Carbon cycling of forest ecosystems in response to global nitrogen deposition: a review

森林土壤和植被储存着全球陆地生态系统大约46%的碳,在全球碳平衡中起着非常重要的作用。过去几十年来,森林生态系统的碳循环和碳吸存受到了全球氮沉降的深刻影响,因为氮沉降改变了陆地生态系统的生产力和生物量积累。以欧洲和北美温带森林区域开展的研究为基础,综述了氮沉降对植物光合作用、土壤呼吸、土壤DOM及林木生长的影响特征和机理,探讨了森林生态系统碳动态对氮沉降响应的不确定性因素。热带森林C、N循环与大部分温带森林不同,人为输入的氮对热带生态系统过程的影响也可能不同,因此指出了在热带地区开展碳氮循环耦合研究的必要性和紧迫性。Forest soils and vegetation store about 46 percent of all carbon in the terrestrial biosphere, which play a critical role in global carbon balance. Increases in atmospheric nitrogen deposition over the last several decades have altered carbon cycling and sequestration of forest ecosystems by affecting productivity and biomass accumulation in terrestrial ecosystems. Based on the studies conducted in temperate forest regions in Europe and North America, the paper reviewed mechanism and characteristics underlying the impacts of nitrogen deposition on plant photosynthesis, soil respiration, soil dissolved organic matter (DOM), and tree growth, and the uncertainties as to the interactions between forest ecosystem carbon dynamics and nitrogen deposition were also analyzed and discussed. Most tropical forests function quite differently from temperate forests with regard to N and C cycling, and that the effects of anthropogenic N inputs on tropical ecosystem processes may also differ, so it is urgent and necessary to initiate studies related to carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling in the tropical regions.国家自然科学基金资助项目(30370259);; 福建省自然科学基金重点资助项目(B0320001)~

Distribution of Fine Roots in a Mixed Cunninghamia lanceolata-Tsoongiodendron odorum Plantation

对27年生混交比例为2行杉木和1行观光木的混交林和杉木纯林群落细根分布的研究表明,杉木和观光木行间的杉木细根密度虽比杉木与杉木行间的低8.5％,但观光木细根密度则高152.09％,其细根总密度比杉木与杉木行间的大10.43％。混交林中杉木各径级活细根密度呈单峰型分布,均以5-10cm土层最大,而观光木各径级活细根主要分布在0-10cm土层内。纯林杉木各径级活细根密度亦基本呈单峰型分布,但峰值出现在10-20cm或20-30cm土层。不同树种不同径级死细根的分布均与其各自的活细根分布相似。混交林中灌木细根密度在30-40cm的土层最大,而纯林中的灌木细根集中于0-10cm的表土层;混交林和纯林中的草本细根均集中在0-5cm土层。与纯林的相比,混交林中杉木细根主要分布的土层明显上移,表层土壤细根所占比重增大,有利于更好利用土壤养分和提高群落生产力。Fine roots were measured by soil core sampler in a mixed plantation of 27-year-old Cunninghamia lanceolata (C) and Tsoogiodeudron odorum (T) in Fujian Province. Fine root density of C at interrow between C and T was lower by 8.5% than that between C and C, but fine root denstiy of T and total fine root density were higher by 152.09% and 10.43%, respectively. High density of living fine roots with different thickness of C in mixed plantation appeared at 5-10 cm soil depth, whereas that of T at 0-10 cm. Compared to mixed plantation, living fine root density in pure C plantation appeared at 10 -30 cm of soil depth. The distribution of dead fine roots had the same pattern. In mixed plantation, upward trend of soil layer with maximum fine roots of C was obvious, showing that mixed plantation had an advantage over pure plantation in nutrient absorption.中国博士后科研基金项目（1999-10）;;福建省科委重大基础研究项目（2000-F-004）;; 高等学校骨干教师资助计划项目;;福建省自然科学基金项目（B0110025

