17 research outputs found
์ธ๋์ ๋ํ ์ธ๊ฐ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๋ฐ์ ํจํด ๋ถ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ํ๋๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ์ด์ค์์ง๋์ด๋ง์ ๊ณต, 2020. 8. ๋ฐํํ.Human olfaction starts with selective binding of odorants to olfactory receptors (ORs) in nasal mucus. The combinatorial patterns of ORs stimulated by odorants are believed to decide the odor perception. The affinity between an OR and an odorous molecule is defined by their various molecular properties and other chemical aspects in a complicated manner. Thus, it is genuinely difficult to define which ORs an odorant will bind, and what description of smell the molecule will drive simply by considering their properties. In this study, odors of selected odorants were analyzed with an approach to the overall combinatorial patterns of 388 ORs instead of the individual OR responses. Visualization methods that represent an odor in terms of sensitivities and response levels of 388 human ORs to the odorous molecule were suggested and used to analyze and compare OR response patterns.
Indole, methyl dihydrojasmonate and naphthalene were selected to compare OR response patterns. The perceived smell of indole differs by its concentrations. Indole at low concentration smells like jasmine, similar to the smell of methyl dihydrojasmonate. In contrast, the smell of indole at high concentration is perceived like mothball as naphthalene. Indole and methyl dihydrojasmonate are structurally distant, but indole and naphthalene are heterocyclic analogues that contain benzene ring(s).
The response levels of ORs to each odorant were measured by a heterologous system established in Hana3A cells, which stably express accessory proteins that support robust cell surface expression of membrane proteins. The cAMP level increased by OR activation was measured using luciferase assay. The number of responsive ORs and response intensities to indole were positively correlated with indole concentration. Comparing the response patterns of three different odorants, ORs that recognize one or more than one of the odorants were found. The response intensities of responsive ORs showed greater similarities when the molecular structures of odorants were closer. There was a positive correlation between the perceived strength of the smell and the number of responsive ORs. Considering the protein similarity among same OR subfamily members, the OR response patterns were also analyzed at the subfamily level. Patterning of OR responses at the subfamily level was sufficient to distinguish and compare the OR response patterns of different odors. The number of common responsive subfamilies between odorants were much greater than that of the common responsive OR proteins. Increase of indole concentration led to higher similarity of response pattern with the pattern of naphthalene than that with methyl dihydrojasmonate. Even though there were some matching ORs and subfamilies between response patterns of similar odors, the patterns were very unique and distinguishable. These results show that the response of ORs to odorants is much more complicated and specific than what we actually interpret and perceive. This supports higher sensitivity and accuracy of OR based electrical devices to detect target chemicals than animal-based chemical detection. Because the visualization process excludes many natural mechanisms that occur in nasal mucus and neuronal systems, this encoding method for odors will allow objective recording of smell with least genetic and individual variations and contribute to standardization of olfaction and further understanding of the sense of smell.์ธ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฐ์ ์ฝ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๋์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ด ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐํฉ๋๋ฉฐ ์์๋๋ฉฐ, ๋์์ ์ํด ์๊ทน์ด ๋ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๋ฐ์ ์กฐํฉ์ ๋์์ ์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๋ถ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ฒฐํฉ ์ ๋๋ ๋ค์ํ ๋ถ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ํํ์ ํน์ฑ์ ์ํด ๋ณต์กํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ํ ๋์ ๋ถ์๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ์์ฉ์ ํ ์ง, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ก ์ธํด ์ด๋ค ๋์๋ก ์ธ์ง๊ฐ ๋ ์ง ์์ธกํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ์ํฉ์ด๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋, ์ ํ๋ ๋์ ๋ถ์์ ๋ํ 388๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ ํจํด์ ์ ๊ทผํ์ฌ ๋์๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋์ ๋ถ์์ ๋ํ 388 ๊ฐ์ ์ธ๊ฐ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ์ ์ฒด ๋ฐ์ ํจํด์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ์๊ฐํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์ ์๋์๊ณ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๋ฐ์ ํจํด์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ๋น๊ตํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ธ๋, ๋ฉํธ ๋ํ์ด๋๋ก ์์ค๋ชจ๋ค์ดํธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ํํ๋ ์ ๋ํ ์ธ๊ฐ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๋ฐ์ ํจํด์ ๋น๊ตํ์๋ค. ์ธ๋์ ๋์๋ ๋๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ธ์ง๋๋ค. ์ ๋๋์ ์ธ๋์ ๋ฉํธ ๋ํ์ด๋๋ก ์์ค๋ชจ๋ค์ดํธ์ฒ๋ผ ์์ค๋ฏผ ํฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ง, ๊ณ ๋๋์ ์ธ๋ ๋์๋ ๋ํํ๋ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ข์ฝ ๋์์ ์ ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ธ๋๊ณผ ๋ฉํธ ๋ํ๋๋ก ์๋ชจ๋ค์ดํธ๋ ๋ถ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์ง๋ง, ์ธ๋๊ณผ ๋ํํ๋ ์ ๋ฒค์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ ์ด์ข
๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ฌ์ฒด์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋๋ Hana3A ์ธํฌ์์ ํ๋ฆฝ๋ ์ด์ข
์์คํ
์ ์ํด ์ธก์ ๋์๋ค. ๋จผ์ , ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋๋ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋๋์ ๋น๋กํจ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ค์์ผ๋ก, 388๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด ์ค, ๋๊ฐ ์ด์์ ๋์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๊ณตํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ์๋ค. ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ ๋์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ถ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊น์ธ ๋ ๋ ๋์ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ๊ด๋ฅ์ ์ธ ๋์์ ๊ฐ๋์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ด์๋ ์์ ์๊ด ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก, ๋์ผํ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด ์๊ณผ (subfamily) ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ, ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ์๊ณผ ์์ค์์ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๋ฐ์ ํจํด์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ ๋์๋ฌผ์ง์ ๊ณตํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์๊ณผ์ ๊ฐ์๋ ๊ณตํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ์๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ง์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋์์ ๋ฌผ์ง ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํจํด ํน์ด์ฑ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ธ๋ ๋๋๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฉํธ ๋ํ์ด๋๋ก ์์ค๋ชจ๋ค์ดํธ์์ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋นํด ๋ํํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ์๊ณผ ์์ค์์์ ๋ฐ์ ํจํด ๋ถ์์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ํจํด์ ๋น๊ตํ๊ธฐ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ ์์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.
๋น์ทํ ๋์์ ๋ฐ์ ํจํด ๊ฐ์ ์ผ์นํ๋ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด ๋ฐ ์๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ถ์๋์์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ํจํด๋ค์ ํฐ ํน์ด์ฑ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋์์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๋ฐ์์ด ์ค์ ๋ก ๊ด๋ฅ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์งํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ณต์กํ๊ณ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ํํ ๋ฌผ์ง ํ์ง๋ณด๋ค ํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ํํ ๋ฌผ์ง ํ์ง๊ฐ ๋์ ๊ฐ๋์ ์ ํ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฒ์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค. ๋, ํ๊ฐ์ ์๊ฐํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ฝ ์ ์ก์ง๊ณผ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๋ง์ ์์ฐ์ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ์๋ ๋์์ ์ฝ๋ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ต์ํ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋ณ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ๋์์ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ํ์ฉํ๊ณ ํ๊ฐ์ ํ์คํ ๋ฐ ๋์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ฐ ์ดํด์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.1. Introduction 1
1.1. Human olfaction 1
1.1.1. Olfactory mechanism 1
1.1.2. Olfactory receptors and nomenclature 2
1.2. Visualization of OR response patterns 5
1.3. Luciferase assay 7
1.4. Indole 9
2. Methods and materials 10
2.1. Hana3A cell culture 10
2.2. OR gene cloning 11
2.3. Heterologous cell surface expression of ORs and confirmation 13
2.3.1. Transfection 13
2.3.2. Western blot 15
2.4. OR stimulation 16
2.5. Cytotoxicity of odorants 17
2.6. Measurement of OR responses 18
2.6.1. Selection of responsive ORs 18
2.6.2. Dose-response test 19
2.7. Visualization of OR response patterns 20
3. Results 23
3.1. Heterologous expression of ORs 23
3.2. Odorant cytotoxicity test 25
3.3. OR responses to indole 27
3.3.1. Selection of responsive ORs 27
3.3.2. Visualization 35
3.4. OR responses to methyl dihydrojasmonate and naphthalene 38
3.4.1. Selection of responsive ORs 38
3.4.2. Visualization 42
3.5. Pattern comparison 44
3.5.1. Overall pattern comparison 44
3.5.2. Comparison of responsive ORs 44
3.5.3. Comparison of responsive OR subfamilies 48
4. Discussion 52
4.1. Power-law distribution and inverse agonism 52
4.2. Strength of smell, the number of responsive ORs and response intensity 53
