The Sea Route along the East Coast of the Korean Peninsula between Balhae and Japan : Some Remarks

奥村哲教授・木村誠教授記念論文

A Study of the Wolhuis\u27s Territory and Its Change in T\u27ang China

The Wolhuis were one of the Malgals included in the Tungus and ranged generally from Northeastern China to Primorsky Krai area today. They sent a messenger to T\u27ang\u27s court from the eighth century to the ninth century, but they were soon ruled by the Palhae which became gradually strong. It is said that the Wolligils were a descendant of the Wolhuis, who lived in today\u27s Yilan County and sent a messenger to Liao\u27s court for the first time in the beginning of the eleventh century after the Palhae\u27s extinction. However, there remain three questions concerning the Wolhuis. First, even their territory during the T\u27 ang era is not clear enough, because few records survive about the Wolhuis and they are extremely fragmentary. Secondly, it is thought that the Wolhuis was conquered by Palhae in the middle of the eighth century. Therefore, it is important to clear up the territory of the Wolhuis, because it gives us the clue to know how Palhae conquered the Malgals. Thirdly, a territory of the Wolhuis is often thought to be the same as that of the Wolligils which was their descendant. By considering their territory separately, it is important to pay attention to a change between T\u27ang era and Liao era. We cannot overlook the point, because it is not only concerned with the change of geographical range of the various ethnic groups in Northeast Asia, but also concerned with the changing process of the Wolhuis\u27s society. In this paper, we first consider a territory of the Wolhuis by examining the character of the sources and as a result we make clear the process of the conquest of Wolhuis. In other words, it will show an aspect of Palhae\u27s policy towards the foreign tribes

封敖作「與渤海王大彝震書」について：その起草・発給年時と渤海後期の権力構成

There is a letter contained in the 43rd volume of Wenyuanyinghua 『文苑英華』 entitled “Yu-Bohaiwang-Dayizhen-shu 與渤海王大彝震書” written by Feng-Ao and addressed to Dayizhen, Palhae’s eleventh king (r. A.D. 830-56). At the time the letter was written, it is thought that the Dayizhen’s queen, his vice-king, and ministers formed the axis of power. However, despite the importance of such a rare document in understanding the history of Palhae, exactly when the letter was conceived and actually sent still remains a mystery.In the present article, the author examines both the paleography of the document and its implications about the political structure at the time it was written. His conclusions are as follows.To begin with, the letter was written and sent a little later than the 15th day of the second month of Huichang 会昌 3 (A.D.841). As to the vice-king (fuwang 副王), he was Dayizhen’s eldest. As to the two ministers mentioned in the letter, changshi 長史and pingzhangshi 平章事, the former seems to have been Daqianhuang 大虔晃 and minister of Xuangzhao (edicts) 宣詔, the latter ranked lower. It seems that the axis of power in Palhae at the time consisted of the royal family (king, queen and heir to the throne) surrounded by ministers of state and lower ranking bureaucrats (pingzhangshi), indicating a relatively complex power structure. However, it is difficult to estimate how much power was held by Daqianhuang，who was only one among several ministers of state at the time. On the other hand, since Daqianhuang eventually succeeded to Dayizhen’s throne later on, it is apparent that at some time, he acquired power transcending the rank of minister of state