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    ๋‹จ์ผ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ „์ž์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ target trial emulation

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2022.2. ์˜ค์ •๋ฏธ.Empagliflozin is one of the SGLT2 inhibitors that lower blood sugar by increasing urinary excretion of glucose to treat type 2 diabetes. For the effect of empagliflozin on renal function, the risk of kidney injury was suggested in the pre-marketing clinical trials and the domestic and international post-marketing surveillance studies, but renal protective effects were suggested in the studies for patients with underlying cardiovascular disease or albuminuria. In addition, both the risk of kidney injury and the possibility of renal protective effects exist in the mechanistic aspects. However, there are insufficient studies in Korea to evaluate the effects on renal function for all patients who actually use empagliflozin regardless of the underlying diseases, and there is a lack of studies using a target trial emulation that can minimize the bias of retrospective observational studies. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of empagliflozin on renal function in all patients taking empagliflozin, regardless of the presence of absence of underlying diseases, through a retrospective observational study using electronic medical records of a single institution. This study was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes who are over the age of 18 for new-users who were first prescribed empagliflozin in 2019 at Seoul National University Hospital. The effects on renal function was evaluated by follow-up using a modified intention-to-treat method for up to 13 months from the index date. In this study, new-users of sitagliptin were used as an active control group, and analysis was performed with a one-to-one propensity score-matched cohort from the patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Gender, age, diabetic severity, concomitant medications including antidiabetic medications, and baseline values of related clinical laboratory parameters were used as matching variables. Successful matching was evaluated when the standardized difference in all the variables was less than 0.1. In assessing the effects on renal function, the primary outcomes are composite kidney outcomes defined as acute kidney injury, albuminuria or proteinuria, end-stage kidney disease, and a decrease of eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) more than 30% from baseline. The secondary outcomes are each adverse event included in the primary outcomes, including acute kidney injury, albuminuria or proteinuria, end-stage kidney disease, and a decrease of eGFR more than 30% from the baseline. The incidence of weight loss, increased urination, and a reduction of antihypertensive medications were also evaluated as renal function-related effects. In addition, eGFR, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hematocrit, serum sodium, serum potassium, serum chloride, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and serum uric acid levels were evaluated as ratio from baseline in clinical laboratory parameters related to renal function. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA). For categorical outcomes, the Cox proportional hazard model was used and the results were presented using a hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval. For continuous outcomes, a linear mixed model was used, and the ratio from the baseline was analyzed after log transformation. Each result was evaluated to be statistically significant when the p-value was less than 0.05. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using an as-treated method in which the follow-up criteria were limited to the duration of drug exposure. 431 new-users of empagliflozin and 308 new-users of sitagliptin met the inclusion and exclusion criteria in 2019. As a result of one-to-one propensity score matching, the cohort to be analyzed was finally constructed as a cohort of 291 new-users in each group. Compared to new-users of sitagliptin, composite kidney outcomes (HR, 0.78; 95% CI 0.50-1.22), acute kidney injury (HR, 0.29; 95% CI 0.06-1.37), albuminuria or proteinuria (HR, 0.78; 95% CI 0.47-1.30), and a decrease of eGFR more than 30% from the baseline (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.25-1.65) showed a risk reducing trend in new-users of empagliflozin. There were no cases of end-stage kidney disease identified in either group. A statistically significant increase in risk was found in weight loss (HR, 2.95; 95% CI, 2.01-4.33) and increased urination (HR, 4.05; 95% CI, 1.14-14.34) in new-users of empagliflozin compared to new-users of sitagliptin. As a result of the linear mixed model analyses, there was a statistically significant difference in diastolic blood pressure depending on the drug (p<0.05). Moreover, in new-users of empagliflozin compared with new-users of sitagliptin, the tendency of maintaining eGFR, increasing serum phosphorus level, and decreasing serum uric acid level were statistically significant according to the duration of drug use (p<0.05). In this study, through the study design of a target trial emulation using electronic medical records from a tertiary hospital in Korea, the favoring trend of renal protection effects among all new-users of empagliflozin with type 2 diabetes regardless of the presence or absence of underlying cardiovascular disease or kidney disease was presented. In addition, as the effects related to renal function, significant weight loss, increased urination, and the tendency of maintaining eGFR, increasing serum phosphorus, and decreasing serum uric acid according to the duration of drug use were suggested in new-users of empagliflozin. Through this study, it is expected that it will be possible to consider the preferential use of drug therapy that adds empagliflozin to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes in clinical practice. In addition, this study can be used as a basic study to raise awareness of the effect of empagliflozin on renal function, and to evaluate the effects on renal function, which lacks evidence.Empagliflozin์€ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ์ค‘ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์˜ ์š” ๋ฐฐ์„ค์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ๊ณ„์—ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ empagliflozin์€ ์‹œํŒ ์ „ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋‚ดยท์™ธ ์‹œํŒ ํ›„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์‹ ์†์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ธฐ์ € ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ๋‡จ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ณดํ˜ธํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ „์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์‹ ์†์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ณดํ˜ธํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ €์งˆํ™˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ empagliflozin์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์‹ค์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ›„ํ–ฅ์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” target trial emulation ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ „์ž์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ›„ํ–ฅ์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ €์งˆํ™˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ empagliflozin์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์‹ค์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๋งŒ 18์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ 2019๋…„ 1๋…„๊ฐ„ empagliflozin์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ํ›„ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ์ „์ž์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์‹œ์ž‘์ผ ์ดํ›„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 13๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ modified intention-to-treat ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ sitagliptin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ์ œ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 1๋Œ€ 1 ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋งค์นญ๋œ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งค์นญ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์—ฐ๋ น, ๋‹น๋‡จ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„, ๋‹น๋‡จ ์•ฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ‘์šฉ ์•ฝ์ œ, ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ standardized difference๊ฐ€ 0.1 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ผ ๋•Œ ๋งค์นญ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ์–ด, ์ผ์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์‹ ์†์ƒ, ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ๋‡จ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ๋‡จ, ๋ง๊ธฐ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „, eGFR(estimated glomerular filtration rate)์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์น˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ 30% ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ composite kidney outcomes์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์ผ์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ด์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์‹ ์†์ƒ, ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ๋‡จ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ๋‡จ, ๋ง๊ธฐ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „, eGFR์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์น˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ 30% ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ฒด์ค‘๊ฐ์†Œ, ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ํ•ญ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••์ œ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์น˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๋กœ eGFR, ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ธฐํ˜ˆ์•• ๋ฐ ์ด์™„๊ธฐํ˜ˆ์••, ํ—ค๋งˆํ† ํฌ๋ฆฟ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์นผ๋ฅจ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์—ผ์†Œ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์นผ์Š˜, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ธ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์š”์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„์€ SAS 9.4(SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ˜• ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” Cox ๋น„๋ก€์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ชจํ˜•(Cox proportional hazard model)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜๋น„(hazard ratio, HR) ๋ฐ 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์†ํ˜• ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์„ ํ˜•ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•(linear mixed model)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ €์น˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํ›„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ p-value๊ฐ€ 0.05 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ผ ๋•Œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” as-treated ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 1๋…„๊ฐ„ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ์ œ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” empagliflozin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž 431๋ช…, sitagliptin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž 308๋ช…์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1๋Œ€ 1 ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋งค์นญ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ 291๋ช…์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Sitagliptin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ empagliflozin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—์„œ composite kidney outcomes(HR, 0.78; 95% CI 0.50-1.22) ๋ฐ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์‹ ์†์ƒ(HR, 0.29; 95% CI 0.06-1.37), ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ๋‡จ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ๋‡จ(HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.47-1.30), eGFR์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์น˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ 30% ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ์†Œ(HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.25-1.65)์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ง๊ธฐ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. Empagliflozin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—์„œ sitagliptin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒด์ค‘๊ฐ์†Œ(HR, 2.95; 95% CI, 2.01-4.33)์™€ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ ์ฆ๊ฐ€(HR, 4.05; 95% CI, 1.14-14.34)์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ˜•ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด์™„๊ธฐํ˜ˆ์••์—์„œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05). ๋˜ํ•œ sitagliptin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ empagliflozin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—์„œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋ณต์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ eGFR์˜ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์š”์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(p<0.05). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ธ‰์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์ „์ž์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ target trial emulation ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ € ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „์ฒด empagliflozin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ empagliflozin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—์„œ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฒด์ค‘๊ฐ์†Œ, ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋ณต์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ eGFR ์œ ์ง€, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์š”์‚ฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ metformin์— empagliflozin์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” empagliflozin์˜ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.1 SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์™€ empagliflozin 1 1.2 Empagliflozin์˜ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 3 1.3 Empagliflozin์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ 6 1.4 ์—ญํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ target trial emulation ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ๋„์ž… 7 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 9 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  10 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 11 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 11 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 15 2.1 ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž(new-user) ์ •์˜ 15 2.2 ์‹œํ—˜๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์ •์˜ 15 2.3 ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€ 16 2.4 ์ œ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 18 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 22 3.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ 22 3.2 ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„(Exposure period) 22 3.3 ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 24 3.3 ์ผ์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ(Primary outcomes) 24 3.4 ์ด์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ(Secondary outcomes) 28 3.5 ๊ต๋ž€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜(Confounding variables) 31 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 36 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 38 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ํ™˜์ž ํŠน์„ฑ 38 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 44 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 48 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 51 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ 55 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ Empagliflozin์˜ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 55 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํšจ๊ณผ 59 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 61 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ , ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํšจ๊ณผ 63 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  65 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 66 Abstract 74์„