4.3. Intensity difference of a same OR to different odorants 54
4.4. Response patterns of OR subfamilies 54
4.5. OR response patterning 55
5. Conclusions 57
6. Reference 59
์์ฝ (๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ด๋ก) 64Maste
Osteopontin might be involved in bone remodelling rather than in inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether osteopontin (OPN) is increased in patients with AS and to investigate its relationship to inflammatory disease activity and bone remodelling process.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 30 patients with AS and 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. We assessed clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters including the ESR, CRP, lipid profiles, the Bath AS disease activity index (BASDAI) and the Bath AS radiographic index (BASRI). To evaluate bone metabolism, we tested ALP, OCN and C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I). Plasma levels of OPN, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were measured by ELISA, and mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was performed by RT-PCR. Changes in OPN level were also evaluated in eight patients after the treatment with a TNF-alpha blocker.
RESULTS: Patients with AS had significantly higher plasma OPN, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels and more mRNA expression than healthy controls. Plasma OPN levels were correlated with serum ALP, OCN and CTX-I levels, but not with ESR, CRP, lipid profiles, BASDAI or BASRI. Treatment with a TNF-alpha blocker did not alter OPN levels, although it reduced the disease activity.
CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AS had higher levels of OPN compared with controls. The plasma OPN level was correlated with serum ALP, OCN and CTX-I levels, but not with disease activity in AS. OPN might be involved in bone remodelling rather than in inflammation in AS.ope
Kikuchi-Fujimoto`s Disease with Adult Onset Still`s Disease
Kikuchi-Fujimoto`s disease (KFD), or histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a rare benign and self-limiting disease. KFD are confused with systemic autoimmune disease as they present with localized lymphadenopathy, fever, fatigue, arthritis, leukopenia. Furthermore as KFD can occur associated with other autoimmune disease, we need to diagnose carefully. Here, we describe a case of 27-year-old female patient, diagnosed as KFD, who subsequently developed adult onset Still`s disesase (AOSD). As far as we know, this is the first case of KFD with AOSD in Korea.ope
Spatial Variation of Fertility and Mortality and Its Change 1970-1990
In relation to spatial differentials which has been dealt with in geography literature, there is 'Divergence-convergence model' of fertility and mortality change in the field of population geography. 'Divergence-convergence model' expresses regional differentials of fertility and mortality diverge initially and converge eventually with fertility and mortality transition. But this simple framework of divergence and convergence has been criticized and modified in a number of ways. Therefore this paper examined whether 'Divergence-convergence model' of fertility and mortality is justitied for South Korea. In other words, this paper aims to how the spatial variation of fertility and mortality with fertility and mortality transition has changed and what is the geographical characteristics of spatial differentials. As the measures of ferti1ity and mortality, general fertality rate and standardized mortality rate is used and as the indicator of magnitude of spatial variation, coefficient of variation. The data sources for the number of births and deaths are 1980-1993 the vital statistics year books and the main research periods is every 5 years from 1970 to 1990. The research findings are as follows. In the analysis of fertility, First, the spatial variation became to increase at the similar time to fertility reduction and then decrease-increased. In other words, the regional differentials peaked in 1970, 1975 year and then decreased to 1985 year, 1990 increased again
Ground Theory Approach to Find Out the Characteristics of Making Decision Process For Outbound Trip As Assemblage
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ฌํ๊ณผํ๋ํ ์ง๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ์์ ๋ ฌ.๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋ฉด๋ด์์ ์์ 6๊ฐ์์ด ์ง๋์ง ์์ ํจํค์ง ์ฌํ 4๋ช
, ์์ดํ
1๋ช
, ๊ฐ๋ณ ์์ ์ฌํ 12๋ช
์ด 17๋ช
์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์ฌ์์ ์ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋ด ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฏธ์ ๋ถ์๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ก ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๊ฒํ ํ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ์ ์ต์ํ์ 5๊ฐ์ง ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์(์ )๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ถ์๋๊ตฌ๋ก ํ์ฌ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ค์ฒ์ ์ง์์ผ๋ก์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.
์ฒซ์งธ, ์ธ๋ถ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ ์์์์ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ด ์ค์ํ ์ ํ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ด๊ณ ๊ฐ ํญ์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์์จ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ํน์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ป์ด์ง ์ค์ฒ์ ์ง์์ด๋ค. ๋ํ ์ ์ฒด ์ฌํ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ ์ผ๊ด๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ์์ ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ชฉ์ ์ง, ํญ๊ณต๊ถ ํฐ์ผํ
, ์์, ์ฌ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ค, ์์น ๋ฑ์ด ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ง์๋ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ด๊ณ โ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ถ๋ถ๋ค์ ํน์ฑ์ด ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ์ง ์๋๋คโ๋ ํน์ฑ์์ ์ป์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋์งธ, ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ๋ ์ค์ฒ์ ์ง์์ผ๋ก์ ์๋ฏธ์๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ ์ง์์ ๋์ถํ ์ ์๋ ์์ค์์ ๋์ผํ ๊ฒ์ ๋จ ํ ๊ฑด๋ ์์๋ค. ๊ฐ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ๋ ๋๋ฆ์ ํน์ด์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๊ณ ์๋ก ์๋ก ๋ฌ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์ฒ์ ์์ํ๋ ์์ธ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ค ๋ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ฆ, ์๋ง์ผ๋ก์ ์ฌํ์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ ๋ชฉ์ , ์๊ฐ์ด๋ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ํฉ, ๋ํ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ธํ๋ค๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ๊ฐ ์์ฐ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ํน์ฑ์ผ๋ก ํฌ์ฐฉ๋ ์ค์ฒ์ ์ง์์ด๋ค.
์
์งธ, ํด์ธ์ฌํ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง ์ ํ์ ์ฐ์ ์ฑ์ ํญ์ ์์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋์๋ค. ์๋ฐ์์ค ๊ทธ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ์ฌํ ๋๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ ๋ ๋๋ ํน๊ฐ ํญ๊ณต๊ถ์ด๋ ๋ณด๋์ค ํญ๊ณต๊ถ์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋๋ ์ด์ ์ํด ๋ชฉ์ ์ง๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ณ๋์ด ๊ฒฐ์ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ๋ ์ด์ข
์ ์ด๋ค๋ ํน์ฑ์ผ๋ก ํ๋๋ ์ง์์ด๋ค.
๋ท์งธ, ํญ๊ณต๊ถ์ด๋ ์๋ฐ์์ค์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ ๋ ํฌ์ธํธ๋ ๋ง์ผ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋ฆฝ์ ์ํด ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ํน์ ํ ์ํ์ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ๋ ์์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋์ด ๊ณ ์ฐฉํ๋ ๋ฉด์ด ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ๋๋ ๋ก์ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ํน๊ฐ ๋๋ ํ ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ง์ผํ
๋ฐฉ์์ ์ํ ์ํ์ ์ ํํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด์์ ํ ๊ฑธ์ ๋ ๋์๊ฐ ํน๊ฐ๋ ํ ์ธ ์ํ์ ํด์ธ์ฌํ์ํ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ณ๋ ์ ์ฉ์นด๋๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ฌํจ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ธ ํ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ํ์ ๊ฒฐ์ฌํ๋ ์๋นํจํด์ด ์์๋ค.
