试论中国检察权的定位

中国检察制度是在中国古代御史制度、西方检察制度和前苏联检察制度的共同作用下形成的。因此中国检察权的定位必须置于中国现有的政治体制、文化环境等实际情况,使之符合中国国情。只有这样,才有利于中国检察权的改革和完善

从传媒监督看中国消费者保护

媒体在我国经济舆论监督尤其在保护消费者权益方面,起着重要的作用。首先.从媒体在消费者权益保护方面优缺并存的现状中认识到需要有其它手段与其相辅相成。继而从立法,行政,司法三个方面思考我国消费者权益保护的现状。从而总结出:我国现行的消费者保护体系还不构完善第二.保护消费者,其实就是保护我们赖以生存的最基本的空间。消费者保护的急迫性,引发我们对如何保护消费者权益进行了思考

加拿大海盆河水组分的平均停留时间

通过对西北冰洋海水中18O,226Ra,228Ra的分析,应用δ18O-S-PO*示踪体系计算了水体中河水组分和海冰融化水组分的份额,并根据陆架区与深海盆228Ra/226Ra)A.R.与河水组分之关系的差异估算海盆区河水组分的平均停留时间.结果表明,加拿大海盆的河水份额明显高于陆架区,证实该海盆是陆架所输送河水的主要储存区.楚科奇陆架、波弗特陆架水体中的228Ra活度浓度介于0.16～1.22Bq/m3之间,比中、低纬度陆架区的数值来得低,反映出海冰融化水的影响.陆架水228Ra/226Ra)A.R.与河水组分份额之间具有良好的线性正相关关系,而加拿大海盆水体的228Ra/226Ra)A.R.落在该拟合线下方,反映出水体离开陆架区往深海盆运移过程中228Ra的放射性衰变损失.根据陆架水与海盆水228Ra/226Ra)A.R.与河水组分份额之关系的差异估算出加拿大海盆河水组分的平均停留时间为5.0～11.0a.该停留时间决定了北大西洋深层水形成区域上层水体淡化对北冰洋入海径流响应的滞后时间.教育部新世纪优秀人才基金(批准号:NCET-04-0593);; 中国首次北极科学考察专项基金资助项

Distribution of ~(226)Ra in the Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea and its hydrologic implications

Radium-226 (226Ra) activities were measured in the surface water samples collected from the Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea during the First Chinese National Arctic Research Ex-pedition. The results showed that 226Ra concentrations in the surface water ranged from 0.28 to 1.56 Bq/m3 with an average of 0.76 Bq/m3 in the Arctic Ocean, and from 0.25 to 1.26 Bq/m3 with an average of 0.71 Bq/m3 in the Bering Sea. The values were obviously lower than those from open oceans in middle and low latitudes, indicating ...supported by the First Chinese National Arctic Research Expedi-tion Program

The cross-shelf exchange of surface nutrients in the Bering Sea elucidated from --(228)Ra tracer

对白令海表层海水228rA的分析表明,白令海表层海水228rA比活度从低于检测限变化至0.81 bQ/M3,低于西北冰洋陆架区的报道值。表层水228rA比活度和228rA/226rA)A.r.的空间分布均呈现由西南部中心海盆向东北部陆架区增加的趋势。由228rA/226rA)A.r.和盐度的关系揭示出白令海环流、白令海陆坡流和阿拉斯加沿岸流对228rA和228rA/226rA)A.r.分布有明显影响。运用一维稳态扩散模型计算出白令海由中心海盆向东北部陆架方向上水体混合的水平涡动扩散系数为1.9x108M2/d。结合海盆-陆架界面营养盐的水平浓度梯度,估算得硝酸盐、活性磷酸盐和活性硅酸盐由白令海中心海盆向东北部陆架区的水平输送通量,该通量对白令海东北部陆架区新生产力的贡献很小,其他途径输送的营养盐更为重要。Surface water in the Bering Sea was collected in July-September 1999 for 228Ra measurements and used as a tracer for the cross-shelf exchange of nutrients.The specific activity of surface 228Ra ranges from below detection to 0.81 Bq/m3,which is lower than that reported in the western shelves of the Arctic Ocean.The spatial distribution of 228Ra and 228Ra/226Ra)A.R.shows an increase from the central basin to the northeastern shelf.The relationship between 228Ra/226Ra)A.R.and salinity indicates the influence of the Bering gyre,the Bering Slope Current and the Alaska Coastal Current on 228Ra and 228Ra/226Ra)A.R..Based on a one-dimensional steady state model of 228Ra,the horizontal eddy diffusion coefficient in study areas was calculated to be 1.9×108 m2/d.The horizontal exchange fluxes of nutrients from the central basin to the northeastern shelf were estimated by combining the horizontal eddy diffusion coefficient and the spatial gradients of nutrients.The surface horizontal input of nitrate to the northeastern shelf only contributed a small fraction to the new production in the northeastern Bering Sea shelf waters,indicating the importance of other nutrient input pathways in supporting new production on the northeastern Bering shelf.国际极地年中国行动计划项目;中国第三次北极科学考察资助项目;福建省自然科学基金杰出青年基金项目(2009J06026