    ํƒˆ๋ถ๋‚œ๋ฏผ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์ฝ๊ธฐ: ์ธ๊ถŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ ŒํŠธ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋น„๊ต๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2015. 2. Eli Park Sorensen.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‘ ํƒˆ๋ถ์ž ๊ฐ•์ฒ ํ™˜๊ณผ ์‹ ๋™ํ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ธ๊ถŒโ€”์ฆ‰ ์ธ๊ฐ„(ไบบ)์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ธ๋ฌธํ•™์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ(ๆฌŠ)๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋…ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒˆ๋ถ๋‚œ๋ฏผ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜์—๋Š” ํ•œ๋‚˜ ์•„๋ ŒํŠธ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์ธ๊ถŒ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„(action) ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฐ•์ฒ ํ™˜๊ณผ ์‹ ๋™ํ˜์˜ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์„ฑ์„ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ํƒˆ๋ถ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์ž์ด์ž ์„œ์ˆ ๋œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์•„ ๋ฐ ์ €์ž ํ˜น์€ ์ฆ์–ธ์ž์ž„์—๋„ ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์น˜์  ํž˜์— ํฌํš๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋‚ด๊ธฐ, ํ˜น์€ ์ •์น˜ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์  ์ธ๊ฒฉ์˜ ํ˜„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ง„์ • ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์•„๋ ŒํŠธ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ•์ฒ ํ™˜๊ณผ ์‹ ๋™ํ˜์˜ ํƒˆ๋ถ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋…์žฌ ์ „์ฒด์ฃผ์˜ ์ •๊ถŒ ํ•˜์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ž์œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํƒˆ๋ถ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ง€์˜ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํƒˆ์ฃผ์™€ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ธ๊ถŒํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ด๋™์„œ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํƒˆ๋ถ๋‚œ๋ฏผ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๊ณ ๋ก์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์žฅ๋ฅด์  ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ์‡„๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์ •์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ด๋… ๋…ผ๋ž€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์žˆ์–ด, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ณ€๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฌด๊ด€์„ฑ, ์ฆ์–ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ์ƒ‰ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ฒ ํ™˜๊ณผ ์‹ ๋™ํ˜์˜ ํƒˆ๋ถ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ‰๋ฉด์ ์ธ ํƒˆ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ํšŒ๊ณ ๋ก์—์„œ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ/๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๋˜ ์ด ์„œ์‚ฌ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์•„๋ ŒํŠธ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด: ํƒˆ๋ถ์ž, ์ธ๊ถŒ, ์•„๋ ŒํŠธ, ํ–‰์œ„, ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ•์ฒ ํ™˜, ์‹ ๋™ํ˜The purpose of my dissertation is to illuminate the significance of North Korean refugee life writings, particularly the narratives by Kang, Chol-hwan and Shin, Dong-hyuk, in the light of human rights discourseโ€”both in the context of humanities (human) and politics (rights). Suggesting Hannah Arendts idea of action, I investigate how the narratives of Kang and Shin reveal that they are complex and multilayered texts that resist any simple, straightforward reading that labels them as a journey of escape from hell to the world of freedom. I give particular attention to the political status of refugee writers, first as a refugee or a narrated self in and out of North Korea and its prison camps, and then as a narrator or an author who sometimes firmly claims his rights and sometimes seems to be exploited by other political agencies. I argue that the narratives, which at first seemed to be plain descriptions of human rights violations in North Korea that embrace uncritically the modern notion of human rights, actually problematize it by revealing that neither the totalitarian state nor the world of freedom have seen its true realization. The continued frustration and confusion in Kang and Shins attempt to have their voice heard, I contend, is an articulation of Arendtian revision to the common perception of the notion of human rights. Moreover, following the threefold challenge of truthfulness that North Korean refugee writers faceโ€”political innocence, factual accuracy, and the subjectivity of the narratorโ€”I argue that the given texts which shows anxiety, ambivalence and contradiction in their testimonies, are escaping not only from the totalitarian state, but also from the competing voices of the democratic free world. Reminding Arendtian idea of actionโ€”i.e. an individual with personality that acquires the meaningfulness of their existence amongst men, which I suggest as an alternative to the common reception of human rights, I contend Kang and Shins act of writing itself, which records the narrators progress of acquisition of his or own voice in the form of storytelling, become actionโ€”hence writing as righting. Keywords: North Korean refugee, human rights, Hannah Arendt, action, life writing, Kang Chol-hwan, Shin Dong-hyukAbstract i Transliteration iv Abbreviations v 1. Introduction 1 2. Human, Right and Human Rights 10 2.1. Wishing for the Recovery of Human Rights: North Korean Refugee Narratives as Human Rights literature 10 2.2. Our Style of Human Rights: North Koreas State Ideology and Human Rights Theory 17 2.3. Between Human and Rights: Arendtian Discussion 22 3. Between the Two Worlds 28 3.1. Introductions to the Life Writings of Kang and Shin 30 3.2. Two Families in the Camps: Action as Interaction in the Texts of Kang and Shin 33 3.3. Escape from Zones of Voicelessness: Action as Political Power in the Texts of Kang and Shin 40 4. Writing as Action, Writing as Righting 50 4.1. Double Escape: Journey to Find Ones Own Voice 50 4.2. Arendtian Action and the Pang of Birth 61 4.3. Audience, Recognition and the Community of Remembrance 65 5. Conclusion 70 References 73 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 79Maste

    Development of Parametric Mannequin for 3D Virtual Clothing Simulation

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ๊น€์„ฑ๋ฏผ.์ตœ๊ทผ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ๊ทน ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ํŒฉํ† ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋‹จ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ž์žฌ์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ณต์ • ์ž๋™ํ™”์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋…ธ๋™ ์ง‘์•ฝ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์˜๋ณต ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์—…์ฒด๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์ž๋™ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋„์ž…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ์› ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ฐฉ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์˜๋ณต ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ์ž์›์˜ ์†Œ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์„œ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ธ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ์˜๋ณต ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ์› ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ธ์ฒด ์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ 3์ฐจ์› ์Šค์บ”์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์„ธ์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์บ” ๋œ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ธ์ฒด๋Š” ์˜๋ฅ˜์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ๋„คํ‚น์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ง€๋…”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ธ์ฒด, ์ฆ‰ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ ๋งˆ๋„คํ‚น์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ์› ์Šค์บ” ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ 3์ฐจ์› ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํˆด์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—†์ด ์น˜์ˆ˜์™€ ์ž์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ ๋งˆ๋„คํ‚น์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์ž„์˜์˜ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์„ธ์™€ ์ฒดํ˜•์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ์ธก์ • ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Advent of information technology has established changes among various industries. Manufacturing industries are seeking to enhance production and efficiency by adopting Smart Factory technology. Labor-intensive clothing industry which the complexity in automation regarding properties of fabric and subsidiary materials has caused, has started to make endeavors in taking in the new technology into its process. Virtual clothing simulation is considered to be a substitute technology for prototype production and evaluation. In respect to 3D virtual model used in virtual clothing simulation, previous studies have mainly focused on acquiring pose and shape through 3D scanning to reproduce the scanned body. However, this method does not meet the needs of the virtual model required in the clothing industry. Thus, this study aims to create a parametric mannequin using a software developed for the purpose. In generating parametric models with various poses and sizes without having to go through 3D scanning process or having to use complex 3D modeling software, automatic body part segmentation algorithm and size deformation algorithm at a random location were developed in the process. As a result, a deformable 3D virtual body was created.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  4 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์„ค๋ช… 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํฌ์ธํŠธ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์žฌ๊ฑด 6 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ œ๋„ค๋ฆญ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ 9 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 13 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ ๋งˆ๋„คํ‚น์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ 13 ์ œ 1 ํ•ญ ๊ด€์ ˆ์ ์˜ ์ •์˜ 13 ์ œ 2 ํ•ญ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ์ •์˜ 16 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ž์„ธ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 19 ์ œ 1 ํ•ญ ์ž์„ธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜ ์ •์˜ 19 ์ œ 2 ํ•ญ ์ž์„ธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ 22 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 24 ์ œ 1 ํ•ญ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ •์˜ 24 ์ œ 2 ํ•ญ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ 25 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 27 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 27 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ ๋งˆ๋„คํ‚น์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ 31 ์ œ 1 ํ•ญ ๊ด€์ ˆ์ ์˜ ์ •์˜ 31 ์ œ 2 ํ•ญ ์ธก์ • ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ •์˜ 33 ์ œ 1 ๋ชฉ ๋‘˜๋ ˆ ํƒ€์ž… ์ธก์ • ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ •์˜ 34 ์ œ 2 ๋ชฉ ๊ธธ์ด ํƒ€์ž… ์ธก์ • ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ •์˜ 35 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž์„ธ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 37 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 39 ์ œ 5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 42 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 44 Abstract 49Maste