Z-十八碳-9-烯-丙磺酰胺对糖尿病认知功能障碍小鼠学习记忆功能的影响

探索新化合物Z-十八碳-9-烯-丙磺酰胺（N15）对糖尿病认知功能障碍（DACD）小鼠学习记忆功能的作用及机制。采用链脲佐菌素（STZ）连续小剂量腹腔注射以及高脂高糖加STZ诱导2型糖尿病小鼠模型,N15(50和100mg·kg-1·d-1)连续灌胃给药6周,于给药末期进行跳台、避暗以及Morris水迷宫测试以评价小鼠学习记忆功能;对海马内葡萄糖和乳酸水平进行测定;通过realtimePCR测定海马内突触成长相关蛋白-43（GAP-43）、突触素（SYN）、脑源性生长因子（BDNF）和神经营养因子-3（NT-3）m RNA的表达。结果表明,N15可显著改善模型小鼠学习记忆能力,降低海马内葡萄糖和乳酸含量,显著上调海马内GAP-43、SYN、BDNF和NT-3 m RNA表达水平。上述结果表明,新型化合物N15具有改善糖尿病认知功能障碍的作用,其机制可能与增加海马内突触生长相关因子和神经营养因子表达相关。福建省教育厅资助项目(JAT160583

NUTRIENT CYCLING OF N AND P BY A MIXED FOREST OF CUNNINGHAMIA LANCEOLATA AND TSOONGIODENDRON ODORUM IN SUBTROPICAL CHINA

通过对福建三明 2 7年生杉木 (Cunninghamialanceolata) 观光木 (Tsoongiodendronodorum)混交林 (混交比例2 :1)及杉木纯林群落N、P养分循环进行为期 2年的研究。结果表明 ,混交林中杉木和观光木地上各组分的N、P含量大小均为叶 >活枝 (或皮 ) >枯枝 >干 ,而根系的则随径级的减小而增大 ,且观光木各组分的N含量均高于杉木的 ;混交林群落的N、P总积累量达 5 85 .2 2 3kg·hm-2 和 12 8.784kg·hm-2 ,分别是纯林群落的 1.5倍和 1.3倍。混交林群落N、P养分年归还量达 75 .740kg·hm-2 和 5 .493kg·hm-2 ,分别是杉木纯林的 113 .0 %和 79.6 %。混交林通过凋落物、降水淋溶和细根枯死 3种途径的N归还量分别占群落总归还量的 6 7.1%、8.4%和 2 4.5 % ,而纯林的则分别为 6 9.3 %、8.1%和 2 2 .6 % ;混交林 3种途径的P归还量分别占群落总归还量的 6 4.0 %、7.5 %和 2 8.5 % ;而纯林则为 74.8%、5 .3%和 19.9%。混交林中林下植被层的N、P归还量分别占群落总归还量的 14.8%和 37.3 % ;而纯林的则为 2 9.5 %和 5 9.4%。混交林群落的N、P富集率和利用系数均低于纯林的 ,而周转期则均大于纯林的。混交林群落的P吸收系数小于纯林的 ,而循环系数则高于纯林的 ,但其两者的N吸收系数和循环系数则相似。A study on the cycling of N and P in a pure forest of Chinese fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. and a Chinese fir_ Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun mixed forest (2 Chinese fir: 1 T. odorum ) over two years was carried out in Sanming, Fujian, China. For both Chinese fir and Tsoongiodendron odorum, the concentrations of N and P in aboveground fractions were in the order of leaves>living branches (or stem bark)>dead branches> stem wood, and those in roots increased with an increase in root diameter. N concentrations in various fractions of T. odorum were higher than their respective values for Chinese fir. The standing crops of N and P in the mixed stand were up to 585.223 kg·hm -2 and 128.784 kg·hm -2 , being 1.5 and 1.3 times as much as that in the pure stand, respectively. The annual return of N and P amounted to 75.740 and 5.493 kg·hm -2 in the mixed forest, respectively, being 113.0% and 79.6% of that in the pure forest. The fractions of annual N return through litterfall, rain leaching and fine root turnover were 67.1%, 8.4% and 24.5% in the mixed forest, respectively, and the corresponding values were 69.3%, 8.1% and 22.6% in the pure forest. These three pathways contributed to 64.0%, 7.5% and 28.5% of total P return in the mixed forest, and 74.8%, 5.3% and 19.9% in the pure forest, respectively. 14.8% of N return and 37.3% of P return in the mixed forest, and 29.5% of N return and 59.4% of P return in the pure forest were derived from the undergrowth vegetation. For both N and P elements, the enrichment ratios and the utilization coefficients were lower, and the recycling periods were higher in mixed forest than in pure stand. For P, the absorption coefficient was lower, and the cycling coefficient was higher, in mixed forest than in pure forest, while there were no significant differences for those of N between the two forests.中国博士后科研基金;; 福建省科委重大基础研究项目 ( 2 0 0 0_F_0 0 4);; 高等学校骨干教师资助计划项

