18 research outputs found

    The Effects of Uncertainty Types on Probability Expression and Probability Judgment

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    The present research firstly reviewed the experimental literature on probability expression and probability judgment, hypothesizing that individuals’ preference of probability expressions (verbal probability vs. numerical probability) and tendency for overextremity in probability judgment might differ with respect to different types of uncertainty. Five studies were conducted to test this hypothesis. In Study 1, questionnaires were used to explore the communication preference among Chinese-speaking people. Study 2 adapted the View of Uncertainty Questionnaire to explore the difference of verbal answers to three kinds of uncertainty. Study 3 and Study 4 used methods of the paper-and-pencil questionnaire and the laboratory experiment, respectively, to test the effects of uncertainty types on the preference of probability expressions and on the tendency for over-extreme probability judgment. Finally, Study 5 focused on individuals’ preference of probability expressions under various kinds of scenarios. The results were as follows: 1. The Communication Model Preference paradox phenomenon appears to be even more pronounced in the Chinese culture than in American English cultural settings. 2. The Chinese prefer more verbal probability expressions when communicating uncertainty in a weather-forecasting context than in a general context. 3. Sample groups with lower level of westernization tend to give more extreme answers and less probabilistic answers. 4. Types of uncertainty did have effects on individuals’ tendency for over-extreme probability judgment: under a traditional probability judgment task, people tend to be more over-extreme on internal uncertainty events than on external uncertainty events; however, this result is reversed under a gambling task. 5. Individuals’ preference for verbal probability expressions is more salient on internal uncertain events than on external uncertain events.本研究回顾了概率表达和概率判断的相关研究,提出不确定类型会影响人们的概率表达偏好(文字概率vs数字概率)和概率判断的极端性倾向。本研究通过五个实验试图验证这一假设。研究一用问卷调查的形式探索中国人在一般情境和天气预报情境下的概率表达偏好。研究二用“不确定性观念问卷”探索被试在三类不确定性问题上用文字作答的极端性倾向是否存在差异。研究三和研究四分别通过纸笔问卷和实验室实验考察不确定类型对人们的概率表达偏好和概率判断的极端性倾向的影响。研究五采用情境模拟材料来探索被试在各种情境下的概率表达偏好。主要研究结论如下: 1. 中国人出现沟通模式偏好悖论的比例(58.7%)显著高于美国人的相应比例(35%)。 2. 中国人在天气预报情境下比在一般情境下更偏好用文字概率表达来接受和传递信息。 3. 随着西化程度的降低,被试群体使用“是/否”这种极端性回答不确定性问题的程度更高,使用概率词回答的程度更低。 4. 不确定类型会影响人们概率判断的极端性倾向:在传统的概率判断任务下,人们在已有答案的内部不确定问题上表现出更高的极端性概率判断倾向;在赌博任务下,人们在尚无答案的外部不确定问题上表现出更高的极端性概率判断倾向和更高的冒险倾向。 5. 人们在概率表达上的偏好受到不确定性类型的影响:人们在未来无答案(外部不确定性)事件下比在过去有答案(内部不确定性)事件下更偏好文字概率表达

    THE EXPRESSION OF ENGLISH VERBAL PROBABILITY: A LIERATURE

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    对于事件发生的概率表征形式主要可分为数字表征和文字表征。本文探讨了英文文字概率表达研究的意义和兴起,并回顾了英语文字概率表达在这半个世纪里的研究内容、研究方法及研究发现:(1)文字概率的数值转化,(2)文字概率表征的语义信息和(3)概率表征的使用偏好。最后探讨了汉语文字概率表达的意义和前景

    An Exploratory Research on the Numerical Translation of Chinese Verbal Probabilistic Expression