    Association between socioeconimic factors and self-reported health in cancer patients : The fourth through sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2015)

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    ๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ…์ „๊ณตAccording to a National Cancer Registration Annual Report, the number of cancer patients in Korea reached 217,057 in 2014 while it was 134,557 in 2004, which is a 61.3% increase. The survival rate of cancer patients for five years has been continuously improved since 1993โ€“1995, and the necessity to take care of and pay attention to cancer patients (either those under medical care or survivors after treatments) is increasing every year. As cancer patients who have managed to survive for more than five years after treatments are at risk from recurrence and metastasis, it is essential to predict their death or survival period in managing cancer patients. Thus, out of several health indices, the evaluation index for self-reported health has been used as a significant index for forecasting the death of cancer patients. The evaluation of the self-reported health of people who have suffered from cancer not only to forecast their death but also to reflect on the effect of their illness on their The results of the logistic regression analysis that reflects the characteristics of the survey revealed that the odds ratio of poor self-reported health answered by cancer patients who are unemployed was 2.17 (95%, CI=1.03โ€“4.58) compared with cancer patients who are professional, manager, and administrator. The odds ratio of the lowest group of household monthly income was 2.53 (95%, CI=1.54โ€“4.15) compared with that of the highest group, and the lower group odds ratio was 1.67 (95%, CI=1.07โ€“2.60) while the higher group ratio was 1.64 (95%, CI=1.08โ€“2.51), which was statistically significant. Furthermore, the odds ratio of the poor self-reported health answered by male cancer patients was 0.56 (95%, CI=0.32โ€“0.97) compared with that of the female cancer patients. The odds ratio of the low BMI was 1.96 (95%, CI=1.01โ€“3.82) compared with the BMI normal group. On the other hand, the odds ratio of the high-risk drinker group was 0.31 (95%, CI=0.13โ€“0.75) compared with that of the non-drinker group, while the odds ratio of those who do not have any physical activity at all within one week was 0.73 (95%, CI=0.54โ€“0.99) compared with those who do a physical activity within one week, which was statistically significant. With regard stress, the odds ratio of those who had stress during their daily life was 2.45 (95%, CI=1.72โ€“3.50) compared with those who do not had stress, which was statistically significant. This study analyzed the association between socioeconomic factors and self-reported health of cancer patients using the data on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, while various potential confounders were adjusted. Unlike previous studies, this study selected its targets from all the cancer patients and not from those who suffered from a specific cancer. Considering the outcomes of this study, medical teams are required to pay more attention to cancer patients who are unemployed or have low monthly income when carrying out prognostics and predictions for cancer patients. In addition, this study may contribute to providing a base data for developing a policy to support cancer patients who are unemployed or have low income.open์„

    Preparation and evaluation of proliposomes by freeze-drying method

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 2. ๊น€๋Œ€๋•.Purpose. proliposomes are novel vesicular drug carrier system having several advantages over conventional liposomes. However, conventional methods of preparing proliposomes have limitation in terms of low drug content. Because the drug content of the proliposomes is proportional to the content of lipid, the aim of this study was to find a new method to increase the lipid content, resulting in increase in drug content. Simvastatin(SV) was selected as a model drug to increase bioavailability by improving its solubility and dissolution. Methods. SV-proliposomes were prepared by freeze-drying technique using different contents ratio of lipid and SV for optimizing the formulation. The formulations were characterized for surface morphology, size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. In vitro dissolution study of SV-proliposomes formulations was carried out comparing with SV powder and commercial SV tablet. Results. The particle size of reconstituted liposomes was decreased with increasing the lipid /drug ratio. The particle size and zeta potential of reconstituted particles were in the range of 525~1090 nm and โ€“48.8~46.7mV, respectively. The percentage encapsulation of drug was increased with increasing the lipid/drug ratio, in the range of 50.8~78.6%. Moreover, SV release from the formulation was higher than commercial tablet and SV powder. Conclusion. Drug loading of proliposomes can be enhanced by using freeze- drying method. Improvement in dissolution of SV from proliposomess formulations suggests the potential of proliposomes as a suitable carrier for improving oral delivery of SV.์˜๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 1 ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ 3 List of Tables 4 List of Figures 5 1. ์„œ๋ก  7 2. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 9 3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 16 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  25 5. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ 26 Tables and Figures 31Maste

    - ๆญฆ่—ๅœ‹ ็งฉ็ˆถ้ƒก ๅคงๅฎฎ้„•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ -

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™์–‘์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ๋ฐ•ํ›ˆ.ๆœฌ่ซ–ๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ๆฑŸๆˆธๆ™‚ไปฃ(1603โˆผ1868)ใฎ้–ขๆฑใซใ‚ใฃใŸๆญฆ่”ตๅ›ฝ็งฉ็ˆถ้ƒกๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใ‚’็ ”็ฉถๅฏพ่ฑกใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚็งฉ็ˆถ้ƒกใฏใ€1884ๅนด(ๆ˜Žๆฒป17)ใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸ็งฉ็ˆถไบ‹ไปถใซใฟใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅคงๆŠตใฏ่พฒๆ‘ๅœฐๅŸŸใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŒใ€็งฉ็ˆถ้ƒกใฎ่กŒๆ”ฟใฎไธญๅฟƒๅœฐใงใ‚ใฃใŸๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฏใ€ๆฑŸๆˆธๆ™‚ไปฃใซใฏ็งฉ็ˆถ็ฅž็คพใจ็งฉ็ˆถ็ตนใ‚’ไธญๅฟƒใซๆ „ใˆใŸๅœจๆ–น็”บใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ ๅœจๆ–น็”บใจใฏใ€้ƒกๅฅ‰่กŒใƒปไปฃๅฎ˜ๆ”ฏ้…ใฎใ€Œๅœจๆ–นใ€ใจใชใฃใŸๅœฐๅŸŸใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹้ƒฝๅธ‚็ฉบ้–“ใ‚’ใ„ใ†ใ€‚ๅน•่—ฉไฝ“ๅˆถไธ‹ใงใฏๆญฆๅฃซใชใฉใจ่พฒๆฐ‘ใจใฎๅฑ…ไฝๅœฐใฏๅŽŸๅ‰‡็š„ใซๅˆ†้›ขใ•ใ‚Œใ€ๆ‘ใซใฏ่พฒๆฐ‘ใ ใ‘ใŒๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใ€ๆญฆๅฃซใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใจใ—ใฆใ€ๅ•†ไบบใ€่ทไบบใ€ๅฏบ็คพ้–ขไฟ‚่€…ใ‚‰ใฏ็”บใซๅฑ…ไฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€Œๅœจๆ–น็”บใ€ใฏใ€่พฒๆ‘ๅœฐๅŸŸใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใฆๆณ•็š„ใซใฏๆ‘ใงใ‚ใ‚ŠใชใŒใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๆง‹ๆˆๅ“กใŸใกใŒๅ•†ๆฅญๆดปๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ—ใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎๆญฆๅฃซใ‚‚ๆปžๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ใ€Œ้ƒทๆ‘้ƒฝๅธ‚ใ€ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅœจๆ–น็”บใฎ็ ”็ฉถใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆใ€็†ๅฟตไธŠๅ•†ๆฅญใŒ็ฆๆญขใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ่พฒๆ‘ๅœฐๅŸŸใŒๆฌก็ฌฌใซ้ƒฝๅธ‚ๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใๆง˜็›ธใ‚’ๆคœ่จŽใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใจใชใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ็ ”็ฉถใฎๆ„็พฉใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅพ“ๆฅใฎ็ ”็ฉถใซใŠใ„ใฆๅœจๆ–น็”บใฏใ€ๆ”ฏ้…ๆจฉๅŠ›ใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใจใ„ใ†่ฆณ็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใฏใชใใ€็”บใฎไฝๆฐ‘ใŒ่‡ชๅพ‹็š„ใซ้‹ๅ–ถใ™ใ‚‹็ฉบ้–“ใจใ—ใฆใจใ‚‰ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใฆใใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ1980ๅนดไปฃไปฅ้™ใฎๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎ้ƒฝๅธ‚ๅฒๅญฆ็•ŒใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹็ ”็ฉถๆฝฎๆตใŒใใ†ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅœจๆ–น็”บใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็ ”็ฉถใŒใ€็”บๅ†…ใฎ่ฆ็ด„ใ€็ฉบ้–“ๆง‹้€ ใ€ไฝๆฐ‘่บซๅˆ†ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฎๅ‹•ใใ‚„็ตŒๆธˆๆดปๅ‹•ใชใฉใ€็”บๅ†…้ƒจใฎๅฒๆ–™ใ‚’ไธปใซๅˆ†ๆžใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใŸใ‚ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅœจๆ–น็”บใฎไฝๆฐ‘ใŒๅน•ๅบœใ‚„่—ฉใฎๆ”ฏ้…ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ่‡ช็”ฑใงใชใ„ไปฅไธŠใ€ไฝๆฐ‘ใฎ่‡ชๅพ‹ๆ€งใ ใ‘ใ‚’่ฉ•ไพกใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใชใ„ใ€‚ๅœจๆ–น็”บ่‡ชไฝ“ใ‚‚ใพใŸใ€ๅน•ๅบœใจ่—ฉใฎๆ”ฏ้…ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆๆˆ็ซ‹ใƒป็™บๅฑ•ใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๆ”ฏ้…ใ€ใจใ€Œ่‡ชๅพ‹ใ€ใฎไบŒใคใฎๅด้ขใ‚’ๅŒๆ™‚ใซๅˆ†ๆžใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ™ใชใ‚ใกใ€็”บใฎ่‡ชๅพ‹็š„ๅด้ขใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ใ€Œๅ›ฝๅฎถๆจฉๅŠ›ใ€ใซใ‚ใŸใ‚‹ๅน•ๅบœใ‚„่—ฉใฎๆ”ฏ้…ๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใŠใ‚ˆใณใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็”บใซๅŠใผใ—ใŸๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆœฌ็ ”็ฉถใงใฏใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใŒๅœจๆ–น็”บใธใจ็™บๅฑ•ใ—ใฆใ„ใ้Ž็จ‹ใ‚’ๆคœ่จŽใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€้˜ฟ้ƒจๆฐๆ”ฏ้…ใฎๆ™‚ๆœŸใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ่—ฉใฎๅฝนๅ‰ฒใ‚„ๅน•ๅบœๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใซใคใ„ใฆๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไปฅไธŠใงๆคœ่จŽใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ•ด็†ใ™ใ‚‹ใจๆฌกใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ๅฟ่—ฉใฎ่—ฉไธป้˜ฟ้ƒจๆฐใฏใ€ๆญดไปฃ่—ฉไธปใŒๅน•ๅบœใฎๅฝน่ทใ‚’ๅ‹™ใ‚ใฆใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰่—ฉไธปใฎ็ตŒ่ฒปใŒๅข—ๅŠ ใ—ใ€่—ฉ่ฒกๆ”ฟใฏ้€ผ่ฟซใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็Šถๆณไธ‹ใงใ€็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜๏ผˆ็งฉ็ˆถ้ƒกใฎๅฟ่—ฉ้ ˜๏ผ‰ใฏๅนด่ฒขใ‚’็ฑณใงใฏใชใ็พ้‡‘ใง็ดไป˜ใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ๅฟ่—ฉใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใช็พ้‡‘ๅŽๅ…ฅๆบใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ใใฎใ†ใกๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฏใ€็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜ๅ…จๆ‘ใฎๅนด่ฒขใฎ็ด„20๏ผ…ใ‚’่ฒ ๆ‹…ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚ใพใŸใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใซใŠใ„ใฆๆฏŽๅนด้œœๆœˆๅคง็ฅญใจใจใ‚‚ใซ้–‹ใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹็ตนๅคงๅธ‚ใซใฏใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒๆง˜ใ€…ใชๅœฐๆ–นใ‹ใ‚‰่จชใ‚Œใ€ๅคš้‡ใฎ็ตนใŒๅ–ๅผ•ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚ ๅฟ่—ฉใฏใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็ตŒๆธˆ็š„ๅˆฉ็›Šใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใ€็ตนๅธ‚ใจ็ฅญ็คผใซไป‹ๅ…ฅใ—ใŸใ€‚18ไธ–็ด€ๅˆใ‚ใ€่—ฉไธปใฏ็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜ใ‚’ๅทก่กŒใ—ใ€ไบซไฟๅนด้–“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎ้œœๆœˆๅคง็ฅญใจ็ตนๅคงๅธ‚ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใŒๅฑ•้–‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๆœŸใ‹ใ‚‰้œœๆœˆๅคง็ฅญใง่ฏใ‚„ใ‹ใชไป˜็ฅญใŒ่ˆˆ่กŒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใ€่—ฉไธปใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏ่—ฉไธปไปฃ็†ไบบใŒๆดพ้ฃใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€็ตนๅคงๅธ‚ใซใฏใ€ๅ–ใ‚Š็ท ใพใ‚ŠใฎใŸใ‚ใฎๅฝนไบบใŒๆฏŽๅนดๆดพ้ฃใ•ใ‚Œใ€ๅ‰ฒๅฝนใซ็ตนๅคงๅธ‚ใฎๅ–ๅผ•้‡ใ‚’ๅ ฑๅ‘Šใ•ใ›ใŸใ€‚ไปฅๅพŒใ€็ตนๅคงๅธ‚ใจ็ตนๅธ‚ใฎๅ–ๅผ•้‡ใฏๅข—ๅŠ ใ—ใ€18ไธ–็ด€ๅพŒๅŠใซใฏๅ…จ็››ๆœŸใ‚’่ฟŽใˆใ€ไป–ใฎๅ•†ๅทฅๆฅญใ‚‚็น็››ใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใ—ใฆใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๆœŸใซๅฟ่—ฉใฏใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใจ้ƒทๅ†…ใฎๅฏŒ่ฃ•่€…ใซๅบฆใ€…ๅพก็”จ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅŽใ‚ใ•ใ›ใŸใ€‚ใ™ใชใ‚ใกใ€ๅฟ่—ฉใŒ่—ฉ่ฒกๆ”ฟ็ขบไฟใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎ็ตนๅธ‚ใจ็ฅญ็คผใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใธใฎ็™บๅฑ•ใซไธ€ๅฝน่ฒทใฃใŸใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ๅน•่—ฉไฝ“ๅˆถไธ‹ใงใฏ็†ๅฟต็š„ใซใฏ่พฒๆฐ‘ใฏๅ•†่กŒ็‚บใŒ็ฆๆญขใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅ…ต่พฒๅˆ†้›ขใฎๅ‰ๆใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฎใ€ๅ‚ๅ‹คไบคไปฃใฎ่ฒป็”จ่ฒ ๆ‹…ใ‚‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็ฑณ็ดใƒป้‡‘็ดใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใšๅนด่ฒขใ‚’่ฒกๆ”ฟใซ่ปขๆ›ใ™ใ‚‹้Ž็จ‹ใงใฏๅธ‚ๅ ดใ‚’็ตŒใ‚‹ใ—ใ‹ใชใใ€ๅน•ๅบœใƒป่—ฉใฏ่พฒๆ‘ๅœฐๅŸŸใงใฎ่พฒๆฐ‘ใฎๅ•†ๆฅญๆดปๅ‹•ใ‚’้ป™่ชใ›ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅน•ๅบœใŒ่พฒๆฅญใจๅ•†ๆฅญใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใซ้‡็‚นใ‚’็ฝฎใใ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใฎ้•ใ„ใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸใ€‚ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฏใ€ไบซไฟๆ”น้ฉใ€็”ฐๆฒผๆ™‚ไปฃใฎ้‡ๅ•†ไธป็พฉๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใ€ๅฏ›ๆ”ฟๆ”น้ฉใฎ้‡่พฒไธป็พฉๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใชใฉใฎๅน•ๅบœใฎๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ€็นๆ „ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ็ตŒๆธˆ็š„ๆ‰“ๆ’ƒใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚็‰นใซ้–ขๆฑๅœฐๆ–นใซไฝ็ฝฎใ—ใŸใ“ใจใงใ€็ตนๅธ‚ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๅน•ๅบœใฎๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใฏใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใซ็›ดๆŽฅ็š„ใชๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใŸใ€‚ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅฟ่—ฉใฏใ€ๅน•ๅบœใฎๅ‘ฝไปคใซๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏๅพ“ใฃใŸใŒใ€่—ฉใฎๅˆฉ็›Šใจ็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜ใฎๅฎ‰ๅฎšใซไธๅˆฉใชๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใŒๆ–ฝ่กŒใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆใซใฏใ€ๅน•ๅบœใจ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ”ฟ็ญ–่ทฏ็ทšใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ—ใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎๅฎ‰ๅฎšใจ็นๆ „ใ‚’ๅ›ณใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใ€ๆœฌ็ ”็ฉถใงใฏ๏ผ’ใคใฎไบ‹ไพ‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไธ€ใคใฏใ€18ไธ–็ด€ๅพŒๅŠใ€ๅน•ๅบœใŒๆ–ฐใŸใช่ฒกๆบ่ชฟ้”ใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๆญฆ่”ตๅ›ฝใ‚„ไธŠ้‡Žๅ›ฝใฎ็ตนๅธ‚ใซๅฏพใ—ๆ”นไผšๆ‰€ใ‚’่จญ็ฝฎใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ๅ‘ฝไปคใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใŸๆ™‚ใฎไบ‹ไพ‹ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ๅน•ๅบœใฎๅ‘ฝไปคใŒไผใ‚ใฃใŸไธŠ้‡Žๅ›ฝ่ฅฟ้ƒจใงใฏใ€ๅคง่ฆๆจกใชไธ€ๆ†ใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ๅคงใใช่ขซๅฎณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใŸใŒใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใงใฏใ€ๅฟ่—ฉใŒ็ช็„ถๅœๆญขใจใ—ใŸ็ตนๅธ‚ใฎๅ†้–‹ใ‚’่ฆๆฑ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฟใงใ€ๅคง่ฆๆจกใช่œ‚่ตทใฏ่ตทใใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚ๅฟ่—ฉใฏไผšๆ‰€่จญ็ฝฎใซๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ใช็ซ‹ๅ ดใซใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅน•ๅบœใฎๅ‘ฝไปคใ‚’ๆ„ๅ›ณ็š„ใซไผ้”ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜ๆฐ‘ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅพดๅŽใ™ใ‚‹ๅนด่ฒขใ‚„ๅพก็”จ้‡‘ใŒใ€่—ฉใฎไธปใช่ฒกๆบใฎไธ€ใคใงใ‚ใฃใŸใŸใ‚ใจๆŽจๆธฌใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ๅน•ๅบœใฎๅ‘ฝไปคใซๅพ“ใฃใฆ็ตนๅธ‚ใซไผšๆ‰€ใ‚’่จญ็ฝฎใ—ใ€็ตนๅ•†ไบบใŸใกใ‹ใ‚‰็จŽใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š็ซ‹ใฆใ‚Œใฐใ€็ตนใฎไพกๆ ผใŒ่‡ชใšใจไธŠๆ˜‡ใ—ใ€ใใ†ใชใ‚Œใฐ็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜ๆฐ‘ใซใ‚‚ๆ‰“ๆ’ƒใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฟ่—ฉใฏใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎ็ตนๅธ‚ใ‚’ไฟ่ญทใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅน•ๅบœใฎๅ‘ฝไปคใซๅพ“ใ‚ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใจใฟใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใคใฏใ€19ไธ–็ด€ๅˆใ‚ใ€ๅน•ๅบœใฎ้ขจไฟ—็ตฑๅˆถไปคใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎไป˜็ฅญใŒ็ฆๆญขใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆ™‚ใฎไบ‹ไพ‹ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ใ€ๅฟ่—ฉๅฝ“ๅฑ€ใจ็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜ใฎไปฃๅฎ˜ใฏใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใซ็ตŒๆธˆ็š„ๆ‰“ๆ’ƒใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใจใ—ใฆใ€ไป˜็ฅญใŒๅ†้–‹ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†็ฉๆฅต็š„ใซๅ‹•ใ„ใŸใ€‚็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜ไปฃๅฎ˜ใฏๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎไฝๆฐ‘ใŒ้ก˜ๆ›ธใ‚’ๆๅ‡บใ™ใ‚‹ๅบฆใซใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฟ่—ฉๅฝนๆ‰€ใซ้€ใฃใฆ่—ฉๅฝนไบบใŸใกใฎๆŒ‡็คบใ‚’ไปฐใ„ใ ใ€‚่—ฉใฎๅดใ‚‚ใพใŸใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใŒ็ฅญ็คผใ‚’ๅ†้–‹ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ๆŒ‡ๅฐŽใ—ใ€ไป˜็ฅญๅ†่ˆˆใซใคใ„ใฆๅน•ๅบœใซๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚’ใŠใ“ใชใฃใŸใ€‚ใพใŸใ€ไปฃๅฎ˜ใฏ้ก˜ๆ›ธใฎๅ†…ๅฎนใซใพใง็ซ‹ใกๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆŒ‡็คบใ‚’ใ—ใ€ไฝๆฐ‘ใŒไฝœๆˆใ—ใŸ้ก˜ๆ›ธใซๅŠ ็ญ†ใ—ใ€ไป˜็ฅญใŒ่จฑๅฏใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚่ซ‹้ก˜ใ‚’ๅƒใใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€ๅ‰ฒๅฝนใซๅ†…ๅฏ†ใซ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚ไป˜็ฅญใŒๅ†้–‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅพŒใซใฏใ€่ฏใ‚„ใ‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงๅน•ๅบœใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅ†ใณ็ฆๆญขใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€้ƒกๅฅ‰่กŒใŒๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎไฝๆฐ‘ใซๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ๅผ•ใ็ถšใๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎ็น็››ใซๆฐ—ใ‚’้ฃใฃใŸใ€‚ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜ไปฃๅฎ˜ใจๅฟ่—ฉๅฝ“ๅฑ€ใงไป˜็ฅญใ‚’ๅ†่ˆˆใ•ใ›ใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใ‚’็นๆ „ใ•ใ›ใ‚ˆใ†ใจๅŠชๅŠ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ไธ€ๆ–นใ€้˜ฟ้ƒจๆฐใฎๆ”ฏ้…ๆ™‚ๆœŸใ€ๅฟ่—ฉใฏ็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜ใงๅฐ‚ๅฃฒๅˆถใ‚’ๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œๆฐ‘ใ€ใจๅˆฉ็›Šใ‚’ไบ‰ใ‚ใชใ„ใ€Œไปๆ”ฟใ€ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ๆพๅนณๆฐใฎๆ”ฏ้…ๆ™‚ๆœŸใซใชใ‚Šใ€ๅน•ๆœซใฎ้–‹ๆธฏใงๅค–ๅ›ฝ่ฒฟๆ˜“ใŒ้–‹ๅง‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€ๅฟ่—ฉใซใŠใ„ใฆใ‚‚็”Ÿ็ณธใฎๅฐ‚ๅฃฒใŒใŠใ“ใชใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใŒใ€ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚้˜ฟ้ƒจๆฐใฎๆ”ฏ้…ๆ™‚ๆœŸใซใฏ็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎใ€Œไปๆ”ฟใ€ใŒ็นฐใ‚Šๅบƒใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใŒๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎไบ‹ไพ‹ใ‹ใ‚‰็ขบ่ชใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚็งฉ็ˆถไบ‹ไปถใฏใ€ๅธ‚ๅ ดใฎๆฟ€ใ—ใ„ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š่พฒๆฐ‘ใŒ็ชฎไนใ—ใŸใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ๅฟ่—ฉใŒ่กŒใชใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใชไผ็ตฑ็š„ใช่ฆณๅฟตใฎใ€Œไปๆ”ฟใ€ใ‚’ๆ˜Žๆฒปๆ”ฟๅบœใŒๆ–ฝใ•ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใŸใ‚ใซ็ˆ†็™บใ—ใŸใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฏใ€ๅน•ๅบœใฎๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใซ็›ดๆŽฅๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใŸใŒใ€ใใฎไธญใงใ‚‚ๅฟ่—ฉใจ่—ฉใฎ็ฎก็†ไธ‹ใซใ‚ใ‚‹็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜ไปฃๅฎ˜ใฏใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎ็นๆ „ใซๅŠชใ‚ใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚ใ™ใชใ‚ใกใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎ็™บๅฑ•ใฏใ€ไฝๆฐ‘ใฎใ€Œ่‡ชๆฒปใ€ใฎใฟใงๆˆใฃใŸใฎใงใฏใชใใ€่—ฉใจไฝๆฐ‘ใฎใ€Œๅ”ๆฒปใ€ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ่กŒใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทใฎ็™บๅฑ•็Šถๆณใ‚’ใจใ‚‰ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฏใ€ๅคงๅฎฎ้ƒทๅ†…้ƒจใฎ็Šถๆณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ๅฟ่—ฉใ€็‰นใซไปฃๅฎ˜ใฎๅฝนๅ‰ฒใจๅ‹•ๅ‘ใ€ใใ—ใฆๅน•ๅบœๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ใ‚‚ไฝตใ›ใฆ่€ƒๆ…ฎใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰ๆคœ่จŽใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€(ๆฑŸๆˆถๆ™‚ไปฃ : 1603~1868) ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ด€๋™์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์‚ฌ์‹œ ๊ตญ(ๆญฆ่—ๅœ‹) ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ(็งฉ็ˆถ้ƒก) ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ(ๅคงๅฎฎ้„•)์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ์€ 1884๋…„(ๆ˜Žๆฒป17)์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(็งฉ็ˆถไบ‹ไปถ)์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋†์ดŒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ–‰์ • ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€์ธ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์€ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ์‹ ์‚ฌ(็งฉ็ˆถ็ฅž็คพ)์™€ ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๊ฒฌ(็งฉ็ˆถ็ตน)์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•œ ์ž์ด์นดํƒ€๋งˆ์น˜(ๅœจๆ–น็”บ)์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์ด์นดํƒ€๋งˆ์น˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€๊ต(้ƒกๅฅ‰่กŒ)ใƒป๋‹ค์ด์นธ(ไปฃๅฎ˜)์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์ด์นดํƒ€(ๅœจๆ–น)๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋ฒˆ์ฒด์ œ(ๅน•่—ฉ้ซ”ๅˆถ)์—์„œ ๋†๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ธ์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด, ๋ฌด๋ผ(ๆ‘)์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ง ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค๋งŒ ๋‚จ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ƒ์ธ, ์ง์ธ, ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ(ๅฏบ็คพ) ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ๋“ฑ์€ ๋งˆ์น˜(็”บ)์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์นดํƒ€๋งˆ์น˜๋Š” ๋†์ดŒ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜๋กœ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์—…์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋„ ์ฒด์žฌํ•œ ํ–ฅ์ดŒ ๋„์‹œ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž์ด์นดํƒ€๋งˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋…์ƒ ์ƒ์—…์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋œ ๋†์ดŒ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋„์‹œํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ž์ด์นดํƒ€๋งˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜(็”บ)์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์‹œ์‚ฌ ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ์ž์ด์นดํƒ€๋งˆ์น˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋งˆ์น˜์˜ ๊ทœ์•ฝ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์‹ ๋ถ„, ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ๋™, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„ ๋“ฑ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž์œ ๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด์ƒ, ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž์ด์นดํƒ€๋งˆ์น˜๋„ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋ฆฝใƒป๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์™€ ์ž์œจ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋งˆ์น˜์˜ ์ž์œจ์  ์ธก๋ฉด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง‰๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์น˜์— ๋ผ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์ด ์ž์ด์นดํƒ€๋งˆ์น˜๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • ์†์— ๋ง‰๋ถ€ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฒ  ์”จ(้˜ฟ้ƒจๆฐ) ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ(ๅฟ่—ฉ)์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ ์•„๋ฒ  ์”จ๋Š” ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด ๋ง‰๋ถ€ ์—ญ์ง์„ ๋งก์•„ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒˆ ์žฌ์ •์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ์Œ€์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ˜„๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๋ น(็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜ : ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ๋ น)์€ ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ˜„๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜์ž…์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์€ ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๋ น ์ „์ฒด ๋ฌด๋ผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณต ๊ธˆ์•ก์—์„œ ์•ฝ 20%๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค๋…„ ์ƒ์›”๋Œ€์ œ(้œœๆœˆๅคง็ฅญ)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฌ๋Œ€์‹œ(็ตนๅคงๅธ‚)์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฐพ์•„์™€ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฌ์‹œ์™€ ์ œ๋ก€์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์— ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ ์•„๋ฒ  ๋งˆ์‚ฌํƒ€์นด(้˜ฟ้ƒจๆญฃๅ–ฌ)๊ฐ€ ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๋ น(็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜)์„ ์ˆœํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ๊ตํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„(ไบซไฟ๏ฆŽ้–“ : 1716~1735)๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์˜ ์ƒ์›”๋Œ€์ œ์™€ ๊ฒฌ๋Œ€์‹œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์›”๋Œ€์ œ์— ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ์“ฐ์ผ€๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ฆฌ(ไป˜็ฅญ)๊ฐ€ ํฅํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฒˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค๋…„ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฒฌ๋Œ€์‹œ์˜ ๋‹จ์†์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งค๋…„ ์™€๋ฆฌ์•ผ์ฟ (ๅ‰ฒๅฝน)์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฌ๋Œ€์‹œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฌ๋Œ€์‹œ์™€ ๊ฒฌ์‹œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๊ณต์—…๋„ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ–ฅ๋‚ด ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด์šฉ๊ธˆ์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ฑท์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์žฌ์ • ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๊ณณ์ด ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ง‰๋ฒˆ์ฒด์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋…์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋†๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณ‘๋†๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „์ œ, ์ฐธ๊ทผ๊ต๋Œ€์ œ(ๅƒๅ‹คไบคไปฃๅˆถ)์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด, ๋ฏธ๋‚ฉ๊ณผ ๊ธˆ๋‚ฉ์„ ๋ถˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ณต์ด ์žฌ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ๋†์ดŒ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์—… ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ฌต์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋†์—…๊ณผ ์ƒ์—… ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์€ ๊ตํ˜ธ ๊ฐœํ˜(ไบซไฟๆ”น้ฉ), ๋‹ค๋ˆ„๋งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€(็”ฐๆฒผๆ™‚ไปฃ) ์ค‘์ƒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…, ๊ฐ„์„ธ์ด ๊ฐœํ˜(ๅฏฌๆ”ฟๆ”น้ฉ)์˜ ์ค‘๋†์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ๋“ฑ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ž…๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด€๋™ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฌ์‹œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ด์ต๊ณผ ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๋ น์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์— ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ง‰๋ถ€์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์ฑ… ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ๊พ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ๋ง‰๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฌ์›์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ์‹œ ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ฆˆ์ผ€ ๊ตญ(ไธŠ้‡Žๅœ‹) ๊ฒฌ์‹œ์— ๊ฐœํšŒ์†Œ(ๆ”นๆœƒๆ‰€) ์„ค์น˜๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์ด ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ฌต์‚ดํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ณ ์ฆˆ์ผ€ ๊ตญ ์„œ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ž‡ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์ด ํ์ง€๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ •์ง€๋œ ๊ฒฌ์‹œ์˜ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ด‰๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ํšŒ์†Œ ์„ค์น˜์— ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๋ น์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑท๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ณต ๋ฐ ์–ด์šฉ๊ธˆ์ด ์ฃผ์š” ์žฌ์› ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฌ์‹œ์— ํšŒ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฌ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฑท๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ž์—ฐํžˆ ์ƒ์Šน๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๋ น ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ํ’์†ํ†ต์ œ๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์˜ ์“ฐ์ผ€๋งˆ์ธ ๋ฆฌ(ไป˜็ฅญ)๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์–ด ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์— ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ์ž ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹น๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๋ น์˜ ๋‹ค์ด์นธ(ไปฃๅฎ˜)์ด ์“ฐ์ผ€๋งˆ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๋ น ๋‹ค์ด์นธ์€ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ฒญ์›์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌต์‚ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์ฒญ(่—ฉๅปณ)์— ๋ณด๋‚ด ๋ฒˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ ๋‹น๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์ด ์ œ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ง€๋„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์“ฐ์ผ€๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ฆฌ ์žฌํฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง‰๋ถ€์— ๋ฌธ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‹ค์ด์นธ์€ ์ฒญ์›์„œ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ์ฒญ์›์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•„ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ์“ฐ์ผ€๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒญ์›์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์™€๋ฆฌ์•ผ์ฟ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ์ผ€๋งˆ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ ๊นŒ ๋ด ํ™”๋ คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€๊ต๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑ์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ผ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๋ น ๋‹ค์ด์นธ๊ณผ ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹น๊ตญ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ผ€๋งˆ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌํฅ์‹œ์ผœ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฒˆ์˜์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์•„๋ฒ  ์”จ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๋ น์— ์ „๋งค์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏผ(ๆฐ‘)๊ณผ ์ด์ต์„ ๋‹คํˆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ธ์ •(ไปๆ”ฟ)์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ๋งˆ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผใ€€์”จ(ๆพๅนณๆฐ)์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ง‰๋ง ๊ฐœํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ๋˜์ž ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „๋งคํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ ์–ด๋„ ์•„๋ฒ  ์”จ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋…์ž์ ์ธ '์ธ์ •(ไปๆ”ฟ)'์„ ํŽผ์ณค์Œ์„ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ถํ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋น ์กŒ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์ด ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋…์˜ '์ธ์ •'์„ ๋ฒ ํ’€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํญ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ง€์น˜๋ถ€ ๋ น ๋‹ค์ด์นธ์€ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์น˜๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฒˆ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜‘์น˜(ๅ”ๆฒป)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„๋ฒ  ์”จ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ–ฅ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹ค์ด์นธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๋™ํ–ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง‰๋ถ€ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ…ฐ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง 1 โ… . ๅฟ่—ฉ๊ณผ ็งฉ็ˆถ้ƒก ๅคงๅฎฎ้„•์˜ ็ตนๅธ‚ใƒป็ฅญ็ฆฎ 9 1. ๅฟ่—ฉ์˜ ์žฌ์ •๊ณผ ็งฉ็ˆถ้ƒก ๅคงๅฎฎ้„• 11 2. ๅคงๅฎฎ้„• ็ตนๅธ‚ใƒป็ฅญ็ฆฎ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๅฟ่—ฉ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž… 19 โ…ก. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๅน•ๅบœใƒปๅฟ่—ฉ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๅคงๅฎฎ้„•์˜ ็ตนๅธ‚ 28 1. ็”ฐๆฒผๆ™‚ไปฃ ๅคงๅฎฎ้„• ็ตนๅธ‚์˜ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑ 28 2. ๅน•ๅบœ์˜ ๅคงๅฎฎ้„• ็ตนๅธ‚ ๆ”นๆœƒๆ‰€ ์„ค์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๅฟ่—ฉ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ 35 โ…ข. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ๅน•ๅบœใƒปๅฟ่—ฉ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๅคงๅฎฎ้„•์˜ ็ฅญ็ฆฎ 43 1. ๅฏฌๆ”ฟๆ”น้ฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ็งฉ็ˆถ้ƒก ๅคงๅฎฎ้„•์˜ ไป˜็ฅญ ๊ธˆ์ง€ 44 2. ๅคงๅฎฎ้„•์˜ ไป˜็ฅญ ์žฌ๊ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๅฟ่—ฉ ็งฉ็ˆถ้ ˜ ไปฃๅฎ˜์˜ ์—ญํ•  50 ๋งบ์Œ๋ง 60 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 63 ๆ—ฅๆ–‡่ฆๆ—จ 68Maste

