我国造纸工业污染减排研究

本文立足于我国造纸业工业发展现状,分析了我国造纸行业的环境污染和治理现状,并剖析了造纸行业存在的主要问题,为促进我国造纸工业的污染减排提出了建议和对策

Development of ECF and TCF Bleaching in Non-wood Pulp Industry in China

制浆造纸行业COd排放量占全国工业COd排放量的30%以上,而产量仅占24%的非木浆行业占污染负荷的60%以上,对我国环境污染极大。非木浆由我国国情决定而存在,在目前尚无法完全取缔非木浆企业的情况下,积极发展以ECf和TCf漂白工艺为基础的非木浆是我国制浆造纸工业持久发展的一种选择,也是我国造纸行业污染物减排的一条重要途径。COD emission from pulp and paper industry accounts for more than 30% of industrial COD emission,while non-wood pulp industry has the pollution load of more than 60% with output of 24% only,which arouse great environmental pollution in China.Under the current condition of not entirely prohibition of non-wood pulp industry,the positive development of non-wood pulp industry based on ECF and TCF process is a choice to achieve sustainable development for pulp and paper industry in China,and also an important way to reduce pollutant emission from paper industry

Damage to mangroves from extreme cold in early 2008 in southern China

通讯作者Author for correspondence (E-mail: [email protected])2008年初,我国南方19个省经历了50年一遇的持续低温雨雪冰冻天气。极端气候对华南沿海各省的红树林区造成不同程度的危害。2008年3月,在我国南方各省红树林区的10个代表性地点,对这次寒害造成的红树植物伤害程度进行了系统的调查。结果表明:冬季低温对红树林的影响极为显著,特别是在低纬度的海南、广西和广东湛江,由于极端低温正值夜间退潮,对红树林的影响更为显著;在纬度较高的福建,本地红树种类秋茄(Kandelia obovata)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和白骨壤(Avicennia marina)及引种的木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)等,由于长期适应于冬季较低的气温或在种植前经过抗寒锻炼,具有较强的抗寒能力。各地主要红树植物中,广布种秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤最为耐寒,其耐寒性均大于红树科的木榄、海莲(Bruguiera sexangula)和红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)。海桑(Sonneratia caseolaris)对温度的敏感性最强,抗寒能力最低,因此,即使在其原产地海南也受到较为严重的寒害,在纬度更高的引种地出现大面积受害甚至全部死亡,而从孟加拉国引种的无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)却显示出一定的抗寒能力。同一地点的红树植物幼苗的抗寒能力低于大树。此次寒害也造成了苗圃场的种苗大量死亡,成熟的植株提前落花落果,这势必会影响后继一两年内红树林的自然更新和人工造林。因此,在未来红树林造林或人工引种中,一定要考虑到红树植物的抗寒能力。国家自然科学基金(30671646和30700092);厦门大学“闽江学者”启动基

Waste Treatments and Environmental Impacts in Zijinshan Gold Mine of Shanghang

金矿的开采会产生大量的废渣和废矿石，氰化法提金则产生大量含氯废水，如果未能妥善处理，将严重污染地表水和地下水，以及周边生态环境。该文对上杭紫金山金矿的生产工艺、废水废渣处理情况进行了调研，并提出矿山生态环境保护措施建议。A lot of wastes,including waste water,solid waste and others,are produced in gold mine. If the wastes are not properly treated,the environment will be severely polluted. The investigation about the production technique and the waste treatment was carried out in Zijinshan Gold Mine of Shanghang,Fnujia and the results are reported. The peper puts forward the protecting measures for ecological environment

Distribution of organotins in surface sediment of Western Xiamen Harbour and Minjiang Estuary

对 1 996年 1 0月在闽江口和 1 999年 6月在厦门西港采集的表层沉积物样品中有机锡的含量进行分析 ,结果表明 ,TBT、DBT和MBT在所有厦门西港表层沉积物样品中均被检出 ,除XM 2 1A和XM 2 1B外 ,其它站位的TBT中Sn元素浓度均低于4.3× 1 0 -9(m/m)干重 ,DBT中Sn元素浓度均低于 1 .8× 1 0 -9(m/m)干重 ,MBT中Sn元素浓度均低于 1 .0× 1 0 -9(m/m )干重 .闽江口表层沉积物中TBT、DBT和MBT均未被检出或低于方法检测限 .文中讨论了这两地区影响有机锡含量及其分布的环境因子Butyltin(TBT), Dibutyltin(DBT) and Monobutyltin(MBT) in surface sediment samples collected from Western Xiamen Harbour and Minjiang Estuary have been determined. The concentrations of TBT, DBT and MBT(Sn) in most Western Xiamen Harbour samples are lower than 4.3, 1.8 and 1.0×(10 -9 m/m ) dry weight,respectively. And the concentrations of TBT, DBT and MBT in Minjiang Estuary samples were nondetectable or under the determination limit. [WT5F1