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    48名大学生被试对20个汉语文字概率表达所代表的数值概率进行了值评定和区间评定。结果发现:(1)对同一文字概率词,汉语的数字转化值和英语的数字转化值不匹配; (2)汉语文字概率词的被试内变异比较低,大部分概率词的被试间变异比较高,但不存在性别差异; (3)文字概率词没有覆盖0-1概率尺上的所有范围; (4)对称的汉语文字概率不存在互补性

    THE DEDUCTION OF A DECISION WEIGHT π: CONTROVERSIES, QUESTIONS, AND ANSWERS

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    借助权重函数π的导出,Kahneinan和Tversky解释了一些期望效用理论无法预测和描述的抉择(如艾勒悖论),使预期理论成为风险条件下行为决策的重要描述性模型.文章回顾了推导权重函数的基本假设及权重函数各特性的推导过程,介绍沿用相同的推导逻辑提出的对该函数特性的质疑,及nersky对质疑的回应和解释.冀透过对权重函数的审视,将质疑的焦点转向最大化原则本身

    The Effects of Cover Stories,Framing,and Probability on Risk Preference in Investment Decision Making

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    以股市投资为背景设计决策问题,考查了问题的封面故事类型、备择选项框架和风险项的概率水平对327名股民被试和465名大学生被试的风险偏好的影响。结果表明,股民被试的风险偏好不同于大学生被试,前者在所有实验处理上呈现出稳定的风险回避倾向。大学生被试在不同类型的封面故事下呈现出不同的风险偏好。在传统的坏封面故事下,风险偏好只受到备择选项框架的影响,不受损益概率的影响,即出现经典的框架效应。在好封面故事下,风险偏好受到备择选项框架、损益概率及两者交互作用的影响,即在高概率水平上出现框架效应,在低概率水平上出现框架效应反转。</p

    Communication Mode Preference Paradox and Its Derivate:Communication Performance Assessment Paradox

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    文字概率表征是指用"可能"、"也许"、"不一定"等词汇或短语来表示事件发生的可能程度。研究者发现,英语表达者在接受信息时偏爱数字概率表征,在传递信息时反而偏爱文字概率表征,这种现象被称之为"沟通模式偏爱悖论"(Communication Mode Preference Paradox,CMPP)。本研究调查了说中文的大学生(N=356)和管理者(N=108)在"一般情境"和"天气预报情境"下的概率沟通偏好;并对"下情上达"情境下的四类管理者(两类"传声筒型"管理者:听取下级的文字概率信息并向上级汇报文字概率信息;听取下级的数字概率信息并向上级汇报数字概率信息。以及两类"信息转化型"管理者:听取下级的文字概率信息却向上级汇报数字概率信息;听取下级的数字概率信息却向上级汇报文字概率信息)作了评判。其结果发现:(1)在"一般情境"和"天气预报情境"下,说中文的被调查者不仅也普遍存在CMPP现象,而且发生该现象的比例显著地高于说英语的被调查者;(2)另一类沟通悖论:同样面对忠实的"传声筒型"管理者,被调查者认同数字概率"传声筒"、而不认同文字概率"传声筒";同样面对权变的"信息转化型"管理者,被调查者认同将数字转化成文字概率的管理者、而不认同将文字转化成数字概率的管理者;(3)这两类悖论既产生于管理学院的大学生之中也产生于中层管理者之中。我们将新发现的这种沟通悖论称之为"下情上达评价悖论"(Communication Performance Assessment Paradox,CPAP),并对发现这两种悖论的理论和实际意义作了讨论。The 'communication mode preference(CMP) paradox' says that people prefer to receive precise,i.e.numerical,information involving probabilities of chance events,but they prefer to express them in,vaguer,verbal terms.This research investigate native Chinese speakers' communication mode preference in a general context and in a weather forecasting context and,evaluate the performance of four types of managers(two types of 'loud hailer': to get information from a subordinate verbally and to give information to a supervisor verbally;to get information from a subordinate numerically and to give information to a supervisor numerically,and two types of'information interpreter': to get information from a subordinate in quantitative form,but to give information to a supervisor in verbal form;to get information from a subordinate in verbal form,but to give information to a supervisor in quantitative form).Our findings reveal that,(1) the CMP paradox detected in English-speaking cultures is robust enough to survive in Chinese-speaking culture where non-probabilistic thinking is presumably overwhelming and,most importantly,the CMP paradox is much more likely to be betrayed by Chinese speakers than by English speakers;(2) for exactly the same'loud hailer' managers,those who parrot another numerically are evaluated as acceptable while those who parrot another verbally are assessed as unacceptable;for exactly the same 'information interpreter' managers,those who translate numbers into words are evaluated as acceptable whereas those who translate words into numbers are assessed as unacceptable,which we dub the 'communication performance assessment(CPA) paradox';(3) these two closely related communication paradoxes are commonly betrayed by management students as well as by middle-level managers.The theoretical and practical implications of exploring these paradoxes are discussed

