土地利用型農業企業化經營的理念與作法

現階段台灣農業經營飽受內外環境壓力的衝擊，面臨前所未有的困境，未來為因應市場需求與國際競爭，除了農場經營者採用企業化經營之方式外，尚需透過農業生產組織的經營型態，使兩者相輔相成，相得益彰。亦即在目前農地零細、分散，農場規模小的農業生產環境下，透過地區性的生產組織，以組成包含該地區的所有農民，結合組織本身的資源優勢與管理技能，從事具有潛在需求、競爭者少的領域去發展，利用市場區隔差異化策略，發展具地區特色的農產品，減少外來競爭，並經由時間、經驗、技術的累積，保持組織競爭優勢，為台灣農業經營開創一個新的境界

台灣毛豬供給預測模式之研究

一、研究目的：１．比較不同預測模式在毛豬供給預測上的能力。 ２．評估不同預測模式在毛豬供給預測上的優缺點。 二、資料來源：１．台灣省政府農林廳農產物價月報 ２．雜糧與畜產台灣省雜糧發展基金。 ３．中華民國台灣地區品價格月報行政院主計處 ４．台灣省政府農林廳未發表的次級資料。 三、研究方法：本文選擇一些在預測新面有較佳結果的預測模式，用來評估及比較其 在毛豬供給預測上的能力，選出被用來比較的預測模式包括： １．天真模式。 ２．簡單移動平均模式。 ３．雙重移動平圴模式。 ４．單一指數平滑法 ５．雙重指數平滑法。 ６．單一方程式計量模型。 ７．單一變數Box-Jenkins 模式 ８．結構計量模型及時間數列分析。 ９．台灣省政府農林廳毛豬供給頭數預測模式。 四、研究結果：議Theils不等係數U而言，簡單移動平均模式之能力較佳，而單一 指數平滑法次之。以根平均平方百分誤差RMSP而言，單一變數Box-Jenkns模式較 好，結構計量模型與時間數列分析次之，再以偏誤成分Um 而言，單一變數Box-Jenk ins 模式之預測結果較理想

