全面二孩政策不足以缓解我国人口老龄化问题

【摘要】自2016年1月1日起,我国的独生子女政策正式为全面二孩政策所替代,即每对夫妇均可生育两个孩子。我们在新发表的 IZA 讨论稿(Wang et al.,2016)中系统地考察了计划生育政策对我国劳动力市场的影响,并讨论了现有及预期的政策变化。我们的模拟结果显示:为减轻我国的人口老龄化,现在推出全面二孩政策可能为时已晚,其效果未必显著。我国的计划生育政策不单指独生子女政策,它是由诸多政策组成的我国最基础的社会政策之一。我国政府于1962年最初出台了计划生育政策,而众所周知的独生子女政策直到1980 年才开始实施。即便在1980年后,在二十世纪八十年代中期,计划生育政策也有很大的区域差异和变化,例如对少数民族豁免了独生义务,也放松了农村地区独生子女政策。自2016年1月1日起,我国的独生子女政策正式为全面二孩政策所替代,即每对夫妇都可生育两个孩子。我国的计划生育政策对我国包括劳动力市场在内的许多方面都产生了深远的影响。王非获美国南加州大学经济学博士学位,现为中国人民大学劳动人事学院助理教授。赵丽秋获比利时鲁汶大学经济学博士学位,现为中国人民大学劳动人事学院助理教授。赵忠获美国约翰斯·霍普金斯大学经济学博士学位,现为中国人民大学劳动人事学院教授

Nano Sensors for Oxygen Based on Ratiometric Fluorescence

比率式荧光传感通过在同一传感基质中掺杂两种或两种以上对分析物具有不同响应的发光体,根据不同的光发射信号比值构建起来的光化学传感体系,能更好满足实际检测的需要。近年来,比率式荧光纳米传感器的构建已引起了人们的广泛关注。该文介绍了比率式荧光纳米氧传感器的制备方法、传感特性和应用情况,并对其传感检测的发展和应用前景进行了分析和展望。Ratiometric sensing nanoprobes derivatized from luminescent dyes show great application in a nano or micro system as well as in a sensing material. Nowadays,a ratiometric nano sensing system has attracted a wide variety of attentions. In this review,the meaning of measuring oxygen concentration was introduced and the determination approaches for O_2 was discussed. The research progress of nanosensors for O_2 based on ratiometric fluorescence including their preparation,characteristics and applications,was systematically reviewed.国家自然科学基金资助项目（21375112

尼美舒利胶囊致体温过低1例

患者男,18岁,体重70 kg,既往体健,因“咳嗽、咽痛伴畏寒、发热4 d“为主诉于2015年1月25日就诊。既往史无特殊,无药物、食物过敏史。入院体检:T 40.2℃,P 82次/MIn,r 20次/MIn,bP 112/60 MM Hg。神志清楚,对答切题。口唇红润,伸舌居中,口腔黏膜无异常,双侧扁桃体Ⅱ度肿大,表面可见散在脓点,见白色分泌物,咽部后壁充血水肿,见淋巴滤泡,咽反射正常,余未见明显异常。血常规:WbC 14.99x109·l-1,n 76.4%,Hb 141 g·l-1,PlT 231x109·l-1;C反应

Advances in Preparation, Physicochemical Properties and Applications of Heteroatom-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots

发光石墨烯量子点(grAPHEnE QuAnTuM dOTS,gQdS)的良好理化性能引起许多领域研究人员的关注,但其荧光量子产率不高、活性位点相对较少、选择性较差等缺陷限制了它在分析传感领域的应用。异原子掺杂gQdS可以在一定程度上解决这些问题。本文介绍了异原子掺杂gQdS的制备方法、理化性质和应用情况,并对异原子掺杂gQdS的发展和应用前景进行分析和展望。Luminescent graphene quantum dots( GQDs) display excellent physicochemical properties,which have ignited tremendous and increasing research interest of researchers from different fields.However,there are still some limitations including lowquantum yield,less active sites and unsatisfactory selectivity,which impede their wide applications.As research continues,doping GQDs with heteroatoms has been considered as an effective strategy to address the above problems.In this review,we summarize the preparation methods,physicochemical properties and applications of heteroatom-doped GQDs.There are two kinds of heteroatom-doped GQDs including single-doped GQDs( B,N,S,F,Cl,et al.) and co-doped GQDs( B,N or N,P or N,S co-doping).The introduced heteroatoms changed the charge density and charge distribution of the GQDs,resulting in the enhancement of fluorescence quantum dots,more active sites and the appearances of new physicochemical properties including electrocatalytic activity and intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activity.We also give a perspective on the subsequent development and promising applications of heteroatom-doped GQDs.国家自然科学基金项目(No.21375112); 厦门市科技局高校创新项目(No.3502Z20143025)资助~

Trisomy 21-induced Dysregulation of Microglial Homeostasis in Alzheimer’s Brains is Mediated by USP25

阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease, AD）是一种最为常见的与记忆、认知能力退化相关的渐进性神经退行性疾病。唐氏综合征（Down’s syndrome, DS）是早发型阿尔茨海默病的一个重要风险因素，作为最常见的智力障碍遗传疾病，厦门大学医学院神经科学研究所王鑫教授团队揭示了治疗阿尔茨海默病和唐氏综合征新的治疗靶点，并且在小鼠模型上利用USP25小分子抑制剂成功地改善了阿尔茨海默病小鼠的认知功能，缓解了神经退行性病变的病理进程。该研究工作由王鑫教授指导完成，厦门大学医学院助理教授郑秋阳和博士生李桂林完成主要实验工作，王世华、朱琳、高月、邓青芳、张洪峰、张丽珊、吴美玲、狄安洁参与了部分研究工作。厦门大学医学院许华曦、赵颖俊和孙灏教授在研究过程中给予大力帮助和支持，清华大学董晨教授提供了Usp25基因敲除小鼠，厦门大学附属妇女儿童医院周裕林教授和郑良楷博士帮助收集了脑组织样品。Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, is the most significant risk factor for early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, underlying mechanisms linking DS and AD remain unclear. Here, we show that triplication of homologous chromosome 21 genes aggravates neuroinflammation in combined murine DS-AD models. Overexpression of USP25, a deubiquitinating enzyme encoded by chromosome 21, results in microglial activation and induces synaptic and cognitive deficits, whereas genetic ablation of Usp25 reduces neuroinflammation and rescues synaptic and cognitive function in 5×FAD mice. Mechanistically, USP25 deficiency attenuates microglia-mediated proinflammatory cytokine overproduction and synapse elimination. Inhibition of USP25 reestablishes homeostatic microglial signatures and restores synaptic and cognitive function in 5×FAD mice. In summary, we demonstrate an unprecedented role for trisomy 21 and pathogenic effects associated with microgliosis as a result of the increased USP25 dosage, implicating USP25 as a therapeutic target for neuroinflammation in DS and AD.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31871077, 81822014, and 81571176 to X.W.; 81701130 to Q.Z.), the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC1305900 to X.W.), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (2017J06021 to X.W.), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Chinese Central Universities (20720150061 to X.W.), and the BrightFocus Foundation (A2018214F to Yingjun Zhao). 该研究工作得到国家重点研发计划项目、国家自然科学基金、福建省自然科学基金、厦门大学校长基金的资助和支持

VEGETATION AS A PASSIVE SAMPLER FOR AIR POLLUTION MONITORING OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

对植物富集大气持久性有机污染物(POPs)的机理及其在大气POPs污染监测中的应用,主要是地衣、苔藓、树叶、树皮作为大气POPs的被动采样器在大气POPs监测中的应用做了介绍,指出树木“时间隧道”作为实时记录大气历史污染状况的又一“新标本”将在大气污染“历史监测”中发挥重要作用.This paper reviewed recent approaches and current status of both fundamental studies on the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in vegetation and applications to air pollution monitoring of POPs by (using) vegetation as a passive sampler. This review focused on lichen, moss, tree leave and bark as passive samplers for monitoring the air pollution levels from airborne POPs. Furthermore, tree bark pocket as a new specimen, which records air pollutants real time, will show its significance in the historical pollution monitoring of airborne POPs.国家重大基础研究计划(No.2003CD415001);; 国家自然科学基金(No.20475046)资助项

Research Progresses in Si-Based Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

硅基材料因具有目前最高的理论比容量、合适的嵌锂平台、大储量等优点,引起了众多研究者的关注,成为最具潜力的下一代锂离子电池的负极材料.但是硅在嵌锂过程中巨大的体积变化,容易破坏电极结构的稳定性,使电极循环性能迅速衰减,这对硅基材料的应用造成了很大的阻碍.本文主要针对近年来在硅电极自身的结构(包括:多孔硅基复合材料的合成、硅粘结剂的选择,无粘结剂的纳米硅电极的制备)以及电解液添加剂的选择两大方面的最新研究进展进行总结与评述.Owing to its high theoretical specific capacity(4200 m Ah·g-1), silicon is a promising candidate to replace graphite as the anode in lithium ion batteries(LIBs). However, low intrinsic electric conductivity and dramatic volume change(~ 300%) during the process of lithiation and delithiation result in electrode pulverization and capacity loss with cycling, accordingly, the application of silicon as an anode in LIBs has been severely hindered. We will discuss the structure of silicon electrode including synthesis of Si-based composites,the selection of binder for silicon and the fabrication of binder-free Si-based electrode, as well as the electrolyte additive to improve the cycle performance of the battery.国家自然科学基金项目(No.21321062,No.21273185);; 国家基础科学人才培养基金项目(No.J1310024);; 福建省科技计划项目(No.2013H6022)资

Analysis and Prediction on Human-Environment Correlation in Wangdong Gully Watershed

通过对王东沟流域近１５年人口与耕地数量的预测，得出结论：（１）人口增加与耕地减少的矛盾将随着社会与经济发展有所缓和；（２）人地矛盾缓和的进程取决于采取措施的力度；（３）目前农村经济发展的关键在于科学指导与必要的扶持

Efficient Utilization and Optimal Allocation of Agricultural Water Resources in the Yellow River Basin

Water resources are basic natural and economic resources of strategic significance and are vital for the high-quality agricultural development and ecological protection of the Yellow River Basin. To implement the national strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, it is significant to improve the use efficiency and allocation of water resources in the basin. This study focuses on the high-efficiency utilization and sustainable development of agricultural water resources, adopts the research methods of systematic hydrology, and adheres to an all-encompassing approach to food. Based on the theories and technologies for the optimal allocation of water resources in the process of high-quality agricultural development, it explores the mechanism for the hydrologic process of farmlands and investigates the challenges faced in terms of water use efficiency improvement, optimal allocation of agricultural and ecological water resources, collaborative optimization of water, food, and ecosystem, and construction of farmland information systems. Countermeasures are further proposed. This study reviews the agricultural water-saving and water resource allocation capabilities of the whole Yellow River Basin from a water cycle perspective and is expected to provide basic support for the optimal allocation of land and water resources, high-quality agricultural development, and ecological protection collaboration in the Yellow River Basin