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    성상세포와 λ‚¨μ„±μƒμ‹μ„Έν¬μ˜ λΆ„ν™” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ Cep215의 κΈ°λŠ₯에 κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μžμ—°κ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ 생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λΆ€, 2022. 8. 이건수.μ€‘μ‹¬μ²΄λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 동물세포에 λ³΄μ‘΄λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” 세포 μ†ŒκΈ°κ΄€μœΌλ‘œ 주둜 λ―Έμ„Έμ†Œκ΄€ ν˜•μ„± μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œμ„œ 역할을 ν•œλ‹€. μ€‘μ‹¬μ²΄λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 세포 ν™œλ™μ— κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°, κ°€μž₯ λŒ€ν‘œμ μΈ 역할은 μ„Έν¬μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘ ν˜•μ„±, 세포 λΆ„μ—΄, 일차 섬λͺ¨ ν˜•μ„± 등이닀. μ€‘μ‹¬μ²΄λŠ” 두 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 쀑심립과 κ·Έ 주변을 λ‘˜λŸ¬ μ‹Έκ³  μžˆλŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ 덩어리인 pericentriolar material (PCM) 으둜 이루어져 μžˆλ‹€. κ·Έ 쀑 Cep215λŠ” PCM의 κ³¨κ²©λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ‘œμ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ PCM λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ“€μ΄ 잘 λͺ¨μΌ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” 역할을 ν•˜κ³  있으며, 특히, μ€‘μ‹¬μ²΄μ—μ„œ λ―Έμ„Έμ†Œκ΄€μ΄ μžλΌλ‚  수 있게 ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ 감마 νŠœλΆˆλ¦°μ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μ²΄λ‘œ λŒμ–΄μ˜€λŠ” 역할을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. Cep215λŠ” μ€‘μ‹¬μ²΄λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 골지 등에도 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  있으며 Cep215κ°€ μœ„μΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” 세포 μ†ŒκΈ°κ΄€μ—μ„œ λ―Έμ„Έμ†Œκ΄€μ„ λ»—μ–΄λ‚΄κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ£ΌλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 가지고 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ Cep215의 역할은 λΆ„μ—΄ν•˜λŠ” 체세포λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 주둜 연ꡬ가 λ˜μ–΄ μ™”μœΌλ©°, νŠΉμ • μž₯κΈ° ν˜•μ„± κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œμ˜ Cep215 역할은 μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 잘 μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 본인은 λ°•μ‚¬ν•™μœ„ κ³Όμ • λ™μ•ˆ λ‡Œμ™€ μ •μ†Œ λ°œμƒ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ Cep215의 역할에 λŒ€ν•΄ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν–ˆλ‹€. 제 1μž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” λ°°μ•„μ•”μ’…μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μœ λž˜ν•œ P19 세포와 생μ₯ νƒœμ•„λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ΄ˆλŒ€ λ°°μ–‘ν•œ ν•΄λ§ˆ 유래 세포λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ„±μƒμ„Έν¬μ˜ λΆ„ν™”κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ Cep215의 μ€‘μš”μ„±μ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. Cep215λŠ” μ„±μƒμ„Έν¬μ˜ μ€‘μ‹¬μ²΄λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ„Έν¬μ§ˆ, 특히 κ°€μ§€μ—μ„œλ„ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. P19 μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ Cep215 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ™„μ „νžˆ μ—†μ•€ κ²°μ‹€μ„Έν¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ„±μƒμ„Έν¬λ‘œμ˜ λΆ„ν™”κ°€ μ €ν•˜λ˜κ³ , 가지λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ—¬ 성상세포 특유의 세포 λͺ¨μ–‘을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ Cep215 κ²°μ‹€μ„Έν¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬λ‘œμ˜ λΆ„ν™”, μ„Έν¬μ˜ λΆ„μ—΄ λŠ₯λ ₯, 세포 운λͺ… κ²°μ •μ—λŠ” 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. Cep215λŠ” λ―Έμ„Έμ†Œκ΄€ ν˜•μ„±μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μ„±μƒμ„Έν¬μ˜ 가지 ν˜•μ„±μ„ μ΄‰μ§„ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 결과듀을 ν† λŒ€λ‘œ 성상세포 λΆ„ν™” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ Cep215κ°€ λ―Έμ„Έμ†Œκ΄€ν˜•μ„±μ„ μ‘°μ ˆν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ„±μƒμ„Έν¬μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 제 2μž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” Cep215 