ํด์ธ์ฌํ ๊ฒฝํ์ด ๋ง์ ์์์ ์ฌํ๊ฐ์ ๋์ฑ ์ ๋ ดํ ์ฌํ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ค๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํญ๊ณต๊ถ์ ๊ฒฐ์ฌํ๋ ์ต์ฒจ๋จ์ ์๋นํจํด์ด ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ๋ณด๋ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ๋ โํ์์ญํ์ ์ฌ์์ญํ์ ์ญ๋์ฑ๊ณผ ๊น์ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋คโ๋ ํน์ฑ์ ์ํด ์ธ์ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค.
๋ค์ฏ์งธ, ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ํ์ฌ ์ง๊ธ์ ์ฌ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ง์ด ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ๊ทธ ์๋ง์ ์์ฑํฅ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฒ ์ฆ ๋ถ๊ต์์ ๋งํ๋ ์ก๊ฒฝ(๏งๅข)์ ๋ํ ์๋ง์ ์กฐํฉ์ผ๋ก์ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋์์ ๋ํ ์๋ง์ด์๋ค. ๋ชธ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋์์ ๋ํ ์๋ง์ ์งํฉ์ด์๋ค.
์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด ์์๋ฅผ ์ ํํ ๋ ๊ทธ ์์๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํตํฉ๋ ์ ์ฒด๋ก์ ๊ทธ ์์๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์์์ ํน์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํํ๋ ์์ด๋ค. ์ฆ ์นจ์ค์ ์นจ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฐ๋ปํจ์ด ์ฃผ๋ ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ ์์์ฅ์ด๋ ์์ฌ ๋ฑ์์ ์์๋๋ ์ด๊ฐ, ์๊ฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋์์ ๋ํ ์๋ง์ ์ถฉ์กฑ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ทธ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ๋ ์๋ง์ ์ด๋ค๋ผ๋ ํน์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ง๋์๋ค.
์ฌ์ฏ์งธ, ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ๋ ์ 5์ฅ ์ 2์ ์์ ๋ฐํ์ง ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ ๋ชจํ์ด ํ๋์ ์ (๋๋ ๊ณ์ด)์ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ๊ฐ ์ญ๋์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ ํ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ฆ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง ์ ํ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ, ํญ๊ณต๊ถ ๊ฒฐ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ, ์๋ฐ์์ค ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ, ์ฌ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฆ๊ณผ ์๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์ํธ ๋ง๋ฌผ๋ ค ์ญ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฒด ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํจ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
์ด์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ ๋๋ก ์ ๋ถ ๋ฐ ์ง๋ฐฉ ์์น ๋จ์ฒด์ ์ฅ์ ๋ง์ผํ
, ๊ด๊ด ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ํ ๋ง์ผํ
, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํด์ธ ์ฌํ๊ฐ์ ์ฌํ์ค๋น ๋จ๊ณ์์์ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ํ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ํ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ป์ ์ ์๋ค.This thesis aims to find out the characteristics of making decision process for outbound trip as assemblage. The six characteristics were found out. First, the constitution of itinerary is associated critically with the accessibility to the location of accommodations. Second, there was no consistent decision making rule to penetrate the whole process. Third, there was no priority of the travel destination choice to the other travel decision making object such as airline ticketing or accommodation. Fourth, the traveler consumed smartly and fully using the promotion information of tourism company products such as having double discount by getting the discount for their credit card plus discounted airline ticket. Fifth, the travelers desire the part of place or product not entire. Finally, the dynamics of decision making works and the mechanism is figured out the [Figure 5-19].