A Study on Market Power of the Rice Husking Industry in Taiwan

論文摘要 台灣地區的碾米產業自1981年來有明顯的結構變遷，據行政院主計處工商業普查資料，1976年碾米廠商總共有5717家，最大四廠占有率(CR4)僅為3.99%，顯示每家廠商的市場佔有率微不足道，接近於完全競爭的市場結構。然碾米廠商的家數卻由1981年的3408家減為的1075家，而CR4則由7.21%增加為55.48%。 相對於碾米廠商家數減少與集中度逐年提高，根據台閩地區農林漁牧業普查調查報告（1996），稻農仍屬零細分散的小規模經營。上述有關稻農與碾米廠商經營規模與集中度的變動情況，依照產業經濟理論，可能存在著不完全競爭的市場結構。因此本文的研究動機主要是想瞭解碾米產業是否為不完全競爭特性，以為未來市場環境發生變化時，作為政府政策與制度修訂之參考。 因此本研究運用比較靜態的新實証產業組織方法，導出一個可以用來衡量我國碾米產業寡買、寡賣力量的理論模型，根據所提出的四個基本假設進行驗証，利用可搜集的時間序列資料，以非線性三階最小平方法與逐漸移轉迴歸方法，推估實証模型，以分析國內碾米產業市場力量之大小、來源與變動趨勢，作為探討稻米市場開放後之可能衝擊效果亦可做為業者與政府之重要參考。茲將本文實証結果摘述如下： 一、碾米產業在稻穀產地市場與稻米批發市場具有不完全競爭結構，寡買力量為0.2667，寡賣力量為0.2134，可知碾米廠商在要素市場的寡買力量大於產出市場的寡賣力量。因此政府應確實執行「水旱田利用調整計畫」，讓稻米減產的數量約等於進口量，使稻米市場的大環境呈現供需平衡情況，加上政府握有庫存量可調節市場，不致使稻穀市場供應過於充裕，可減低碾米廠商殺低價格之寡買力量。 二、本文實証結果廠商的市場力量主要是來自於效率，最主要原因是大廠商以整體規劃的電腦自動化管理系統，來提高稻米的品質，降低製銷成本，另一方面透過向前統合在產品配銷系統增強銷售通路的影響力與銷售據點，以提昇廠商整體經營效率及競爭力。 當廠商面臨自國外進口稻米競爭壓力時，由於國際稻米原料價格比國內低，廠商為增加獲利空間，可能將國產米與進口米混合再出售，因此為了確保消費者權益與提昇國內稻米品質，政府除依「糧食管理法」之規定，落實包裝誠實標示加強檢驗與改善檢驗方法，並對違法業者處以罰鍰，以確保消費者權益外。政府應建立稻穀分級收購辦法，按不同品質給予不同收購價格，以期擴大等級之價格差距，來誘導稻農生產更合國人口味之良質米。 三、碾米廠商面臨非預期性稻米需求減少時，廠商的寡買、寡賣力量的確有減低，因此我們可以推論碾米廠商在購入稻穀原料市場與出售產品市場間有勾結行為，且要素市場的勾結行為大於產出市場，但兩者程度均不大。政府可透過提高市場之競爭性，讓市場供需資訊充分揭露，使廠商彼此相互、合理競爭，藉由技術再提昇，以碾製更好品質小包裝白米，來提高經營效率，滿足消費者需要，並促使稻農生產品質較好的良質米，提高稻農收益，增加廠商的競爭力。 四、稻米制度環境改變對碾米廠商的寡買、寡賣行為確實有結構變化，在樣本第一階段期間(1971至1983年)，沒有直接証據証實碾米廠商在購入稻穀原料與出售產品市場有不完全競爭行為，然在第一階段後的轉換期間(1984至1994年)寡買、寡賣行為分別由0.025與0.02逐年提高，在1994年達到最大值，分別是0.132與0.122，而第二階段(1995至1997年)廠商的寡買、寡賣行為與轉換期間的最大值約略相同，呈現一平穩的狀態。因此政府在擬定有關稻米政策時，一定要考慮它是否會對市場產生扭曲之影響。封面 論文摘要 目錄 第一章 緒論 第一第 研究動機 第二節 研究目的與基本命題 第三節 研究架構與流程 第四節 資料來源與研究範圍 第二章 臺灣地區稻米政策與市場結構 第一節 臺灣稻米政策之演變 第二節 稻米供給、需求與運銷現況 第三節 臺灣地區碾米產業的市場結構 第三章 文獻回顧與評述 第一節 市場開放與市場力量之理論架構 第二節 寡占力量的理論基礎 第三節 食品產業的新實證產業組織的實證研究 第四章 碾米產業實證模型的建立 第一節 寡買、寡賣的理論分析基礎 第二節 實證計量模型之建立 第三節 衡量市場力量的來源 第四節 逐漸移轉迴歸方法 第五章 碾米產業實證結果與分析 第一節 變數說明與資料處理 第二節 推估方法 第三節 實證結果與說明 第四節 稻米市場開放對國內市場之可能影響 第六章 結論與建議 第一節 結論 第二節 建議 第三節 本文限制及未來研究方向 參考文

