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    ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์–‘์ž์ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ์„ .๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 15๋ถ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ด์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 3๋ถ„์˜ 1๋„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋งํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ, ๊ณตํ•™ ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ณต ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง ๊ณตํ•™์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋…์†Œ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‹œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋…์„ฑํ•™์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฒด์™ธ ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต ๊ฐ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์™€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋Š” ํƒˆ์„ธํฌํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์ƒ์ฒด์œ ๋ž˜๋‚˜ 3D bioprinting ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ECM ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” 3D bioprinting ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ํ•œ ํ›„ ์Šคํ”ผ๋‹ ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์ฒด๋‚ด ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ์ฒด์™ธ ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์†์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ธ ๊ฐ„์„ 3์ฐจ์› ์••์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ฒด์™ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘์•™ ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋…์†Œ์˜ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฒด์™ธ ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œก๊ฐํ˜• ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋งค์ฒด ์ž๊ทน์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์–‘์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ •๋งฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋™๋งฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋œ ๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ HepG2 ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ •์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฆ์‹๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํšŒ์ „ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ์ƒ์ฒด ์ธ์‡„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์œ ๋„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜๋กœ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ HepG2 ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์ธ TGFฮฑ ์œ ๋„ ์ƒํ”ผ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „์ด(EMT)๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์•„์„ธํŠธ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธํŽœ ์œ ๋„ ๊ฐ„ ๋…์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, N-์•„์„ธํ‹ธ์‹œ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ(NAC)์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ ๋…์„ฑ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์˜์–‘์†Œ๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด๋‚ด ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋†’์€ ์žฌ์ƒ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…๋œ ๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ ์†์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ณต๊ตฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์žฌํ˜„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์ „๋žต์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํšจ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒด์™ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋œ ๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์•”์„ธํฌ์ธ HepG2๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ฒด์™ธ ์ธ๊ณต ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋งž์ถค ์˜๋ฃŒ์—๋Š” ์œ ๋„๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์œ ๋„๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ถ„ํ™”ํšจ์œจ์€ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทน๋ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ปคํ”ผ์ฝฉ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์–‘์ž์ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์–‘์ž์ ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ™œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์นผ์Š˜ ์ด์˜จ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ธ์ž 1 ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด(IGF1R)-AKT์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์นผ์Š˜์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ปคํ”ผ์ฝฉ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์–‘์ž์ ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ปคํ”ผ์ฝฉ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์–‘์ž์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ ์ „๊ตฌ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ™์„ ์ƒํ–ฅ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ด๊ด€์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด, ์ปคํ”ผ์ฝฉ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์–‘์ž์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž 1 ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ธ์ž์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™” ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ, ํ‚ฌ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์นผ์Š˜์ด ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž 1 ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์ฒด ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ปคํ”ผ์ฝฉ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์–‘์ž์ ์ด ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ธ์ž 1 ๋Œ€์‹  ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ธ์ž๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์‹ ๊ทœ ๋ถ„ํ™”์ธ์ž๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising technology to establish a 3D in vitro hepatic model that holds great potential in toxicological evaluation. However, in current hepatic models, the central area suffers from hypoxic