木质生物质催化热解制备富烃生物油研究进展

生物油是木质生物质等原料经过热解获得的绿色产物,富含多种化学和生物活性物质,在石油替代方面具有发展潜力。生物质催化热解技术是制备高品质生物油的主要途径,但由于生物油含氧量比较高、目标产物选择性比较低、催化剂易结焦失活,限制了其应用。笔者从木质生物质热解机理及其反应途径、催化剂(金属氧化物、金属盐类、微孔催化剂、介孔催化剂)及其催化热解转化机理与产物调控机制、供氢试剂(四氢化萘、甲醇、废旧塑料、废弃油脂及其他供氢试剂)及其共催化热解转化机理等方面综述了木质生物质催化热解制备高品质生物油的进展,概述了催化热解过程中生物油的热解特性、产物组成以及转化机理,并对存在的问题及其解决方案进行了分析,展望了未来的发展方向,以期为木质生物质的高效转化利用提供依据和参考。国家自然科学基金(31670599,31870570);;厦门大学闽江学者特聘教授科研启动项目;;国家林业局“948”项目(2013-4-08);;云南省教育厅项目(ZD2014012,2018JS325

Research Progresses on Nutrient Quality of Rice Grain and Molecular Breeding Approach

Corresponding author, zjhym@ public xm f j cn[中文文摘]本文综述了稻米营养品质 (蛋白质、赖氨酸和微量营养素 )的经典遗传学和分子遗传学、分子育种的研究现状 ,并对利用分子标记辅助育种方法提高稻米营养品质作了展望。[英文文摘]This paper reviewed the classical and molecular genetic research progresses on nutrient qulity (including protein, lysine and micronutrient) of rice grain and its molecular breeding, furthermore, the molecular markerassisted breeding strategy for nut rient quality improvement was put forward

中国东南沿海港口外轮压舱水生物的调查

随机选取东南沿海港口的17艘外来船舶(含8条集装箱船和9条散货船)作为监测对象,进行压舱水浮游植物及动物的物种鉴定和丰度测定,并对监测数据进行统计学分析。检出分属于7个浮游植物门类和5个动物门类的309种外来压舱水生物(包括60种赤潮生物)。外轮压舱水生物的分布及生存状态与水样的水龄和盐度相关。船舶压舱水排放是大家熟知的外来水生生物入侵的主要媒介。本调查结果表明,中国东南沿海外来散货船的压舱水排放所具的潜在生物入侵风险比集装箱船更应受关注

Research Progresses on Appearance Quality of Rice Grain and Strategies for its Molecular Improvement

Corresponding auther, [email protected] j.cn[中文文摘]本文综述了稻米外观品质 (长、宽、长宽比和垩白 )的经典遗传及分子遗传研究状况 ,归纳列举了已定位的外观品质性状的QTLs,提出了稻米外观品质改良的分子策略[英文文摘]This paper has review ed the classical and molecular genetic research progresses of rice appearance quality,which including traits of grain length, grain width, length- width ratio and chalkiness, and compared the QTLs conferring these traits which was detected by deferent labs using deferent kind populat ions.The authors have put forward the molecular strategy for appearance quality improvement.国家863项目(2002AA211091)及(2001AA211091)资