κ²°μ‹€ 생μ₯λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ Cep215κ°€ λ‚¨μ„±μƒμ‹μ„Έν¬μ˜ λ°œμƒμ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. Cep215 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ™„μ „νžˆ μ œκ±°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μ²«λ²ˆμ§Έμ™€ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μΈνŠΈλ‘ μ„ νƒ€κ²ŸνŒ…ν•˜λŠ” μ „λž΅μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 결싀을 μœ λ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ œμž‘ν•œ Cep215 κ²°μ‹€ 생μ₯λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μž₯κΈ°μ—μ„œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” ν‘œν˜„ν˜•μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. Cep215 κ²°μ‹€ 생μ₯λŠ” 이전 보고된 Cep215 λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ 생μ₯μ™€ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μ†Œλ‘μ¦κ³Ό 같은 ν‘œν˜„ν˜•μ„ λ³΄μ˜€μœΌλ©°, μ•Όμƒν˜• 생μ₯μ™€ λΉ„κ΅ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ, μž‘μ€ 크기의 μ •μ†Œλ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보아 λ‚¨μ„±μƒμ‹μ„Έν¬μ˜ λ°œμƒμ— λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‹€μ œλ‘œ Cep215 κ²°μ‹€ 생μ₯μ˜ μ •μ†Œμ—λŠ” κ°μˆ˜λΆ„μ—΄ 이후에 κ΄€μ°°λ˜λŠ” 생식세포듀이 μ „ν˜€ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 이 κ²°μ‹€ 생μ₯μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” κ°μˆ˜λΆ„μ—΄ 과정은 μ΄ˆκΈ°μ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” prophase I κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ©ˆμΆ”λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 이 μ •λͺ¨μ„Έν¬λ“€μ€ 세포 사멸에 μ·¨μ•½ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ²Œλ„, Cep215 κ²°μ‹€ 생μ₯μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ‚¨μ„±μƒμ‹μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ 쀑심체가 잘 ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 이λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 이 κ²°μ‹€ 생μ₯μ—μ„œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” ν‘œν˜„ν˜•μ΄ μ€‘μ‹¬μ²΄μ˜ 결함에 μ˜ν•΄μ„œ μœ λ„λœ 것이 아닐 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λŒ€μ‹ μ— sertoli 세포에 μ˜ν•΄ ν˜•μ„±λ˜λŠ” ν˜ˆμ•‘-κ³ ν™˜ μž₯벽이 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ§€μ•Šκ³ , 생식세포끼리 μ—°κ²°μ‹œμΌœμ£ΌλŠ” μ„Έν¬κ°„κ²°ν•©μ²΄μ˜ ν˜•μ„±μ΄ κ°μ†Œλ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 결과듀을 ν† λŒ€λ‘œ 본인은 Cep215 κ²°μ‹€ 생μ₯μ˜ μ •μ†Œμ—μ„œ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μ •μ†Œμ˜ ꡬ쑰적인 ν™˜κ²½μ΄ μ–΄λŠ 정도 λ‚¨μ„±μƒμ‹μ„Έν¬μ˜ λ°œμƒμ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. Cep215λŠ” 주둜 μ€‘μ‹¬μ²΄μ—μ„œ λ―Έμ„Έμ†Œκ΄€μ„ ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, Cep215κ°€ κ²°μ‹€λ˜μ–΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” ν‘œν˜„ν˜•μ΄ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 방식을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œλ‹€λŠ” 것이 μ•„μ£Ό ν₯미둜운 κ²°κ³Όμ˜€λ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 쀑심체 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ μ‚¬μ†Œν•œ λ³€ν™”λ‘œ 인해 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 세포 ν™œλ™μ΄ 쑰절될 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.Centrosome is a subcellular organelle that functions as a microtubule organizing center in animal cells. Centrosomes play roles in several cellular processes, such as cell morphogenesis, mitosis, and cilia formation. A centrosome consists of a pair of centrioles surrounded by proteinous matrix called pericentriolar material (PCM). Cep215, one of major PCM proteins, recruits the Ξ³-tubulin ring complex for microtubule organization. Cep215 is also involved in microtubule organization outside the centrosome. Although the cellular functions of Cep215 have been extensively studied, its specific roles at diverse tissues are relatively less known. During my predoctoral period, I investigated the roles of Cep215 in the brain and testis tissues. In chapter I, I investigated the roles of Cep215 in astrocyte differentiation using the P19 embryonic carcinoma cells and the mouse hippocampal primary cells. Cep215 was detected in the processes of astrocytes in addition