Recruitment of cyanobacteria from sediment of the Shanzai Reservoir

采用正交试验考察了温度、光照、营养盐和物理扰动4个因素对山仔水库冬季沉积物中蓝藻复苏的影响,每个因素设置两个水平,培养周期为6d,并以蓝藻复苏量为考察指标.结果表明,温度和光照为蓝藻复苏的主要影响因子,上覆水体的营养盐、物理扰动对沉积物中蓝藻门复苏的影响作用不显著,不同的蓝藻种属对温度和光照条件的响应程度不完全一致,蓝藻门微囊藻属(MICrOCySTIS)对温度和光照的复苏响应显著,颤藻属(OSCIllATOrIA)仅对温度的复苏响应显著.同时,通过设置6.0~16.0℃之间6个温度梯度及50和2000lX两个光照梯度,进行了沉积物柱状样复苏模拟实验.结果显示,山仔水库冬季沉积物微囊藻属和颤藻属在10℃左右开始复苏,微囊藻属对光的敏感性使其更容易处于优势地位.The effects of four environmental factors,including temperature,light,nutrient and physical disturbance,on the cyanobacteria recruitment from the winter sediment in the eutrophic Shanzai Reservoir were investigated using an orthogonal experiment.Two levels were designed for each factor and the experiments lasted for six days.The results showed that temperature and light were the most important for the recruitment of Microcystis and Oscillatoria.Increasing temperature would promote the recruitment of Microcystis and Oscillatoria which would make the cyanobacteria to dominate.The effects of the overlying water nutrient status and the physical disturbance on the recruitment of Microcystis and Oscillatoria from sediments were not obvious.Based on the results,different temperatures and light intensities were designed in the simulation experiment.The incubation temperatures were increased from 6.0 to 16.0 ℃ with six levels while each temperature level was kept for four days under 2000 and 50 lx light intensities,respectively.Recruitment was calculated by the diminution of benthic cyanobacteria abundance,and moreover,by the increase of cyanobacteria abundance in the water column.It is shown that the recruitment of Microcystis and Oscillatoria started at about 10 ℃.It was also demonstrated that the migration of Microcystis from the sediments was more pronounced at higher light intensity(2000 lx) than in dark(50 lx) treatments.国家自然科学基金项目(No.41101060);福建省自然科学基金(No.2010J01250);福建省教育厅科学研究基金(No.JA10085);厦门大学近海与海洋环境国家重点实验室青年学者访问基金项目(No.MELRS1103)---

一步炭化磺化法制备煤基固体酸催化剂及其表征Preparation of coal based solid acid catalyst by one-step carbonization sulfonation and its characterization

以胜利褐煤为原料，通过浓硫酸一步炭化磺化法制备煤基固体酸催化剂，以油酸和甲醇的酯化反应评价催化剂的催化活性。采用单因素实验考察了固液比、磺化温度、磺化时间对催化活性的影响。采用红外光谱、元素分析、BET、SEM、XRD、热重分析等对煤基固体酸催化剂进行表征。结果表明，当磺化温度为110 ℃、磺化时间为90 min、固液比为1∶ 17时，煤基固体酸催化剂具有最优的催化活性，其催化油酸和甲醇的酯化反应的酯化率达到93.50%。煤基固体酸催化剂为具有较低石墨化程度的无定形碳结构，磺酸基已成功键合到了碳基载体上，同时具有丰富的含氧官能团，其表面呈现密集孔结构，且以介孔为主。煤基固体酸催化剂在低于140 ℃时具有较好的热稳定性，重复使用5次后，催化酯化率为57.21%。 Using Shengli lignite as raw material, coal based solid acid catalyst was prepared by one-step carbonization sulfonation of concentrated sulfuric acid. The catalytic activity of the catalyst was evaluated by esterification reaction of oleic acid and methanol.The effects of solid-liquid ratio, sulfonation temperature and sulfonation time on the catalytic activity were investigated.The coal based solid acid catalyst was characterized by IR, EA, BET, SEM, XRD and TG-DTG.The results showed that when the sulfonation temperature was 110 ℃, the sulfonation time was 90 min, and the solid-liquid ratio was 1∶ 17, the coal based solid acid catalyst had the best catalytic activity with the esterification rate reaching 93.50%.The catalyst was amorphous carbon structure with low graphitization degree. The sulfonic acid group was successfully bonded to the carbon-based support. The catalyst had abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, and its surface presented dense pore structure, which was mainly mesoporous. The catalyst had better thermal stability below 140 ℃. After repeated use for 5 times, the esterification rate was 57.21%

一种电火花空化实验的电极位置精细控制装置

本发明属于电火花诱导空化的设备技术领域，针对现有技术中人手直接去搭接电极存在危险性及随机性的技术问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种电火花空化实验的电极位置精细控制装置，包括电极调节杆和横向滑轨，电极固定在电极调节杆上，所述电极调节杆通过滑动支架安装于横向滑轨上，滑动支架相对于横向滑轨左右移动，控制电极调节杆左右移动，进而改变电极搭接点的位置。本发明通过上下调节机构调节电极搭接点距离壁面的距离；通过左右调节机构控制电极调节杆左右移动，进而改变电极搭接点的位置，操作方便快捷，避免了人手去搭接电极存在较大的随机性和危险性，搭接点的位置容易控制，从而有利于保证实验的稳定性

