Establishment of System for Aviation Occurrence Investigation and Inspection in the Airfield

我國飛安會成立至今已達11年，在這期間共調查46件飛航事故，其中29件為民用航空運輸業固定翼航空器飛航事故。以飛航階段之次數統計，機場內落地階段之飛航事故所佔比例最高；以國際民航組織(ICAO)之飛航事故分類，比例佔最高者為偏離跑道，其次為不正常跑道接觸。由上述可知，我國飛航事故常發生於機場內，且發生之飛航事故類型與機場相關。研究鎖定國際民航組織飛航事故分類中偏離跑道(RE)、地面碰撞(GCOL)、不正常跑道接觸(ARC)以及降落點未觸及跑道(USOS)等四種飛航事故進行事故因素探討並進行國內外飛航事故報告書之閱讀，藉此找出飛航事故與環境相關肇因，再利用與我國籍機師及飛航事故調查人員之問卷調查找出重要關鍵因素。以本研究所得結果為基礎，加入建立之我國各機場各項設施規範值資料庫，設計一套飛航事故調查檢核系統。藉由此系統，提供飛航事故調查人員建議優先調查項目，提升調查人員調查效率，減少機場以及航空公司因調查而需暫時關閉所造成之損失。另一方面，可提供機場相關單位所應著重之維護項目，降低因機場設施不良導致飛航事故發生之機率。 本研究僅針對四種飛航事故之環境因素進行探討，未來期能加入其他飛航事故因素使飛航事故機場調查檢核系統更為完整，進一步提升我國飛航安全。Since Aviation Safety Council has been established in May 1998, there were twenty-nine civil aviation fixed-wing occurrences happened in Taiwan. According to the records, the occurrences in landing phase happened in most parts. The aviation occurrences often happened in the airfield in Taiwan, and associated with runway conditions. This research focuses on four categories, Runway Excursion (RE), Ground Collision (GCOL), Abnormal Runway Contact (ARC), and Undershoot/Overshoot (USOS). In order to find the environmental factors, this research studies reference and reads the aviation occurrence investigation reports in Taiwan and other nations at first. Secondly this research makes questionnaires to aircraft pilot and aviation investigation staffs to find the major environmental factors above the four categories. After analyizing the questionnaires, this research can advise the prior investigation to aviation investigation staffs. In the end this research will design a system to help investigation staffs to investigate and inspect efficiently and provide major maintain factors to avoid accidents happened. This research only focuses on four categories and their environment factors, but the aviation occurrence factors includes human factors and aircraft factors. This research suggests the research can consider other categories to improve the investigation efficiency.誌謝 I要 IIIbstract V錄 VII目錄 IX目錄 XI一章 緒論 1.1 研究動機 1.2 研究目的 1.3 研究範圍與限制 2.4 研究流程 2二章 文獻回顧 5.1 飛航事故調查程序 5.1.1 台灣行政院飛航安全委員會 5.1.2 美國國家運輸安全委員會 10.2 飛航事故相關因素探討 25.2.1 天氣因素 26.2.2 機場設施 30.3國內外飛安事故調查報告 32三章 機場內飛航事故調查檢核項目建立 37.1 問卷設計 37.2 受訪者基本資料 39.3 問卷分析 40.3.1 信度分析 40.3.2 職業別與事故類型差異性 40.3.3 優先調查檢核項目建立 41.4 綜合評析 48四章 我國機場設施規範 51.1 各機場幾何設施設計規範及現況 51.2 機場目視助導航設施設計規範及現況 66五章 機場現地調查檢核系統建立 75.1 系統開發概念及架構 75.2 系統驗證 77.3 系統設計操作流程 86六章 結論與建議 93.1結論 93.2建議 95考文獻 97錄一 飛安事故重要因素調查人員問卷調查表 99錄二 飛安事故重要因素機師問卷調查表 107錄三 飛航事故報告之調查項目 11

Treatment of infective endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: teicoplanin versus vancomycin in a retrospective study.

Infective endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing. Vancomycin and teicoplanin are 2 intravenous glycopeptides appropriate for its treatment. There is no human study comparing teicoplanin and vancomycin for the treatment of MRSA endocarditis. Between 1996 and 2006, 51 MRSA endocarditis patients were treated at the authors' hospital. There were 29 patients with nosocomial infection; 15 were treated with teicoplanin. Teicoplanin was used as the first therapeutic agent in 3 patients because of renal insufficiency. Vancomycin was used as the first therapeutic agent in 12 patients. Treatment was changed to teicoplanin because of adverse reactions in 10 and persistent bacteremia in 2 patients. Early operation was performed in 2 patients because of persistent MRSA bacteremia. Overall, 7 patients died in hospital. There was no statistically significant difference in hospital mortality rate (42% vs 47%) and bacteriologic failure rate ( 34% vs 40%) between 36 patients treated with vancomycin and 15 patients treated with teicoplanin. Teicoplanin can be an alternative therapy of MRSA infective endocarditis