to the centrosomes. Deletion of Cep215 in P19 cells caused the defects in differential morphogenesis of astrocytes, but did not affect neuronal differentiation, cell proliferation, and cell fate determination. I found that the microtubule organizing function of Cep215 is critical for the glial process formation. Based on these results, I propose that Cep215 organizes microtubules for glial process formation during astrocyte differentiation. In chapter II, I investigated the roles of Cep215 in male germ cell development using the KO mouse in which Cep215 was totally removed by targeting specific sites at both the first and last introns. The Cep215 KO mice had microcephaly-like defects as reported previously. In addition, Cep215 KO testes were smaller than the wild type testes, suggesting defects in male germ cell development. In fact, the Cep215 KO testes were devoid of post-meiotic germ cells. Spermatogenesis in Cep215 KO mouse was arrested at prophase I and the spermatocytes were vulnerable to cell death. It is surprising that the centrosomes of Cep215-deleted germ cells appeared to be intact, suggesting that the defects in progression of meiosis by Cep215 deletion may be not caused by abnormal centrosomes. Rather, the tight and gap junctions of Sertoli cells were disorganized and the intercellular bridges among germ cells were reduced in the Cep215 KO testes. Based on the results, I propose that germ cell defects are attributed, in part, to disorganized architecture of the Cep215 KO testis. Considering the cellular role of Cep215 in the microtubule organization at centrosomes, it is astonishing that Cep215-deleted tissues generated such diverse phenotypes. This research provides an example how diverse cellular functions are regulated by a simple change of the centrosome protein.BACKGROUND 1 1. Centrosome 1 1.1. Structure of centrosome 1 1.2. Functions of centrosome 2 2. The functions of Cep215 7 2.1. Microtubule nucleation 7 2.2. Spindle formation 7 2.3. Neuronal differentiation 8 2.4. The phenotypes of Cep215 mutant mice 8 Chapter I. Roles of Cep215 in morphological differentiation of astrocytes 14 ABSTRACT 15 INTRODUCTION 16 MATERIALS AND METHODS 18 Cell culture and induction of differentiation 18 Generation of Cep215 stable cell lines in base of knockout cells 19 Plasmids and RNA interference 19 Reverse Transcription and quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) 19 Immunoblot analyses 20 Immunostaining and image processing 21 BrdU incorporation assay 22 Antibodies 22 Microtubule regrowth assay 23 EB1-GFP comet assay 23 Statistical analyses 24 RESULTS 25 The importance of Cep215 in astrocytes differentiation of P19 cells 25 Cell proliferation and cell fate determination of Cep215- deleted P19 cells 25 Reduction of the microtubule organizing activity in Cep215-deleted P19 cells 26 Importance of interaction between Cep215 and Ξ³-TuRC for glial differentiation 27 Subcellular localization of Cep215 in primary cultured astrocytes 28 Depletion of Cep215 in mouse hippocampal cells 28 DISCUSSION 44 Chapter II. Roles of Cep215 in male germ cell development 47 ABSTRACT 48 INTRODUCTION 49 MATERIALS AND METHODS 52 Animals 52 Immunoblot analyses 52 H & E staining 53 TUNEL assay 53 Immunohistochemistry of tissue sections 54 Chromosome spreading and immunostaining analysis of mouse testis 54 Antibodies 55 Image processing 55 Statistical analyses 56 RESULTS 57 Generation and characterization of Cep215 total KO mouse 57 Histological analysis of the developing testes in Cep215 KO mouse 58 Defects in the Cep215 KO spermatocytes 58 Observation of the centrosomes in male germ cells at different developmental stages 59 Immunostaining of the isolated spermatocytes from the Cep215 KO testes 59 Defects in the testis architecture of the Cep215 KO mice 60 DISCUSSION 73 CONCLUSION 76 REFERENCES 78 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN (κ΅­λ¬Έ 초둝) 87λ°•

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ•½ν•™κ³Ό μœ„μƒν™”ν•™μ „κ³΅,2002.Maste
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