Seal types of water-entry cavities generated by the impact of spheres with decreasing Bond number

The evolution of water-entry cavities gives rise to interesting dynamic phenomena that occur in nature and engineering fields. The evolution and seal types of the cavities remain unsettled at Bo less than 10(-2) since it is difficult to propel a small sphere to impact a water surface at high speed. In the present study, an experiment based on the laserdriven principle is conducted to accelerate a small sphere to hundreds m/s. The types of cavity seal are classified as quasi-static, shallow seal, deep seal, and surface seal within a Bo range of 1-7.57x10(-2). The transition mechanism from a shallow seal to a deep seal is investigated by analyzing the cross-sectional characteristics of cavity necks. With a further decrease in Bo (5.69x10(-2)-8.41x10(-3)), the shallow seal is changed directly to a surface seal since the pinch-off time of the cross section at the cavity neck decreases with Bo, and hence, the deep seal disappears. Finally, a parameter study is conducted by varying We and Bo in the air cavity. Two boundaries are obtained: We approximate to 64 for the transition between quasi-static and shallow seals and We approximate to 326 for the transition between shallow seals and surface seals

Preparation and Performance of 3D Graphene Type Porous Carbon Employing Nano Fe(OH)3 as Template for Oxygen Reduction Catalyst

以煤焦油沥青为碳源，纳米Fe(OH)3为模板制备了一种三维石墨烯类多孔碳材料，通过测试氧还原性能，确定了最佳制备工艺为：反应物煤沥青，纳米Fe(OH)3，KOH的质量配比为6:8:4，热解温度为800 ℃. 扫描电镜（SEM）测试结果表明，制得的产品具有明显的孔结构且分布均匀. 透射电镜（TEM）测试结果进一步表明，产品具有泡沫状的多孔结构，高分辨透射电子显微镜图像表明该产品具有多层的三维石墨烯结构. X射线衍射（XRD）数据表明，在29o位置出现的衍射峰是多层石墨烯结构，42o位置的衍射峰表明，产品具有一定程度的石墨化. 由拉曼光谱结果计算IG与I2D的比值表明产品为多层石墨烯结构. X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）检测到的C元素含量约为88.7%，主要包含C-C键，图谱中未发现铁元素的存在，证明纳米Fe(OH)3模板已被洗净. 根据比表面积测定（BET）可知，多孔碳的比表面积为2040 m2•g-1，孔径集中分布在10~400 nm，这与TEM测试得到的结果一致. 在0.1 mol•L-1 KOH中进行催化氧还原性能测试，起始还原电位为0 V (vs. Hg/HgO)，电子转移数为3.58。测试结果表明，制得的三维石墨烯类多孔碳具有良好的催化氧还原性能.The 3D graphene type porous carbon was prepared using coal tar pitch as carbon source and nano Fe(OH)3 as template. Optimal conditions for the catalytic oxygen reduction performance were determined as: the mass ratio of coal tar, nano Fe(OH)3 and KOH is 6:8:4; the pyrolysis temperature is 800 oC. SEM images show that the products have uniformly porous structure. TEM images demonstrate that the products are porous with foam shapes. HRTEM images further indicate that the products have formed several-layers 3D graphene structure, which are also supported by XRD and Raman data, and the pore size mainly distributes in 10 ~ 40 nm. XRD data show that the materials have a certain degree of graphitization. XPS spectra indicate that nano Fe(OH)3  template is washed out with no iron being detected and C element content is about 88.7% mainly comprising C—C bond. BET results demonstrate that the specific surface area is 2040 m2•g-1, the pore size distribution concentrates in 10 ~ 40 nm which is consistent with the results obtained by HRTEM. Electrochemical performances were tested in 0.1 mol•L-1 KOH, the initial reduction potential is 0 V (vs. Hg/HgO ) and the electron transfer number is 3.58. Such low-cost, good performance material is potentially useful for oxygen reduction catalyst.国家自然科学基金（Nos. 21276148 和 21076119) 和化学工程国家重点实验室（天津大学）开放课题(No. SKL-ChE-14B01)资助作者联系地址：山东理工大学 化学工程学院，淄博，255049Author's Address: School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology，Zibo 255049, China通讯作者E-mail：[email protected]

草炭绿化荒漠

1993-1996年与日本草炭研究会开始“草炭绿化荒漠”的研究工作,1997-2000年开始执行中日政府间JICA合作研究,1998年9月-2001年9月开始中国科学院重大国际合作特别支持项目。该项目以中国科学院阜康荒漠生态试验站为基地,利用草炭改良荒漠,寻求绿化荒漠的新方法、新技术,改善干旱区环境为目的。研究包括草炭的基本性质、土壤-植物系统与水份关系、草炭改土效果、草炭制剂的研究制、草炭利用新技术、草炭的土壤中分解速率和利用年限、草炭绿化荒漠机理等。研制的“草炭土壤调理剂”获发明专利,该制剂可为作物提供全方位的水份和养份供应,为有机肥工业化提供了良好前景;研究方法上采用了盆栽、小区和同位素..