ANALYSIS OF TRACE ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES IN WATER WITH PLANT ENZYME MEMBRANE EXTRACTION- GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

建立了植物酶膜萃取 气相色谱分析水体中痕量有机磷农药的方法 .实验表明 ,选用精面粉作为酶源并用纯水萃取所得的植物酶最为合适 .乐果、对硫磷和甲基对硫磷三种有机磷农药的检测限为 0 1 μg·l- 1;多次测定三种农药的加标回收率均达70 %以上 .A method for analysis of trace organophosphorus pesticides in water with plant enzyme membrane extraction-gas chromatography has been developed.The enzyme extracted from refined wheat flour with distilled water was selected for the experiment.The determination limit was as low as 0.1 μg·l -1 .The recoveries for dimethoate,parathion and methyl parathion were all over 70%.福建省自然科学基金 (D0 0 2 0 0 0 2 )资助项

Rapid Determination of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides in Water Samples with Plant-Hydrolases

应用植物水解酶抑制技术快速检测水样中有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药 ,对反应的温度、pH和时间进行优化 .常用的几种有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药的测定限在 0 .0 0 15～ 0 .33mg·L-1范围内 .应用本方法对被农药污染的某河段进行了监测A technique using plant-hydrolases for determination of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in water has been developed. The parameters, including reaction temperature, pH and reaction time, have been optimized. For some commonly used organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, the detection limit range is between 0.0015～0.33 mg·L -1. With the proposed technique, a survey has been carried out to screen organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in river

鹿坏死杆菌病的诊断和治疗

平山野生动物实验场鹿场１９９３年３月至９月间，成年梅花鹿和马鹿、４月龄仔鹿先后发病。共计死亡３４只。经流行病学调查、临床症状、病理剖检和细菌学检查，确诊本病系由坏死杆菌（Ｆｕｓｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｎｅｃｒｏｐｈｏｒｕｍ）引起的坏死杆菌病。用大剂量青霉素、链霉素、氨基比林治疗效果良好，并有预防作用

DETERMINATION OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AND CARBAMATE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN VEGETABLES USING A PLANT-HYDROLYSES INHIBITION TECHNIQUE

应用植物酶抑制技术检测蔬菜中的有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药 .用小柱对样品进行预处理 ,可去除叶绿素的干扰、提高检测灵敏度 .提出了抑制率阈值 ( 1 5 % ) .应用本方法对市售蔬菜的农药残留进行了调查 ,检出率约为 1 0 % .A detection method for pesticide residues in vegetables has been developed using a plant- hydrolyses inhibition technique.The chlorophyll exiting in vegetables has been removed using a minicolumn filled with Celite 545.Thus the method sensitivity has been improved.The threshold of percent inhibition is suggested(15%).The developed method has been applied to a vegetable survey in market

基于激光扫描技术的盾构渣土改良状态自动识别方法

为促进渣土改良状态评价方法向着规范化、自动化的方向发展，提出一种基于激光扫描技术的盾构渣土改良状态快速自动识别方法。针对不同含水率和泡沫注入比的粗粒土试样开展坍落度试验，采用激光扫描仪获得坍落体中心位置竖向截面轮廓点云数据，并通过计算机提取截面轮廓几何特征点，获得试样的坍落度和割线角，建立以坍落度和割线角的合适范围作为合适改良状态评价指标的自动识别方法。研究结果表明：采用坍落度和坍落体割线角可以准确识别改良粗粒土的改良状态；相对于传统坍落度试验，该方法的突出优点是可自动扫描并快速识别渣土的改良状态；室内坍落度试验结果验证了该方法对粗粒土试样改良状态识别的有效性，可为研究盾构水平传送带上渣土截面轮廓几何特征和渣土改良状态识别提供参考。In order to promote the development of the evaluation method of the workability of the conditioned soil of EPB shield tunneling in the direction of standardization and automation, a method for rapid automatic identification of the conditioned status of soil for EPB shield tunneling based on laser scanning technology was proposed. A series of specimens with different water contents and foam injection ratios were tested for slump test, and the laser scanner was used to obtain the point cloud data of the vertical cross-section profile at the center of the slump. The slump degree and its secant angle of the slumping body were calculated with the computer by extracting the cross-section profile feature points. In addition, an automatic identification method was established with the appropriate range of slump degree and secant angle of the slumping body as the appropriate improvement state evaluation index. The results show that the workability of the conditioned coarse-grained soil can be accurately identified by using the slump degree and the secant angle of the slumping body. The outstanding advantage of the method is that the workability of the conditioned soil can be automatically scanned and quickly identified compared with the traditional slump test to evaluate the workability of the conditioned soil. The laboratory testing results verify that this method is effective for the identification of the conditioned state of coarse-grained soil specimens. This method can provide reference for studying the contour characteristics of the soil section on the shield horizontal conveyor belt and identifying the conditioned state of the soil. © 2023 Central South University of Technology. All rights reserved