conditions, resulting in slow and weak metabolism of drugs and toxins. It remains challenging to predict accurate drug effects in current bioprinted hepatic models. In the first of this study, I constructed a hexagonal bioprinted hepatic construct and incorporated a spinning condition with continuous media stimuli. Interestingly, under spinning conditions, cells in the boprinted hepatic construct exhibited enhanced proliferation capacity and functionality compared to those under static conditions. Increased number of spheroids under spinning conditions exhibited intensive TGFฮฒ-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increased susceptibility to acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity as well as hepatotoxicity prevention by administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC). These results demonstrate that the spinning condition employed during the generation of bioprinted hepatic constructs enables the recapitulation of liver injury and repair phenomena in particular. This simple but effective culture strategy facilitates bioprinted hepatic constructs to improve in vitro modeling for drug effect evaluation. In the second part, the goal of this research was to secure large amounts of human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatcytes by increasing differentation efficiency using graphene quantum dots (GQDs). GQDs have been found to promote efficient differentiation of stem cells into a variety of cell types. However, their bioactivity and signalling mechanisms in the hepatic lineage have not been fully investigated. Here, we report that the hepatoblast differentiation rate can be promoted by using Ca2+-rich coffee bean-derived GQDs, where the incorporated calcium ions activate the signaling of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R)-AKT. We also found that the human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs)-derived hepatoblasts from the CB-GQDs treatment tended to upregulate the maturation into hepatocyte-like cells and downregulate the differentiation towards cholangiocytes, therby successfully obtaining a large number of functional hepatocyte-like cells. Moreover, the activation of IGF1R from the CB-GQD treatment enhances the hepatoblast differentiation efficiency regardless of growth factors, implying that chelated calcium may play a key role in activating IGF1R. Our findings suggest that CB-GQDs with independent bioactivity can be widely used in place of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and represent a cost-effective growth factor as well as a potential differentiation factor. In conclusion, these findings imply that (i) dynamic condition can be a strategy to alleviate the hypoxic condition of large-sized bioprinted in vitro hepatic models to promote drug matabolism, (ii) hepatoblast differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is related to the presence of calcium, and chelated calcium in CB-GQDs help secure an affinity from IGF1R present in the phospholipid membrane through electrostatic attraction, potentially contributing to promoting hepatoblast differentation via calcium channels.1.1 INTRODUCTION 2 1.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 5 1.2.1 Cell culture 5 1.2.2 Bioprinting of 3D Hepatic Constructs 5 1.2.3 Live/Dead Cell Staining 6 1.2.4 Quantitative RT-PCR 6 1.2.5 Histological Characterization (H&E Staining) 6 1.2.6 Immunocytochemistry 7 1.2.7 Functional Analysis 8 1.2.8 Western Blot Analysis 8 1.2.9 Drug Treatment 9 1.2.10 Statistical Analysis 9 1.3 RESULTS 13 1.3.1 Fabrication of 3D Bioprinted Human Liver Tissue 13 1.3.2 Spinning Culture Conditions Enable a Long-Term Culture Period of Bioprinted Hepatic Constructs with Consistent Hepatic Expression and Functionality of Encapsulated Cells 21 1.3.3 3D Bioprinted Hepatic Constructs Show Efficient Changes in Cellular Characteristics under Spinning Conditions 25 1.3.4 The Dynamic Microenvironment Generated by an Orbital Shaker Enables Artificial Liver Construction as a Liver Toxicity Test Model 30 1.3.5 Functional Evaluation of Bioprinted Hepatic Constructs Revealed That Hepatotoxicity Induced by APAP and Prevented by NAC Was Enhanced under Spinning Conditions 35 1.4 DISCUSSION 37๋ฐ•

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „ํ†ต๋ฐœํšจ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์น˜์•„๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์น˜์˜ ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ The Relation between Korean Traditional Fermented Food and Discoloration on Bleached Tooth

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    Abstract This study is to examine the relation between Korean fermented food and discoloration on teeth, which have undergone profession tooth whitening. The color change of natural tooth, which has undergone professional tooth whitening, is objectively measured by dental colorimeter after being immersed in Korean fermented food for certain period. The tooth specimens used in this study are 30 pieces and measured 30 times per one tooth, 900 times totally by dental colorimeter ShadeEye NCC โ“‡ Dental Chroma Meter. As a result of analyzing the collected data by using PASW(statistical package) 18.0, the significant difference is found (p<0.001) in lightness and yellowness before and after of professional tooth whitening. The lightness and yellowness after immersion is changed (p<0.001) according to time. As a result of examining the degree of discoloration based on type of fluids, the similar difference is indicated (p=0.001, p<0.001 1,2 and 3 weeks after getting professional tooth whitening. As a result, Korean traditional fermented food influences on discoloration on bleached tooth depended on the duration of immersion and the type of fluids. However, this study failed to represent internal oral condition accurately therefore the results of this study could be altered by the internal oral condition, frequency of consumption of food, and the management oral hygiene
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