The Laws and Systems Governing Genetically Modified Organisms in European Union

1.Title: The Laws and Systems Governing Genetically Modified Organisms in European Union.2.Research objective: There are some purposes of this project.The first one is to analysize the frameworks regulated by European Union ( EU )with respect to Genetically Modified Organisms ( GMOs ).The second one is to find some experiences with implementing the GMOs'regulations and negotiating with among members in EU or negotiating between EU and U.S.A..Finally, this project will draw some policy implications from EU's regulations and experiences to get sound solutions for international or national GMOs'problems faced by R.O.C..3.Agent of execution: 1.Prof.Dr.Wan-Tran Huang: Department of Agricultural Marketing, National Chung Hsing University, R.O.C..2.Prof.Dr.Schug: Bonn University, Germany.4.Project abstract: The government of R.O.C.had devoted to joining WTO for many years.The good result may come to be this year.The new round on agricultural agreement under WTO began from 2000.It is very important for Council of Agriculture ( COA )of R.O.C.to pay attention to some issues which will be debated by members of WTO with respect to agricultural negotiations.Based on the reports of WTO, there are some issues raised by U.S.A., EU, Cairns Group and NTC Group.The issue of GMOs is one of the most disputatious topics.GMO crops have only been planted since 1996, but they already account for 50%of the soybeans and cotton planted in the United States and 30%of the corn.The rapid spread of GMO foods has given rise to a worldwide debate.It is a debate with powerful ramifications politically and economically, as well as in terms of health, the environment, and ethical issues about science and its side effects.In the fall of 1998, the EU adopted the word's first regulation demanding that GMO foods be clearly labeled to allow consumer choice.On October 21, 1999, the EU adopted a 1%threshold, meaning that it was only those foods that contain more than 1%GMO in any ingredient that have to label as containing GMO.The European Parliament rejected two amendments to its proposed revision of EU laws governing GMO in early 2000.EU asserts that GMO legislation must provide a high level of protection for human health and environment, and at the same time allow society to profit from the benefits of these new technologies.GMO foods will increase with the improvement on the genetically engineer technologies.The market access faced by R.O.C.after joining WTO is an inevitable problem.That is to say, R.O.C.should import many kinds of agricultural products or foods from foreign countries, especially from U.S.A.which produces most of GMO crops or foods.It is necessary to wholly understand the regulations of GMO in order to make R.O.C.government, especially to COA, have right actions to govern the GMO problems in the near future.EU has many laws governing GMO and has fruitful experiences with handling GMO problems, so that this project will analysize EU's frameworks regulating GMO to give rise to some lessons from EU and to benefit R.O.C.for making decisions on governing GMO policy.In order to carry out the purposes described above, there are many procedures listed as follows: ( 1 )Collecting data: These data are secondary one including the laws and measures issued by EU for governing GMO, interviewing some officers or people who are working at the office of governing GMO in EU, and some research reports or articles about GMO.( 2 )Visiting the headquarter of EU or some countries such as Germany, France, Denmark, and Holland to understand the situations of importing GMO foods.( 3 )Finally, writing a research report is to give some policy implications drawn from the EU lessons with governing GMO to give R.O.C.regulating GMO issue.5.Prospect of research project: ( 1 )Collecting1.研究目的: 首是分析歐盟規範GMOs之架構, 其次是尋求歐盟執行GMOs規範之經驗, 以及歐盟各國之間與美國協商的經驗; 最後, 是由此引申對我國農政單位在規範GMOs與國際間協商之政策涵義.2.計畫內容摘要: 我國即將加入WTO, 而新回合的談判亦在2000展開.我農政單位尤應特別注意WTO締盟國之農業協商議題.據WTO的報告, 已經有美國、歐盟、凱因斯集團與NTC集團提出許多協商議題, 而GMOs乃是其中之一較具爭議性的議題.自1996之後, 就開始大量栽種GMO作物, 其中在美國就有50%之大豆與棉花和30%之玉米.由於GMOs食物的快速成長, 致引發世界性爭論, 此爭論內容涉及政治、經濟、人體健康、環境及倫理等的科學效果與其副作用.於1998秋季, 歐盟在世界上首先基於消費者觀點採取對GMO標示的作法; 即於199910月21日, 歐盟採1%的門檻, 指凡食品內含有GMO成份超出1%者就需標示.同時, 歐盟議會在2000初期, 亦否決有關規範GMO之修正, 堅稱GMO的規範必需確保人類健康與環境在一個高的水準, 同時允許社會可得利於此等的新技術.GMO食品將隨著基因工程技術的進步而增加, 而我國在加入WTO後將不可避免市場開放, 即將由國外進口許多農產品, 尤其自生產最多GMO產品的美國, 致我國農政單位有必要深入瞭解GMO議題, 並適時作出適當的協商反應.歐盟有許多規範GMO的法規, 且在處理GMO問題有豐富的經驗.基於此, 本計畫擬分析以歐盟規範GMO法規之架構, 由此獲其經驗, 作為我國農政單位處理GMO問題之政策參考.為達成上述的研究目的, 本計畫所採取的步驟有: ( 1 )收集相關資料: 此等資料包括歐盟規範GMO之法規、措施, 訪問歐盟從事規範官員之意見, 以及有關單位出版的文章.( 2 )赴歐盟總部與相關國家訪問: 如德國、法國、荷蘭、義大利、丹麥, 瞭解其規範GMO的制度與進口的情形.( 3 )期末報告與撰寫研究報告: 彙整有關資料分析結果與意見, 研議我國農政單位規範GMO的政策方向.3.計畫預期效益: ( 1 )收集與瞭解歐盟規範GMO體系的架構, 由此獲得其經驗.( 2 )基於此等經驗, 研提我國農政單位規範GMO食物的政策原則