北冰洋、白令海~(226)Ra的分布及其水文学意义

中国首次北极科学考察期间（1999年7～9月）,于北冰洋、白令海分别采集了13份和20份大体积水样,用于226Ra的分析.结果表明,北冰洋、白令海表层海水中226Ra含量分别介于 0.28～1.56和 0.25～1.26 Bq/m3之间,平均含量分别为 0.76和 0.71Bq/m3,明显低于其他中低纬度开阔大洋表层水的数值,说明部分研究海域受海冰融化水的影响.白令海表层水226Ra的空间分布呈现由南向北降低的趋势,体现出低226Ra海冰融化水与高226Ra太平洋水的混合交换.北冰洋表层水中226Ra的空间分布呈现由南向北、由西向东增加之态势,与水团组成中河水份额的变化趋势相一致.这与河水具有高226Ra的特征相吻合.北冰洋加拿大海盆226Ra的垂直分布显示,“上跃层水”,所处的200 m深度存在226Ra的极大值,鉴于高226Ra特征主要出现在太平洋水或与沉积物交换的水体中,说明该极大值主要来自太平洋水或底部陆架水的输入,与2h和18O示踪剂获得的结果相吻合中国首次北极科学考察资助项

SURFACE DISTRIBUTION of RADIUM ISOTOPES IN THE PRYDZ BAY AND ITS ADJACENT SEA AREAS

中国第27次南极科学考察期间(2010年12月30日至2011年1月16日),对普里兹湾及其邻近海域表层海水进行了226rA和228rA的分析,结果表明:226rA和228rA比活度的变化范围分别为1.47—2.43bQ/M3和0.17—0.45bQ/M3,平均值分别为2.13bQ/M3和0.29bQ/M3,228rA/226rA)A.r.(228rA与226rA的活度比)的变化范围为0.08—0.20,平均值为0.14。根据盐度和226rA的质量平衡方程,计算出研究海域表层水中冰融水、南极夏季表层水和普里兹湾中深层水的份额。研究海域表层水中温度、盐度、226rA、228rA、228rA/226rA)A.r.和冰融水份额的空间分布显示,在埃默里冰架前沿海域,西侧海域较东侧海域具有低温、高盐、高226rA、低228rA、低228rA/226rA)A.r.、低冰融水份额的特征,证实埃默里冰架下水体东进西出的运动规律。根据埃默里冰架前沿东、西侧水体228rA/226rA)A.r.的差异,估算出埃默里冰架下表层水体东进西出所经历的时间为1.85A。此外,在普里兹湾湾口中部海域(66.5—67.5°S,72°—74°E),观察到次表层水的上升通风作用,该区域较高的228rA含量和228rA/226rA)A.r.证明这些表层水体并非来自湾外绕极深层水的上涌,而可能来自湾内埃默里冰架输出水体。226Ra and 228 Ra in surface water in the Prydz Bay Antarctica and its adjacent sea areas were measured during the 27 th China Antarctic Research Expedition(from December 30, 2010 to January 16, 2011).Our results show that 226 Ra and 228 Ra activity concentrations ranged from 1.47 to 2.43Bq/m3 and from 0.17 to 0.45Bq/m3, in average of 2.13Bq/m3 and 0.29Bq/m3, respectively.228Ra/226Ra)A.R.varied from 0.08 to 0.20 in average of 0.14.Based on mass balance of salinity and 226 Ra, fractions of three components, i.e.ice-melted water, Antarctic summer surface water, and the Prydz Bay deep water, were calculated.Along the front of the Amery ice shelf, characteristics of low temperature, high salinity, high 226 Ra, low 228 Ra, low 228Ra/226Ra)A.R.and low fraction of the ice-melted water were observed in the western region compared to the eastern region, indicating that waters flow into the ice shelf in the eastern region and exit in the western region.The elapsed time for surface water transport from the eastern to the western was estimated as 1.85 a according to the change of surface 228Ra/226Ra)A.R..In addition, ventilation of sub-surface water was observed in the central mouth of the Prydz Bay(66.5°—67.5°S, 72—74°E).Relatively high 228 Ra and 228Ra/226Ra)A.R.in the central mouth of the Prydz Bay suggested that these surface waters came from the exported waters from the western Amery ice shelf, not from the upwelling of circumpolar deep water.南北极环境综合考察与评估专项;CHINARE2014-01-04-03号;CHINARE2014-04-01-06号; 国家自然科学基金杰出青年基金项目;41125020号; 厦门大学海洋科学国家人才基地项目;2013C01

