한국의 말라리아 매개 얼룩날개모기류에 관한 계통 및 집단유전학적 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 생명과학부, 2012. 8. 김원.말라리아의 방역을 위해서는 무엇보다도 인간에게 말라리아를 직접적으로 전달하는 매개모기에 대한 유전적 다양성, 집단 동태, 집단 구조, 집단의 지리적 분포 범위에 대한 연구가 되어야 질병의 전염경로를 파악할 수 있으며 이로서 효율적인 방제가 가능하다. DNA 분석을 통한 계통지리 및 개체군유전학적 연구를 통해 이러한 연구가 가능하다. 국내에서 말라리아를 매개하는 히르카누스 그룹 모기의 계통학, 유전적 다양도, 유전자 이입, 집단 구조 등을 보기 위해 다좌위 유전자 마커가 사용되었다. 국내 말라리아모기 6종에 대한 계통학적 연구 결과 두 개의 clade ((Anopheles sinensis sensu stricto + Anopheles belenrae) 와 Anopheles kleini)를 확인하였다. An. sinensis s.s. 와 An. kleini의 유전적 다양도와 유전자 이입에 대해 분석한 결과 An. kleini로부터 An. sinensis s.s.로 향하는 유전자 이입이 관찰되었다. 다음으로 국내 말라리아모기에 6종에 대한 살충제저항성 유전자의 돌연변이여부와 대립유전자의 빈도에 대해 연구한 결과 6종 중 An. sinensis s.s. 한 종에서만 저항성 유전자를 발견하였으며 높은 다형성과 전국적으로 높은 빈도의 돌연변이 빈도를 보이고 있음을 밝혔다. 마지막으로 미토콘드리아 DNA 마커와 마이크로새틀라이트 마커를 이용한 동아시아에 분포하는 An. sinensis s.s.의 집단 구조 연구 결과, 국내의 소백산맥과 태백산맥이 유전적 장벽으로 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 밝혔다.With continuing population growth, global warming and climate change, countermeasures for malaria and other vector-mediated disease are urgently needed. Vector mosquitoes have different vector capacity depending on species and populations. Understanding the taxonomic status, genetic diversity, population structure, population dynamics, and geographical distribution of the vector species provides insights into dispersal potential and disease patterns. In this study, multilocus molecular markers were used to investigate phylogeny, genetic diversity, introgression, and population structure of the Korean malaria mosquito Anopheles Hyrcanus group. Molecular phylogeny of six Korean malaria vectors showed two well-supported clades, Anopheles kleini and Anopheles belenrae + Anopheles sinensis sensu stricto. The genetic introgression analysis between An. sinensis s.s. and An. kleini suggested possible gene flow from An. sinensis s.s. to An. kleini, even though they showed very high genetic differentiation and fixed polymorphisms. An insecticide resistance polymorphism study on the six Korean malaria vectors revealed that knockdown resistance mutations existed only in An. sinensis s.s. No mutations were found in the other five species, and furthermore, a L1014F TTC mutation was observed for the first time in the An. sinensis s.s. species. Population genetic structure analysis of An. sinensis s.s. in East Asia based on mitochondrial control region and microsatellite suggested that the Taebaek and Sobaek Mountains that cross the Republic of Korea are significant genetic barriers in East Asia.INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1. PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE OF ANOPHELES SINENSIS COMPLEX AND SEMIPERMEABLE SPECIES BOUNDARIES: A MULTILOCUS APPROACH 9 INTRODUCTION 9 MATERIALS AND METHODS 10 Mosquito species collection and identification and DNA isolation 10 Multilocus primer design and DNA sequence data retrieval 11 PCR amplification and sequencing 14 DNA sequence editing and alignment 14 Phylogenetic tree construction 15 Species trees and estimation of divergence time using multiple DNA sequences 15 Polymorphism, recombination, and divergence analyses 16 RESULTS 17 Phylogenetic inferences with multilocus data 17 Species trees and divergence time estimation 20 Polymorphism, recombination, and divergence analyses 22 Selection tests 24 Genealogy analysis 24 Isolation and introgression 27 DISCUSSION 29 CHAPTER 2. THE POLYMORPHISM AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE KNOCKDOWN RESISTANCE (KDR) OF ANOPHELES SINENSIS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA 33 INTRODUCTION 33 MATERIALS AND METHODS 35 Mosquito collections and species identification 35 DNA sequencing of VGSC 38 Statistical analyses 38 RESULTS 38 Species composition and distribution 38 kdr mutations 39 Anopheles