Fine root distribution, seasonal pattern and production in a native forest and monoculture plantations in subtropical China

作者简介: 杨玉盛(1964～ ) , 男, 福建仙游人, 博士, 教授, 主要从事亚热带常绿阔叶林C、N 循环研究。E2mail: [email protected] tt. fj. cn 致谢: 福建农林大学蔡丽平、林瑞余、谢锦升, 陈爱玲、陈清山、邹双全、李春林, 硕士研究生郭剑芬、刘艳丽、岳永杰、于占源、江淼华、卢豪良等, 及莘口教学林场郑燕明、刘春华、王巧珍、陈辉等参加了项目研究[中文文摘] 通过对福建三明格氏栲天然林及在其采伐迹地上营造的33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林细根分布、季节动态与净生产力进行的为期3a(1999～2001)的研究,结果表明,格氏栲天然林、格氏栲和杉木人工林活细根生物量分别为4.944t/hm2、3.198t/hm2和1.485t/hm2,死细根生物量分别为3.563t/hm2、2.749t/hm2和1.287t/hm2;死细根生物量占总细根生物量的比例分别为41.9%、46.2%和46.4%;0.05);活细根生物量最大值均出现在3月份,最小值一般出现在5～7月份或11～翌年1月份间。0～10cm表土层格氏栲天然林活细根生物量高达295.65g/m2,分别是格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林的2.4倍和8.1倍;该层格氏栲天然林活细根生物量占全部活细根生物量的59.8%,均高于格氏栲人工林(39.07%)和杉木人工林(24.51%)。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林细根分解1a后的干重损失率分别为68.34%～80.13%、63.51%～77.95%和47.69%～60.78%;年均分解量分别为8.747、5.143和2.503t/hm2;死亡量分别为8.632、5.148和2.492t/hm2;年均净生产量分别为8.797、5.425和2.513t/hm2,年周转速率分别为1.78、[英文文摘]In the last decades, large scale native forests have been converted to fast growing and high yield commercial forest plantations to meet the demands for timber, fuel material, and other forest products. Some silvicultural measures, such as planting pure stands, clear cutting and slash burning, have been widely applied during this conversion. Yield decline and land deterioration in such disturbed ecosystem has become serious. In this context, the ecological comparisons between native forests and monoculture plantations are necessary in providing the implications for sustainable management. Few studies on fine roots dynamics have been conducted within these ecosystems though the importance of fine roots in carbon and nutrient cycling has been increasingly emphasized due to their rapid turnover rates. Two 33 year old plantations, Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata, CF) and Castanopsis kawakamii (CK), were chosen to examine fine root (005). An early spring flush of root biomass (March) was found in these three forests, and the minimum value mainly occurred during May July or November January. For the NF, 598% of root biomass was found in the top soil of 0～10 cm, a layer that maximum depth distribution difference among these forests occurred, where root biomass of the NF was 237 times and 812 times as much as that of the CK and the CF, respectively. Percentages of original mass lost during the first year of decomposition ranged from 4379%～5631% for the FH to 6834%～8013% for the NF Mean annual root decomposition, mortality and production ranged from 847 t/(hm 2·a), 8632 t/(hm 2·a) and 95 t/(hm 2·a) in the NF to 2503 t/(hm 2·a), 2492 t/(hm 2·a) and 2513 t/(hm 2·a) in the CF. The mean root turnover rate ranged from 178 times/a in the NF to 169 times/a in the CF.国家自然科学基金资助项目(30170770);福建省自然科学基金资助项目(B0110025);高等学校优秀青年教师教学科研奖励计划资助项目;福建省基础研究重大资助项目(2000-F-004