A Study on the Development of Supermarket-Chainstore for Farmer Association in Taiwan Area

1. 探討現階段農會超市經營之主要問題： (1) 組織制度 (2) 經營能力：人才、資金、採購議價能力、或店面銷售等等。 2. 探討一般連鎖超市之組織建置與管理，如店址之選擇、店面擺設、員工考績辦法、利潤中心制度等等。 3. 推動農會超市連鎖化之前置規劃工作： (1) 農會連鎖超市之經營目標。 (2) 農會連鎖超市之經營主體。 (3) 農會連鎖超市之管理總部功能規劃。 (4) 管理總部與各分店之權責與利潤分派。 (5) 人才培訓與農會員工第二專長養成。 (6) 提供農會超市發展連鎖經營之策略。The supermarkets of farmer associations (SFA) in Taiwan were funded in 1984. The operational situations of these supermarkets gradually become less competitive because of the growth of non-SFA supermarkets and hypermarkets. Hence, this project will employ the approaches of AHP and Delphi to analyze the factors affecting formation the retailed pattern with the supermarket-chain. This project will choose the SFA locating in HuaNan-TaiTung area due to no more than four counties from the point of view the operation of supermarket- chain

A Study of Feeds Prices in Taiwan

1.分析飼料玉米、黃豆進口量與進口價格之不穩定性分析,其變動幅度與波動規則性。2.分析王米、黃豆進口市場與飼料市場競爭情況,包括廠商數目。3.分析玉米、黃豆粉市場每月供給量包括進口量與庫存與國內需求量間之關係。4.影響玉米、黃豆粉進口價格之市場因素,包括國際市場供需,國內季節性,船期等因素。5.分析飼料成本中,飼料玉米、黃豆粉、魚粉等直接材料費用所佔比率及長期變動趨勢。6.分析飼料成本中工資、設備、折舊、維修費、營運水電等管銷成本所佔比率及長期變動趨勢。7.擬定毛豬、肉雞與蛋雞飼料定價模式。1.To analyze the stability and variety of the import quantities and prices of feeds corn and soybean.2.To analyze the competition of corn, soybean import markets and feeds markets includeing the number of firms.3.To analyze the supply quantities per month including the relationship of the import quantities, stock and dometic demand.4.To analyze the effects of supply and demand in international markets, domestic season and shipping schedules on import prices of corn and soybean powder.5.To analyze the ratio and long term trend of feeds corn soybean powder in direct cost.6.To analyze the ratio and long term trend of wage, equipment, depreciation maintenance water and electricity in management and sale cost.7.To Determine the pricing model of hog, broiler and layer