sinensis s.s. 43 DISCUSSION 43 CHAPTER 3. POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THE MALARIA VECTOR ANOPHELES SINENSIS SENSU STRICTO IN EAST ASIA. 47 INTRODUCTION 47 MATERIALS AND METHODS 48 Sampling and DNA extraction 48 Sequence analysis of mitochondrial control region 49 Data analyses of mitochondrial control region 50 Microsatellites genotyping and summary statistics 51 Population structure and Mantel test 51 RESULTS 52 Haplotypes and genetic diversity 52 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, linkage disequilibrium, and microsatellite polymorphism 57 Population structure and among group comparison 60 Population expansion and isolation by distance 69 DISCUSSION 73 CONCLUSION 76 REFERENCES 78 국문초록 95 APPENDIX. 96 Appendix 1. Input file for BEAST 96 Appendix 2. Input file for IM analysis 171 Appendix 3. Haplotype list of Anopheles sinensis s.s. mitochondrial DNA sequences 208 Appendix 4. Input file for Arlequin of Anopheles sinensis s.s. mitochondrial DNA sequences 213 Appendix 5. Input file for Arlequin of Anopheles sinensis s.s. microsatellites 219 감사의 글 234Docto

(A) study on the `Apartment with lower-floor stores in Seoul`, 1960-1970s

학위논문(석사) --서울대학교 대학원 :건축학과,2010.2.Maste

Accuracy and Stability of Computer-Aided Customized Lingual Fixed Retainer

In modern Orthodontics, lingual fixed retainers are commonly used for permanent retention after treatment. With the introduction and development of digital technology into the field or Orthodontics, various types of lingual fixed retainers are now available. Although the accuracy and stability of retainers are clinically important, evidence-based information on them is not yet sufficient. This study evaluated the accuracy and stability of two types of computer-aided customized lingual fixed retainers (CNC cutting and CNC bending) and conventional lingual fixed retainers (manual bending) quantitatively based on laboratory experiment. Twenty duplicated dental models (ten maxillary and mandibular models each) were selected. Design of retainers was set up using dental surveyor and reference plane was defined by three small dimples on dental models. Three types of retainers (custom-cut, custom-bent, manual group) were fabricated for each model on canine-to-canine area. Wire clearance at interproximal area (WCI) and initial flatness deformation were measured at T0 (right after the fabrication of retainer) for evaluation of accuracy of retainers. Lateral width (LW), anteroposterior length (AP) and flatness deformation (FD) were measured at T0, T1 (thermocycling 850 cycles for simulation of 1 month), T2 (5100 cycles for 6 months) and absolute value of changes between each time point (ΔLW, ΔAP, ΔFD) was calculated for evaluation of stability of retainers. Thermocycling technique was used to induce 6 months of time flow. 1. WCI: In maxilla, custom-bent group showed significantly higher WCI than custom-cut and manual group (p = 0.003). In mandible, no significant difference was observed between three groups (p < 0.001). 2. Initial flatness deformation: In maxilla and mandible, manual group, custom-bent group and custom-cut group showed high values in order (p < 0.001). 3. ΔLW, ΔAP, ΔFD: No significant difference was found during 6-month period (thermocycling 5100 cycles). Since there was no difference in stability between three groups, it is recommended to use custom-cut type retainers in consideration of accuracy. However, accuracy and stability are not the only factors to consider when selecting type of retainers and since each retainer has its advantages and disadvantages, it is thought that the type of retainers should be decided in consideration of the clinical environment. 현대 교정에서 치료 후 영구적 유지를 위한 설측 고정식 유지장치의 사용이 보편화되었고, 디지털 기술 발전에 힘입어 새로운 종류의 설측 고정식 유지장치가 지속적으로 개발되고 있다. 