    封面故事、选项框架和损益概率对风险偏好的影响

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    以股市投资为背景设计决策问题,考查了问题的封面故事类型、备择选项框架和风险项的概率水平对327名股民被试和465名大学生被试的风险偏好的影响。结果表明,股民被试的风险偏好不同于大学生被试,前者在所有实验处理上呈现出稳定的风险回避倾向。大学生被试在不同类型的封面故事下呈现出不同的风险偏好。在传统的坏封面故事下,风险偏好只受到备择选项框架的影响,不受损益概率的影响,即出现经典的框架效应。在好封面故事下,风险偏好受到备择选项框架、损益概率及两者交互作用的影响,即在高概率水平上出现框架效应,在低概率水平上出现框架效应反转

    How has Low-probability/higy-consequence Event Influenced Risky Decision Making?

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    对小概率/高风险的灾难事件的后继风险决策进行探讨,着重在决策的认知神经经济模型框架下,讨论灾难事件后继风险决策的影响因素。灾难事件后人们的风险觉知、信念和假定、经验等认知因素以及灾后情绪因素对于决策分别有不同的影响;人们灾后决策的特点为决策更多直觉化而较少运用理性分析;灾难后继决策有随时间变化的趋势,灾难事件后人们为寻求安全感而出现“损失偏差”(loss bias),该偏差在“获得”和“损失”两种条件下的影响是不同的。灾后风险决策的内在机制或可用思维和决策的双加工系统(dual-process)模型来解释。最后展望了灾难事件后继决策进一步的研究方向

    How has the Low-probability/higy-consequence Event Influenced Risky Decision Making?

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    对小概率/高风险的灾难事件的后继风险决策进行探讨,着重在决策的认知神经经济模型框架下,讨论灾难事件后继风险决策的影响因素。灾难事件后人们的风险觉知、信念和假定、经验等认知因素以及灾后情绪因素对于决策分别有不同的影响;人们灾后决策的特点为决策更多直觉化而较少运用理性分析;灾难后继决策有随时间变化的趋势,灾难事件后人们为寻求安全感而出现&ldquo;损失偏差&rdquo;(loss bias),该偏差在&ldquo;获得&rdquo;和&ldquo;损失&rdquo;两种条件下的影响是不同的。灾后风险决策的内在机制或可用思维和决策的双加工系统(dual-process)模型来解释。最后展望了灾难事件后继决策进一步的研究方向。</p

    The Influence of Dissymmetry and Word Property on Bilingual Mnemonic Representation

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    本研究在句子的水平,采取残句补全记录反应时的方法,探讨大学生英语被试双语间记忆表征的词汇-概念联系情况。介于以往国外研究中发现双语间显著的生物效应,因此增加生物词-非生物词这一词汇性质变量以考察中英两种语言间是否也能产生这一效应。结果表明,在大学生中,我们发现了双语间记忆表征的词汇-概念的不对称性,支持Kroll修正的层级模型,但是,并没有在语言间发现生物效应,相反,被试对非生物词的反应要更快
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