    ์„์œ ์ œํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ ๋น„๊ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 8. ์กฐ์„ฑ์ง„.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์„์œ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ •์œ  4์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์ ์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์ œ์œ ๊ฐ€์— ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ •์œ ์‚ฌ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํŒ๋งค๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜, ์ •์œ  4์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง๊ณ„์—ดํ™”๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 11๋…„ 8์›” 1์ฃผ โˆผ 18๋…„ 2์›” 4์ฃผ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ฐ€ ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 1(11๋…„ 8์›” 1์ฃผโˆผ14๋…„ 8์›” 4์ฃผ), ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 2(14๋…„ 9์›” 1์ฃผโˆผ 16๋…„ 1์›” 4์ฃผ), ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 3(16๋…„ 2์›” 1์ฃผโˆผ 18๋…„ 2์›” 4์ฃผ)๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์˜ค์ฐจ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ชจํ˜•(Asymmetric Error Correction Model)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ ยท๊ฒฝ์œ ยท๋“ฑ์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ œํ’ˆ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์œ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ ์ถ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๋ˆ„์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 3์— 5% ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ •๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ ๋งˆ์ง„๊ณผ ์•Œ๋œฐ ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ ์กด์žฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ ๋งˆ์ง„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„ ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ ๋งˆ์ง„์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šน ์‹œ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ง€์—ญ์— ์•Œ๋œฐ ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ ์กด์žฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, Rocket and Feathers ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๋œฐ ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ ๋„์ž…์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ฐ•๋„๋‚˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.This paper analyzed price asymmetry in domestic petroleum products market from August 2011 to February 2018, using Asymmetry Error Correction Model. The asymmetric price response is explained by two parts: First, major refinery companies (SK energy, GS caltex, Hyun-dai oil bank, S-Oil) respond asymmetrically to change of crude oil, adjusting their supply price. Second, gas stations adjust their price fast when the supply price increases, and respond slow when the price supplied by major oil companies deceases. The period was divided by three parts: period 1(August 2011~ August 2014), period 2(September 2014~ January 2016), and period 3(February 2016~ February 2018) based on the paradigm of crude oil price. Each petroleum products adjusted its price differently to the change of oil price, while price asymmetry for gasoline and diesel is significant in period 3. Motivated by the above result, the difference of asymmetric response between two groups was analyzed only with gasoline price data. Two groups, which have the highest price margin and the lowest margin respectively, showed different price adjustment when oil price changed. On the other hands, group 1(regions which have Altteul gas stations) and group 2(regions which dont have) showed the insignificant difference when positive and negative oil price shocks were given. Even though Altteul gas stations were introduced in 2011 by policy to promote competition in the distribution market of petroleum products, there are little effects on the asymmetric price adjustment.์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 1 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ1 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆยทโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 4 ์ œ 2์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 6 ์ œ 3์žฅ ์„์œ ์ œํ’ˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ ๋ถ„์„โ€ฆ 9 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 9 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๋ชจํ˜• ์„ค์ • โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆยทโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 10 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆยทโ€ฆ 11 ์ œ 4์ ˆ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆยทโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 18 1. ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ ๋งˆ์ง„ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 19 2. ์•Œ๋œฐ ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ โ€ฆยทโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆยทโ€ฆโ€ฆ26 ์ œ 4์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆยทโ€ฆ 34 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 36 Abstract โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 38 ๋ถ€๋ก โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 40Maste