이들의 정확도 및 안정성은 임상적으로 중요함에도 불구하고 비교, 평가하기 위한 증거기반 데이터는 충분하지 않다. 본 연구의 목적은 두 종류의 3차원 스캔 모형 기반으로 제작된 설측 고정식 유지장치 및 수기로 제작된 설측 고정식 유지장치의 정확도와 안정성을 비교하는 것이다. 2021년 3월 이후 연세대학교 치과대학병원 교정과에서 장치 제거 예정인 환자의 석고 모형 복제본 20개(상, 하악 각 10개)를 연구대상으로 하였다. 치과용 서베이어를 이용하여 유지장치의 디자인을 설정한 후 석고 모형 상에 3개의 작은 홈을 형성하여 기준 평면을 정의하였다. 설측 고정식 유지장치의 범위는 견치에서 반대측 견치까지 지정하였으며 제작 방식에 따라 custom-cut 군, custom-bent 군, 수기 제작 군으로 구분하였다. 정확도 평가를 위해 인접면 와이어 clearance (wire clearance at interproximal area, WCI), 초기 편평도 변형을 T0 (유지장치 제작 직후)에서 계측하였다. 안정성 평가를 위해 유지장치의 측방 너비, 전후방 길이, 편평도 변형을 세 시점 T0, T1 (1개월, 열순환 처리 850회), T2 (6개월, 열순환 처리 5100회)에서 측정한 후 시간에 따른 계측치들의 변화량의 절댓값을 산출하였다. 6개월간의 시간 흐름을 유도하기 위하여 열순환 처리를 사용하였다. 1. WCI를 기준으로 상악에서는 custom-cut 군 및 수기 제작 군이 custom-bent 군보다 높은 정확도를 보여주었으나(p = 0.003), 하악에서는 군 간 유의한 차이가 없었다(p < 0.001). 2. 초기 편평도 변형을 기준으로 상, 하악 모두에서 custom-cut 군, custom-bent 군, 수기 제작 군 순으로 높은 정확도를 보였다(p < 0.001). 3. 6개월 범위(열순환 처리 5100회)에서 세 군 간 안정성의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 상기 결론을 토대로 안정성에는 유지장치 간 차이가 없으므로 정확도를 고려 시 CNC cutting 방식의 유지장치를 사용하는 것이 추천된다. 하지만 정확도와 안정성이 유지장치 선택 시 고려해야 할 유일한 요소는 아니며, 각 유지장치별로 장단점이 존재하므로 임상적 환경을 고려하여 유지장치 제작 방법을 선택해야 할 것으로 생각된다.open석

유클리드 공간과 추상적인 위너 공간 위에서의 확산 작용소들의 유일성에 관한 여러 문제들

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 자연과학대학 수리과학부, 2018. 8. Gerald Trutnau.The central question discussed in this thesis is whether a given diffusion operators, i.e., a second order linear elliptic differential operator without zeroth order term, which is a priori only defined on test functions over some (finite or infinite dimensional ) state space, uniquely determines a strongly continuous semigroup on a corresponding weighted L^p space. On the first part of the thesis, we are mainly focus on equivalence of different definitions of capacities, and removability of singularities. More precisely, let L be either a fractional powers of Laplacian of order less than one whose domain is smooth compactly supported functions on R^d ∖ Σ of a given compact set Σ ⊂ R^d of zero Lebesgue measure or integral powers of Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operator defined on suitable algebras of functions vanishing in a neighborhood of a given closed set Σ of zero Gaussian measure in abstract Wiener space. Depending on the size of Σ, the operator under consideration, may or may not be L^p unique. We give descriptions for the critical size of Σ in terms of capacities and Hausdorff measures. In addition, we collect some known results for certain multi-parameter stochastic processes. On the second part of this thesis, we are mainly focus on Neumann problems on L^p(U, µ), where U ⊂ R^d is an open set. More precisely, let L be a nonsymmetric operator of type Lu = ∑ aij∂i∂ju+∑ bi∂iu, whose domain is C^2_0,Neu(U). We give some results about Markov uniqueness, L^p-uniqueness, relation of L^1-uniqueness and conservativeness, uniqueness of invariant measures, elliptic regularity, etc under certain assumption on µ and on the coefficients of L.Abstract i Chapter 1 General Introduction 1 I Equivalence of capacities and removability of singularities 3 Chapter 2 Probabilistic characterizations of essential self-adjointness and removability of singularities 4 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 Bessel potential spaces, capacities and kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3 Markov uniqueness, essential self-adjointness and capacities . . . . . . 12 2.4 Riesz capacities and Hausdorff measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.5 Additive processes and a probabilistic characterization . . . . . . . . . 