The Comparison of Strategies with Strengthening Competitiveness of Agricultural Product Markets between R.O.C. (Taiwan) and Germany

(1)探敦討Q與P分尷析R我痚國篧農A產ㄚ品~市奕場囃競v爭尾優u勢？.(2)探敦討Q與P分尷析R德w國篧農A產ㄚ品~市奕場囃競v爭尾優u勢？.(3)探敦討Q與P分尷析R提ㄓ升玊我痚國篧農A產ㄚ品~市奕場囃競v爭坐之孝策曳略？.(4)探敦討Q與P分尷析R提ㄓ升冱德w國篧農A產ㄚ品~市奕場囃競v爭坐之孝策曳略？.(5)比騆較？兩滶國窵提ㄓ升犮市奕場囃競v爭孝策曳略中及峔其銢政F策曳涵[義q透z過L分尷析R兩滶國篧農A產ㄚ品~市奕場鶞的瘧競v爭尾優u勢梬與P所珣採藻行瑼的熊策曳略丑，A藉？德w國磢的爾經g驗蝖，A提ㄗ供悝我痚國磥今筍後嵹國窶產ㄚ品~對鴽抗僆進i口f品~之孝策曳略六與P加[強j外~銷P的熊策曳略丑。CTitle: The Comparison of Strategies with Strengthening Competitiveness of Agricultural Product Markets Between R.O.C. (Taiwan) and Germany. Objective: There are some purposes of this project. On the one hand, it is to understand and to analyze the current competitiveness of agricultural product markets with respect to the competition strategies adopted by R.O.C. and Germany. On the other hand, this project is to compare these strategies in terms of competitive advantages and disadvantages based on the current competitiveness. Finally, this project will draw some policy implications for R.O.C. government (especially to COA) and for some specific industries with respect of market access after joining WTO. Executing Institute: 1. Department of Marketing, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, R.O.C. 2. Department of Agricultural Economics, National Chung Hsing University. 3. Bonn University, Germany. Abstract: R.O.C. (Taiwan area) will be the member of WTO at the end of 2001. By WTO rules, Taiwan must adopt the market access to import agricultural products, so as to induce more competition for domestic products on imported products. The de facto case is that COA has been adopted some agricultural projects involving with strengthening competitiveness of domestic products since mid-1997. These projects are divided into three kinds, i.e., to reduce costs of production and marketing, to lighten the government burden of compensation aids for imported damages, and to segment markets, with respect to strengthen competitiveness. Germany is the member of WTO for a long time. Based on Agenda 2000, the agricultural reform continues the process of market and environment orientation in the agricultural sector, strengthening the competitiveness of domestic agricultural on international markets. There are some changes in the underlying conditions for the German food industry. These changes include the dimentions of internationalisation of the markets, changes in the food trade, harmonisation of legal conditions, changes in food demand, and changes of political conditions. The competitiveness of the German food industry plays an important role for the further development of the value-added chain Important advantages are the excellent endowment of production factors, the good infrastructure, the large home market with high purchasing power and demanding and sophisticated consumers, the good domestic image of German food, and the existence of competitive suppliers in the related and supporting industries. Disadvantages for the German food industry are high labour costs and social security charges combined with rigid labour market regulations and small wage differentiation, deficits in the strategic orientation and strategic marketing in the food industry, structural deficits with respect to the size of companies, plants, and farms, and high taxes and public charges. This project will employ the concept of the elements of competitive advantage developed by Porter, M. E. in 1980 and 1985, in order to carry out the purposes mentioned above. ProspectAfter joining WTO Taiwan's agricultural sector will face more competitive in terms of domestic agricultural on international markets. Germany has some experiences with enchanceing competitiveness after joining GATT/WTO. To date, Germany still adopts some strategies to strengthen the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products on international markets. This project hopes to draw some lessons from Germany experiences to give some policy implications from the point of view of strengthening the competitiveness of Taiwan agricultural products on international markets