The concept of assemblage appeared useful analytical tool to catch the practical knowledge about making decision process of outbound traveler for preparing trip. Ground theory was coupled well with the concept as a methodology.์ 1์ฅ ์๋ก โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 1
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ์ํโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 1
(1) ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 1
(2) ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ์ํโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 10
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ์๋ฃโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 13
(1) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 13
(2) ์ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ์ ์ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 15
์ 2์ฅ ์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒํ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 23
1. ๊ด๊ด๋ชฉ์ ์ง ์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 23
(1) ์ ๋์ ์ฐ๊ตฌโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 24
(2) ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๋ถ์๊ณผ ์ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 32
2. ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ ๊ด๋ จ ์ฐ๊ตฌ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 35
(1) ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฐ ํน์ฑโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 35
(2) ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ ๋ฐ ์ ํโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 39
(3) ์ง๋ฆฌโค๊ณต๊ฐ ๋ถ์ผ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ ๊ด๋ จ ์ฐ๊ตฌ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 44
3. ๊ด๊ดํ๋ถ์ผ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 47
4. ์๊ฒฐ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 52
์ 3์ฅ ํด์ธ์ฌํ์ ์ง์ ์์ ์ถ์ด์ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 53
1. ํด์ธ์ฌํ์ ์์ ์ถ์ด โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 53
(1) ํด์ธ์ฌํ์ ๋์คํโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 53
(2) ํด์ธ์ฌํ ๋์คํ์ ์ธ๊ตฌํต๊ณํ์ ํน์ฑโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 58
2. ํด์ธ์ฌํ์ ์ง์ ์ถ์ด โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 65
(1) ํด์ธ์ฌํ์ ํ๋จ์ฑ์ค์ฌํโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 68
(2) ํด์ธ์ฌํ์ ๋ค๋ณํโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 69
3. ํด์ธ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ ๋ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 77
(1) ์ฌ๊ถ, ๋น์ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 78
(2) ์ ๋น์ฉํญ๊ณต์ฌ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ง์
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 83
(3) ์ฃผ5์ผ์ (์ฃผ5์ผ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ์ฃผ5์ผ ์์
)โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 89
์ 4์ฅ ํด์ธ์ฌํ ํธ๋ ๋ ๋ฐ ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์ ํ๋ณ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ํน์ฑโฆโฆโฆ 92
1. ๋น
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ถ์์ ํตํ ํด์ธ์ฌํ ํธ๋ ๋ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 93
(1) ๋น
๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ํ
์คํธ ๋ง์ด๋ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 94
(2) ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์์ง, ์ ์ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 96
(3) ๊ฒ์์ด์ ์ฃผ์ ์ฐ๊ด ๋จ์ด ๋น๋ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 98
(4) ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์๊ฐํโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 103
(5) CONCOR ๋ถ์โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 106
(6) ์๊ฒฐ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 112
2. ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์ ํ๋ณ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ํน์ฑ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 117
(1) ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์ ํ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ธฐ์ค โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 117
(2) ๊ฐ์กฑ์ฌํโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 126
(3) ๋ํ๋ก์ฌํโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 136
(4) ๋น๊ฐ์กฑ๋ํ(์น๊ตฌ ๋๋ ์ง์ธ) ์ฌํโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 142
(5) ์๊ฒฐโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 148
์ 5์ฅ ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ์ ํน์ฑ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 150
1. ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ์ ๋ค์์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ดโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 150
(1) ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ฐจ์(ๆฌกๅบ) โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 151
(2) ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 173
(3) ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ์ ํน์ฑโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 184
2. ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ์ ์ญ๋์ฑ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 188
(1) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ์๋ฃ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 189
(2) ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ ์ญ๋์ฑ ๊ด๋ จ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ๋
โคโค 192
(3) ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ์ ์ญ๋์ฑ ๋ฉ์นด๋์ฆ โฆ 211
3. ์๊ฒฐโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 214
์ 6์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 216
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 220
Abstractโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 233Docto
ๅบ็ฃ.ๆญปไบกๅ์ ๅฐ็็ ๅทฎ็ฐ์ ๊ทธ ่ฎๅ : 1970~1990ๅนด์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้ข :ๅฐ็ๅญธ็ง,1995.Maste