18 Chapter 3 Capacities, removable sets and L^p-uniqueness on Wiener spaces 25 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3 Capacities and their equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.4 Smooth truncations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.5 L^p-uniqueness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.6 Comments on Gaussian Hausdorff measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 iii 3.7 Comments on stochastic processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 II Markov uniqueness, L^p uniqueness and elliptic regularity on reflected Dirichlet space 56 Chapter 4 Markov uniqueness and L^2-uniqueness on reflected Dirichlet space 57 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.2 Functional analytic framework, preliminary results and notations . . . 59 4.3 Main result on Markov Uniqueness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.4 L^2-uniqueness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.5 Markov uniqueness of Robin boundary condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Chapter 5 L^1-uniqueness and conservativeness on reflected Dirichlet space 94 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.2 Functional analytic framework and notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.3 Elliptic regularity and L^2-uniqueness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 5.5 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Reference 133 국문초록 144 Acknowledgement 146Docto

장기요양서비스 이용자들의 요양서비스 종류에 따른 기능상태 변화

Background: With the introduction of the government's long-term care insurance (LTCI) system, the number of users of long-term care (LTC) service increased. And the physical functional status of LTCI beneficiaries improved and the burden of caregivers decreased. However, depending on the type of LTC services used by the elderly, changes in physical function status and symptoms of recipients appear differently. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of LTC service use for beneficiaries who use LTC services for the elderly and to identify changes in the functional status of users according to the types of LTC services. Materials and Methods: The data were drawn from the 2009 to 2013 National Health Insurance Service (NHIS)-Senior cohort data. The analytic sample consisted of 3,415 beneficiaries in receipt of LTC services. The subject that followed up at least two times after receiving the first grading evaluation among LTCI service users who maintained grades 1 and 2 were included. The independent variable of interest was the type of LTCI services, classified as home-based care, public institutional care service, or private facility institutional care service. The primary outcome was overall LTC score, with higher scores indicating more severe LTC needs. In this study, factors that may affect medical use were controlled, and the linear mixed effects model estimating (LMM) method was used as a statistical analysis method to examine the time-lagged relationship between type of LTCI services and functional status. Results: In a multivariate analysis that controlled other factors, the average functional status score of public facility services was significantly highest (93.01), the average functional status score of home-based care was higher (91.29) and the average functional status score of private facility services was significantly lowest (89.49) at baseline (p=0.0010). Compared to home-based care, public facility services (β= -1.03, p=0.2852) was correlated with decreases in time-varying functional status score. Compared to home-based care, private facility services (β= -2.65, p<0.0001) was significantly correlated with decreases in time-varying functional status. Conclusion: The condition of recipients who used public facility services improved more than those who used home services, and the condition of recipients who used private facility services improved the most than recipients who used other LTC services. Therefore, it is considered that public facility service and home-based service users need more LTC care. The government needs to come up with measures to adjust the quality of services so that even if LTC users use different types of LTC services, there is no difference in the status changes of beneficiaries. In addition, a health care policy should be established so that the elderly can lead a healthy old age by providing various high-quality LTCI services for the elderly.open박

