste

Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Inhibits Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling in Gastric Epithelial Cells and Ameliorates Gastric Mucosal Damage in Mice

Background/Aims: Previous studies have reported the protective effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) on gastric epithelial cells in some animal models, but the precise mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the effects of TUDCA on NF-kappa B signaling in gastric epithelial cells. Moreover, the protective effects of TUDCA in experimental gastritis models induced by ethanol and NSAID were evaluated and compared with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Methods: After a pretreatment with TUDCA or UDCA, human gastric epithelial MKN-45 cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha to activate NF-kappa B signaling. A real-time PCR (RT-PCR) for human interleukin (IL)-1 mRNA was performed. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and immunoblot analyses were carried out. In murine models, after a pretreatment with TUDCA or UDCA, ethanol and indomethacin were administered via oral gavage. Macroscopic and microscopic assessments were performed to evaluate the preventive effects of TUDCA and UDCA on murine gastritis. Results: A pretreatment with TUDCA downregulated the IL-1 alpha mRNA levels in MKN-45 cells stimulated with TNF-alpha, as assessed by RT-PCR. As determined using EMSA, a pretreatment with TUDCA reduced the TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappa B DNA binding activity. A pretreatment with TUDCA inhibited I kappa B alpha phosphorylation induced by TNF-alpha, as assessed by immunoblot analysis. TUDCA attenuated the ethanol-induced and NSAID-induced gastritis in murine models, as determined macroscopically and microscopically. Conclusions: TUDCA inhibited NF-kappa B signaling in gastric epithelial cells and ameliorated ethanol-and NSAID-induced gastritis in murine models. These results support the potential of TUDCA for the prevention of gastritis in humans.N