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong River Estuary in China

利用微滤和超滤技术研究了九龙江河口区表层水中铀及其同位素组成的粒级分布和地球化学行为.结果表明,溶解态(0.4μm)中,各粒级组分238U所占份额主要受控于相应颗粒物的浓度,在盐度小于20的区域,各粒级颗粒组分238U占颗粒态的份额有如下变化次序:10~53μm>2~10μm>0.4~2μm>大于53μm,而在盐度大于30的近外海站位,该次序发生一些变化:0.4~2μm>10~53μm>2~10μm>大于53μm,最小粒级颗粒组分238U的贡献有所增加,反映了自生铀贡献的加强.九龙江河口区表层水中溶解态(包括低分子量组分和胶体态)的234U/238U)A.R.均大于1,显示出234U过剩的特征,而各粒级颗粒组分中的234U/238U)A.R.则接近于平衡值(1.0).这一现象与陆地岩石风化过程中水体对铀的淋滤释出量及234U的优先浸出有关.对232Th/238U质量比的研究显示,溶解态及其所包括的低分子量组分和胶体态的232Th/238U质量比均小于1,而颗粒态及其所包括的4个粒级组分中的232Th/238U质量比均大于1,反映了向外海输送过程中铀、钍地球化学行为的差异.Surface waters were collected from the Jiulong River Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions,namely,>53 μm,10～53 μm,2～10 μm,0.4～2 μm,10 000 u～0.4 μm and 0.4 μm),the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations.In the regions with salinity less than 20,the partitioning of 238U among different size fractions was as follows: 10～53 μm > 2～10 μm > 0.4～2 μm > larger than 53 μm.However,the order at the offshore station with salinity larger than 30 was changed as follows: 0.4～2 μm > 10～53 μm > 2～10 μm > larger than 53 μm.The fraction of the 0.4～2 μm particles increased at the offshore station,suggesting the increased contribution of the autogenetic uranium.234U/238U)A.R.in the dissolved phase,including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction,was larger than 1,showing the occurrence of excess 234U.In contrast,234U/238U)A.R.in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value(1.0).The observed different values of 234U/238U)A.R.in the dissolved and particulate phases were ascribed to the preferential leaching of 234U and the small amount of the leaching particulate uranium.The 232Th/238U mass ratios also showed different values between dissolved and particulate phases.232Th/238U mass ratios in the dissolved,colloidal and the low molecular mass fractions were less than 1,while those in the different size fractions of particulate phases were larger than 1,reflecting the different behavior between uranium and thorium during their transport into the ocean.国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(2005CB422305);; 中国矿产资源研究开发协会“十五”科技攻关项目(DY105-02-04和DY105-02-01