    ๋‹จ์ผ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ „์ž์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ target trial emulation

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    Empagliflozin is one of the SGLT2 inhibitors that lower blood sugar by increasing urinary excretion of glucose to treat type 2 diabetes. For the effect of empagliflozin on renal function, the risk of kidney injury was suggested in the pre-marketing clinical trials and the domestic and international post-marketing surveillance studies, but renal protective effects were suggested in the studies for patients with underlying cardiovascular disease or albuminuria. In addition, both the risk of kidney injury and the possibility of renal protective effects exist in the mechanistic aspects. However, there are insufficient studies in Korea to evaluate the effects on renal function for all patients who actually use empagliflozin regardless of the underlying diseases, and there is a lack of studies using a target trial emulation that can minimize the bias of retrospective observational studies. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of empagliflozin on renal function in all patients taking empagliflozin, regardless of the presence of absence of underlying diseases, through a retrospective observational study using electronic medical records of a single institution. This study was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes who are over the age of 18 for new-users who were first prescribed empagliflozin in 2019 at Seoul National University Hospital. The effects on renal function was evaluated by follow-up using a modified intention-to-treat method for up to 13 months from the index date. In this study, new-users of sitagliptin were used as an active control group, and analysis was performed with a one-to-one propensity score-matched cohort from the patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Gender, age, diabetic severity, concomitant medications including antidiabetic medications, and baseline values of related clinical laboratory parameters were used as matching variables. Successful matching was evaluated when the standardized difference in all the variables was less than 0.1. In assessing the effects on renal function, the primary outcomes are composite kidney outcomes defined as acute kidney injury, albuminuria or proteinuria, end-stage kidney disease, and a decrease of eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) more than 30% from baseline. The secondary outcomes are each adverse event included in the primary outcomes, including acute kidney injury, albuminuria or proteinuria, end-stage kidney disease, and a decrease of eGFR more than 30% from the baseline. The incidence of weight loss, increased urination, and a reduction of antihypertensive medications were also evaluated as renal function-related effects. In addition, eGFR, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hematocrit, serum sodium, serum potassium, serum chloride, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and serum uric acid levels were evaluated as ratio from baseline in clinical laboratory parameters related to renal function. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA). For categorical outcomes, the Cox proportional hazard model was used and the results were presented using a hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval. For continuous outcomes, a linear mixed model was used, and the ratio from the baseline was analyzed after log transformation. Each result was evaluated to be statistically significant when the p-value was less than 0.05. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using an as-treated method in which the follow-up criteria were limited to the duration of drug exposure. 431 new-users of empagliflozin and 308 new-users of sitagliptin met the inclusion and exclusion criteria in 2019. As a result of one-to-one propensity score matching, the cohort to be analyzed was finally constructed as a cohort of 291 new-users in each group. Compared to new-users of sitagliptin, composite kidney outcomes (HR, 0.78; 95% CI 0.50-1.22), acute kidney injury (HR, 0.29; 95% CI 0.06-1.37), albuminuria or proteinuria (HR, 0.78; 95% CI 0.47-1.30), and a decrease of eGFR more than 30% from the baseline (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.25-1.65) showed a risk reducing trend in new-users of empagliflozin. There were no cases of end-stage kidney disease identified in either group. A statistically significant increase in risk was found in weight loss (HR, 2.95; 95% CI, 2.01-4.33) and increased urination (HR, 4.05; 95% CI, 1.14-14.34) in new-users of empagliflozin compared to new-users of sitagliptin. As a result of the linear mixed model analyses, there was a statistically significant difference in diastolic blood pressure depending on the drug (p<0.05). Moreover, in new-users of empagliflozin compared with new-users of sitagliptin, the tendency of maintaining eGFR, increasing serum phosphorus level, and decreasing serum uric acid level were statistically significant according to the duration of drug use (p<0.05). In this study, through the study design of a target trial emulation using electronic medical records from a tertiary hospital in Korea, the favoring trend of renal protection effects among all new-users of empagliflozin with type 2 diabetes regardless of the presence or absence of underlying cardiovascular disease or kidney disease was presented. In addition, as the effects related to renal function, significant weight loss, increased urination, and the tendency of maintaining eGFR, increasing serum phosphorus, and decreasing serum uric acid according to the duration of drug use were suggested in new-users of empagliflozin. Through this study, it is expected that it will be possible to consider the preferential use of drug therapy that adds empagliflozin to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes in clinical practice. In addition, this study can be used as a basic study to raise awareness of the effect of empagliflozin on renal function, and to evaluate the effects on renal function, which lacks evidence.Empagliflozin์€ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ์ค‘ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์˜ ์š” ๋ฐฐ์„ค์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ๊ณ„์—ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ empagliflozin์€ ์‹œํŒ ์ „ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋‚ดยท์™ธ ์‹œํŒ ํ›„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์‹ ์†์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ธฐ์ € ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ๋‡จ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ณดํ˜ธํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ „์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์‹ ์†์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ณดํ˜ธํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ €์งˆํ™˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ empagliflozin์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์‹ค์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ›„ํ–ฅ์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” target trial emulation ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ „์ž์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ›„ํ–ฅ์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ €์งˆํ™˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ empagliflozin์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์‹ค์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๋งŒ 18์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ 2019๋…„ 1๋…„๊ฐ„ empagliflozin์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ํ›„ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ์ „์ž์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์‹œ์ž‘์ผ ์ดํ›„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 13๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ modified intention-to-treat ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ sitagliptin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ์ œ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 1๋Œ€ 1 ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋งค์นญ๋œ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งค์นญ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์—ฐ๋ น, ๋‹น๋‡จ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„, ๋‹น๋‡จ ์•ฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ‘์šฉ ์•ฝ์ œ, ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ standardized difference๊ฐ€ 0.1 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ผ ๋•Œ ๋งค์นญ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ์–ด, ์ผ์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์‹ ์†์ƒ, ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ๋‡จ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ๋‡จ, ๋ง๊ธฐ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „, eGFR(estimated glomerular filtration rate)์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์น˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ 30% ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ composite kidney outcomes์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์ผ์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ด์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์‹ ์†์ƒ, ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ๋‡จ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ๋‡จ, ๋ง๊ธฐ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „, eGFR์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์น˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ 30% ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ฒด์ค‘๊ฐ์†Œ, ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ํ•ญ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••์ œ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์น˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๋กœ eGFR, ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ธฐํ˜ˆ์•• ๋ฐ ์ด์™„๊ธฐํ˜ˆ์••, ํ—ค๋งˆํ† ํฌ๋ฆฟ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์นผ๋ฅจ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์—ผ์†Œ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์นผ์Š˜, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ธ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์š”์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„์€ SAS 9.4(SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ˜• ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” Cox ๋น„๋ก€์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ชจํ˜•(Cox proportional hazard model)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜๋น„(hazard ratio, HR) ๋ฐ 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์†ํ˜• ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์„ ํ˜•ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•(linear mixed model)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ €์น˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํ›„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ p-value๊ฐ€ 0.05 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ผ ๋•Œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” as-treated ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 1๋…„๊ฐ„ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ์ œ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” empagliflozin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž 431๋ช…, sitagliptin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž 308๋ช…์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1๋Œ€ 1 ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋งค์นญ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ 291๋ช…์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Sitagliptin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ empagliflozin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—์„œ composite kidney outcomes(HR, 0.78; 95% CI 0.50-1.22) ๋ฐ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์‹ ์†์ƒ(HR, 0.29; 95% CI 0.06-1.37), ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ๋‡จ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ๋‡จ(HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.47-1.30), eGFR์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์น˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ 30% ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ์†Œ(HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.25-1.65)์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ง๊ธฐ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. Empagliflozin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—์„œ sitagliptin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒด์ค‘๊ฐ์†Œ(HR, 2.95; 95% CI, 2.01-4.33)์™€ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ ์ฆ๊ฐ€(HR, 4.05; 95% CI, 1.14-14.34)์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ˜•ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด์™„๊ธฐํ˜ˆ์••์—์„œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05). ๋˜ํ•œ sitagliptin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ empagliflozin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—์„œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋ณต์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ eGFR์˜ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์š”์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(p<0.05). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ธ‰์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์ „์ž์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ target trial emulation ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ € ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „์ฒด empagliflozin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ empagliflozin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—์„œ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฒด์ค‘๊ฐ์†Œ, ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋ณต์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ eGFR ์œ ์ง€, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์š”์‚ฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ metformin์— empagliflozin์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” empagliflozin์˜ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.1 SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์™€ empagliflozin 1 1.2 Empagliflozin์˜ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 3 1.3 Empagliflozin์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ 6 1.4 ์—ญํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ target trial emulation ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ๋„์ž… 7 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 9 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  10 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 11 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 11 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 15 2.1 ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž(new-user) ์ •์˜ 15 2.2 ์‹œํ—˜๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์ •์˜ 15 2.3 ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€ 16 2.4 ์ œ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 18 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 22 3.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ 22 3.2 ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„(Exposure period) 22 3.3 ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 24 3.3 ์ผ์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ(Primary outcomes) 24 3.4 ์ด์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ(Secondary outcomes) 28 3.5 ๊ต๋ž€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜(Confounding variables) 31 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 36 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 38 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ํ™˜์ž ํŠน์„ฑ 38 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 44 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 48 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 51 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ 55 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ Empagliflozin์˜ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 55 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํšจ๊ณผ 59 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 61 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ , ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํšจ๊ณผ 63 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  65 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 66 Abstract 74์„