비전도성 기판에서의 하전된 나노 입자의 조립

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 기계항공공학부(멀티스케일 기계설계전공), 2016. 2. 최만수.나노 입자 조립 기술은 building block인 나노 입자의 직접적인 제어를 통해 구조물을 형성하는 기술로, 이렇게 만들어진 구조물의 독특한 성질로 인해 과학, 공학분야에서 많은 관심을 받으며 연구가 진행되고 있다. Ion-assisted aerosol lithography는 에어로졸 기반의 다목적의 유용한 나노 입자 조립 기술이다. 이러한 ion-assisted aerosol lithography 기술은 그 동안 많은 발전이 있었음에도 불구하고 비전도성 기판에서의 이 기술에 대한 연구는 아직 충분히 이루어지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 ion-assisted aerosol lithography 방법의 적용 가능성을 확대하기 위해서는 비전도성 기판에서의 이 기술에 대한 심도 있는 이해가 필요함을 느끼고, 이에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 가장 먼저, 비전도성 기판에서의 나타나는 ion-assisted aerosol lithography 기술의 특성을 파악하기 위한 연구를 수행하였고, 그 결과 비전도성 기판에서는 나노 입자 구조물이 성장과정 중에 성장을 멈추고 후속 입자들이 구조물로부터 밀려나는 현상을 발견할 수 있었다. 전기장 계산을 통하여 이러한 실험 결과를 뒷받침 하였고, 구조물에 축적된 전하에 의해 전기장이 변형되어 추가적인 입자의 증착을 막는 다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이러한 나노 입자 구조물의 전하 축적을 제어하기 위하여, 이온 트랩을 설계하였다. 이 이온트랩을 이용한 이온 유입량 최적화를 통해, 구조물의 계속된 성장을 유도할 수 있었다. 이러한 이온 유입량 최적화 결과는 나노 입자 구조물과 레지스트 표면의 전하축적에 의한 힘의 균형으로 설명할 수 있었으며, 전기장 시뮬레이션을 통해 이를 확인할 수 있었다. 비전도성 기판에서의 ion-assisted aerosol lithography 기술의 이해를 바탕으로, electrified mask 방법을 대면적의 비전도성 기판에 적용 가능하도록 발전 시켰다. 멀티-스파크 방전기와 대면적의 polymer electrified mask를 이용하여 대면적의 하전된 입자 조립 시스템을 구성하였다. Electrified mask 방법은 정전기적 렌즈 형성에 이온 축적이 필요하지 않기 때문에, 이를 비전도성 기판에 적용하기 위해서 이온트랩을 이용하여 모든 이온을 제거하였다. Electrified mask에 가해주는 전압 값은 전기장 시뮬레이션을 계산을 통하여 얻을 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 이 방법을 통하여 비전도성 기판에서도 electrified mask를 이용한 하전 된 입자 조립이 가능함을 보일 수 있었고, electrified mask에 가해준 전압 값을 제어함으로써 비전도성 기판에서도 집속 정도를 정밀하게 제어할 수 있음을 보였다.Assembly of nanoparticles has grabbed attention as an emerging microfabrication technique for its ability to directly manipulate and structure nanoscale building blocks that have unique size-dependent properties. Ion-assisted aerosol lithography is a versatile and scalable aerosol-based nanoparticle assembly technique. In spite of much development of Ion-assisted aerosol lithography, understanding of it on a non-conducting substrate has not been sufficiently investigated. In this study, we recognized the necessity of understanding about ion-assisted aerosol lithography on a non-conducting substrate for the wide use of this method. Hence, we have investigated the research about ion-assisted aerosol lithography on a non-conducting substrate. First of all, the characteristics of ion-assisted aerosol lithography on a non-conducting substrate were investigated. Nanoparticle structure growth process on a non-conducting substrate was found to be self-terminate and subsequently, the structures repel incoming nanoparticles and scatter them away. Electric field calculations supported the experimental findings and confirmed that the electric field distortion which was caused by charge accumulation within the structures prevents deposition of additional nanoparticles on them. In order to control accumulated charges on nanoparticle structures, we designed ion trap to manipulate the ion inflow. Through optimization of ion inflow, we have obtained the continuous growth of three-dimensional nanoparticle structures. The effect of charge accumulation on nanoparticle structures and resist surface was elucidated by electric field simulation. Based on the understanding of ion-assisted aerosol lithography