    Corrosion Resistance at High Temperature Condition of Cr Films Formed on Hot-Dip Al-Si Plated Steel Sheet

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    ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธˆ์†์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์†์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ถ€์‹๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ ์  ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์žฅ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ค‘ ๋‚ด์‹์ˆ˜๋ช… ์—ฐ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์†์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์ผ์ • ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ์˜จ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ด์‹์„ฑ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ข…์ข… ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์˜จ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ์ผ์ • ๊ณ ์˜จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ค‘์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถ€์‹์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ด์‹์„ฑ์ด ์ข‹์€ Cr ๋˜๋Š” Zr ๋“ฑ์˜ ์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์šฉ์œต์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„๋„๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šด์ „ ๊ฐ€๋™ ์ค‘ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ์˜จ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‚ด์‹์„ฑ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ €ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ข… ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ‘œ๋ฉด Al2O3 ์‚ฐํ™”๋ง‰์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ ์˜จ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฉ์œต์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„๋„๊ธˆ ๊ฐ•์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๋‚ด์‹์„ฑ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ… ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํžˆ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Si์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์šฉ์œต์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„๋„๊ธˆ ๊ฐ•์žฌ ์ƒ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฆ์ฐฉ(physical vapor deposition)๋ฒ• ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์Šคํผํ„ฐ๋ง(sputtering)๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 0.25, 0.5 ๋ฐ 1.0ใŽ› ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ Cr๋ง‰์˜ ์ฆ์ฐฉ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ์„ ๊ณ ์˜จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•œ ์—ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ๊ณ ์˜จ ์ง€์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋‚ด์‹ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณ ์˜จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ 400 ๋ฐ 500โ„ƒ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ 600โ„ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ์˜จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— 0, 5, 12, 30 ๋ฐ 50๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ์„ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ง‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ชจํด๋กœ์ง€, ์„ฑ๋ถ„, ์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ผ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋ฌด์‹œํ—˜, ์ž์—ฐ์นจ์ง€์‹œํ—˜, ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ถ„๊ทน ๋ฐ EIS ์‹œํ—˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์‹ํŠน์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด 600โ„ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ์˜จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ค‘ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Cr ๋‘๊ป˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ƒ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์ด ๋ฏธ์„ธํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง€์ƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, Cr, Al-Si ๋ฐ Fe ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ธํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์˜จ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 12๋ถ„ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋ฉด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ธต์— ์žˆ๋˜ Cr์ด Al-Si์ธต ํ•˜๋ถ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ์žฌ์˜ Fe๋Š” ์ƒ๋ถ€์ธต Cr๋ง‰ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ์ข… Fe๊ณ„ ๊ธˆ์†๊ฐ„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋•Œ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋ถ€์‹ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฉ์œต Al-Si ๋„๊ธˆ ๊ฐ•์žฌ์ƒ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•œ Cr์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 600โ„ƒ ๊ณ ์˜จ ์ค‘ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํŠนํžˆ 30๋ถ„ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋‚ด์‹ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ด ์˜จ๋„ ์ค‘ 5๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์˜จ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋‚ด์‹ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด Cr๋ง‰์ด ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋œ ์šฉ์œตAl-Si๋„๊ธˆ ๊ฐ•์žฌ ์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ์˜จ ์ค‘ ๋‚ด์‹ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณ ์˜จ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ž์žฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‘์šฉ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2.1 ๊ณ ์˜จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ถ€์‹ 2.2 ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 2.2.1 ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 2.2.2 PVD๋ฒ• 2.3 ์šฉ์œต์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„๋„๊ธˆ ๊ฐ•์žฌ ํŠน์„ฑ 2.3.1 ๊ฐœ์š” 2.3.2 ์šฉ์œตAl-Si๋„๊ธˆ ๊ฐ•์žฌ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2.3.3 ์šฉ์œตAl-Si๋„๊ธˆ ๊ฐ•์žฌ ๋ถ€์‹ํŠน์„ฑ 2.4 Al-Cr-Si๋ง‰์˜ ๋‚ด์‹ํŠน์„ฑ 2.4.1 Cr๋ง‰์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ํ˜•์„ฑ 2.4.2 Al-Cr-Siํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ถ€์‹ํŠน์„ฑ 3. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3.1 ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ ์ œ์ž‘ 3.1.1 ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ ์ œ์ž‘ ์žฅ์น˜ 3.1.2 ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ • 3.2 Al-Cr-Si๋ง‰์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์‹์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 3.2.1 ๋ง‰์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ 3.2.2 ๋ง‰์˜ ๋‚ด์‹ํŠน์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€ 4. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 4.1 ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ง‰์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 4.1.1 ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ชจํด๋กœ์ง€(morphology) ๋ฐ ์›์†Œ์กฐ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 4.1.2 ๋‹จ๋ฉด ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ถ„์„ 4.1.3 ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ถ„์„ 4.2 ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ง‰์˜ ๋‚ด์‹ํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 4.2.1 ์—ผ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋ฌด์‹œํ—˜ 4.2.2 ์—ผ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋ฌด์‹œํ—˜ ํ›„ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ถ„์„ 4.2.3 ์ž์—ฐ์นจ์ง€์‹œํ—˜ 4.2.4 ๊ฐˆ๋ฐ”๋‹‰ ๋ถ€์‹์‹œํ—˜ 4.2.5 ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์–‘๊ทน๋ถ„๊ทน์‹œํ—˜ 4.2.6 ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  EIS์‹œํ—˜ 4.3 ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ง‰์˜ ๊ณ ์˜จ ๋…ธ์ถœ ํ›„ ๋‚ด์‹ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก Maste
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