on a non-conducting substrate, we developed electrified mask method for large area on a non-conducting substrate. Multi-spark discharger and large area polymer electrified mask were used for large area assembly of charged nanoparticles. For the application of electrified mask to a non-conducting substrate, all the ions were eliminated by ion trap because electrified mask does not require ions for generation of electrostatic lenses. Applied electric potential on the electrified mask was calculated by electrified simulation. Consequently, we successfully demonstrated that the electrified mask method is applicable to a non-conducting substrate as well as to a conducting substrate. Moreover, precise control of focusing ratio was also achieved on a non-conducting substrate.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background of Research 2 1.2. Objectives for Research 4 1.3. Scope of Research 5 Chapter 2. Characteristics of ion-assisted aerosol lithography on a non-conducting substrate 7 2.1. Introduction 8 2.2. Experimental concept 9 2.2.1. Ion-assisted aerosol lithography 9 2.2.2. Governing equation of charged nanoparticles during the process of ion-assisted aerosol lithography 13 2.3. Experimental method 16 2.3.1. Fabrication of a non-conducting substrate 16 2.3.2. Particle generation and assembly 17 2.3.3. Electric field simulation 19 2.4. Results and discussion 21 2.4.1. Electrostatic focusing of charged nanoparticles on a non-conducting substrate 21 2.4.2. Electric field distortion during assembly of charged nanoparticles on a non-conducting substrate 23 2.5. Conclusion 27 Chapter 3. Assembly of three-dimensional nanoparticle structures on a non-conducting substrate via ion-assisted aerosol lithography 29 3.1. Introduction 30 3.2. Experimental concept 32 3.2.1. Polarity alternation to prevent termination of three-dimensional nanoparticle structure growth 32 3.2.2. Selective capture of ions using the electrical mobility difference between nanoparticles and nitrogen ions 34 3.3. Experimental method 38 3.3.1. Particle generation 38 3.3.2. Assembly of charged nanoparticles on a non-conducting substrate by using polarity alternation 39 3.3.3. Optimization of ion inflow by the ion trap 40 3.4. Results and discussion 42 3.4.1. Assembly of three-dimensional nanoparticle structures by using polarity alternation 42 3.4.2. Selective capture of ions by using ion trap 45 3.4.3. Assembly of three-dimensional nanoparticle structures growth by optimization of ion inflow 47 3.5. Conclusion 52 Chapter 4. Large area assembly of charged nanoparticles on a non-conducting substrate via electrified mask 53 4.1. Introduction 54 4.2. Experimental concept 56 4.2.1. Controlled electrostatic focusing of charged aerosol nanoparticles via an electrified mask 56 4.2.2. Design of a large area nanoparticle assembly system through multi-spark dischargers and a polymer electrified mask 59 4.2.3. Assembly of charged nanoparticles on a non-conducting substrate through elimination of ions and a polymer electrified mask 62 4.3. Experimental method 64 4.3.1. Particle generation 64 4.3.2. Charged nanoparticle assembly via large area electrified mask 65 4.3.3. Determination of electric potential values at the electrified mask surface 67 4.4. Results and discussion 69 4.4.1. Large area assembly of charged nanoparticles via electrified mask 69 4.4.2. Electric field calculation for the determination of electric potential values at the electrified mask in the case of a non-conducting substrate 75 4.4.3. Charged nanoparticle assembly on a non-conducting substrate by eliminating ions via electrified mask 77 4.4.4. Characteristics of the electrostatic lens formation via electrified mask 85 4.5. Conclusion 88 Chapter 5. Concluding Remarks 89 References 92 Abstract (in Korean) 96Docto