4 research outputs found

    Application of Ground LiDAR for The Investigation of Outcrop Discontinuities and Estimation of Associated Engineering Characteristics

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    Reliable and direct information about rock slope materials and discontinuity parameters from field investigation are keys to engineering design, structure maintenance and soil/water conservation. Under the impact of global climate change and the surge in extreme weather events, rapid and accurate equipment or procedures for geological engineering surveys are necessary to harmonize engineering facilities with natural environment. This study utilizes 3D laser scanning technology (also known as ground LiDAR), which obtains the coordinates of surface geometry rapidly in point clouds, to survey two outcrops. Applying ground LiDAR in a geological survey, we compare the results with those provided by the International Society of Rock Mechanics, and analyze the slope stability. This study also discusses the applicability and limitations of ground LiDAR technology in discontinuity investigation and estimation of rock mass engineering characteristics. Suggested operating procedures for the use of ground LiDAR technology in outcrop surveys are provided accordingly. The results show that ground LiDAR technology reduces the in-situ operation time significantly, thus facilitating efficient discontinuity surveys and outcrop parameters evaluation. However, the quantities of office work and the accuracy of point clouds depend on the velocity and accuracy of ground LiDAR surveys. Therefore, inspection of survey results and output parameter, along with the application and operating specifications of geological surveys, including point cloud resolution, reasonable error of superimposition, inspection procedures and data analysis, still await further research.岩石工程道路邊坡經現地調查獲得可靠、直接的岩石材料種類與不連續面參數,為確保工程設計施工、設施營運維護及環境水土保持之關鍵資訊。在近年全球氣候變遷與極端氣候事件規模與頻率加大的衝擊下,迅速、精準的工程地質調查工具與作業方法,為落實工程設施與自然環境永續發展的不二法門。本研究利用三維雷射掃描技術 (又稱光達技術,|iDAR),運用其可快速取得露頭表面幾何坐標描述點雲的特性,透過2處露頭現地地質調查,探討地面光達在工址地質調查之應用,並比較國際岩石力學學會建議工址現地調查作業方法所獲得的參數,分析評估邊坡的穩定特性,據以提出地面光達應用於露頭不連續面調查與岩體工程特性評估的適用性與限制,並提出地面光達應用於露頭調查的作業程序。研究結果顯示,地面光達技術可大幅縮減現地調查作業時間,為露頭不連續面調查與參數評估的新利器,由於室內分析工作量和點雲的精度決定了|iDAR應用於露頭不連續面調查的速度與精準度,未來針對調查成果與產出參數的檢核、在地質調查的應用與作業規範,包括點雲解析度、疊合容許誤差以及資料分析與檢核程序等,有待進一步深入研究

    Analysis for Lateral Displacement of Liquefied Ground

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    本論文以傾斜地盤受震液化引致之側向變位為主題,進行簡化理論分析模式與數值模擬之研究,旨在建立一套合理之側向變位量分析模式以供工程分析與設計之用。 Towhata(1992)根據案例調查及模型試驗結果,推導出一套側向變位量理論解,由於理論解包含五組公式,公式之型式與參數相當複雜,且存在高估側向變位量之現象,故值得進一步改善以提昇其應用性。本研究以Towhata(1992)理論模式為基礎,採用最小勢能法並配合因次分析進行理論估算式之推導,提出第一階與第二階近似理論解,公式中之參數已合理簡化並具備明確之物理意義。針對緩坡及近河岸兩類地形條件,應用近似理論解建立簡化分析模式,並藉由一系列現地案例與震動台模型試驗結果進行驗證分析,結果顯示本研究所提之簡化模式能夠合理評估側向變位量,並改善Towhata模式高估變位量之現象。 數值模擬方面,本研究採用有限差分程式FLAC,應用Mohr-Coulomb塑性組成律與Martin et al.(1975)應變式孔隙水壓模式,建立有效應力分析模式。根據震動台模型試驗之模擬分析結果,證明本研究之數值模式能夠合理模擬液化地盤側向變位之行為與特性,並提供準確性良好之模擬結果。 最後將本研究所建立之簡化分析模式與數值模式應用於1999年台灣集集地震中貓羅溪案例與霧峰太子城堡案例之分析。由地表側向變位量分析值與現地實測數據之比對結果,顯示本研究之簡化分析模式能夠合理評估地表側向變位量;數值模擬則能夠完整呈現地盤受震過程中,土體之孔隙水壓與應力狀態之變化趨勢及地盤變位之特性,並合理解釋土壤液化引致側向變位之現象。Lateral spreading occurred on liquefied ground will cause significant damages to supporting structures and buried facilities. The purpose of this study is to develop a simplified analytical model as well as a numerical model to evaluate the amount of lateral displacement induced by soil liquefactions for engineering applications. This study follows the analytical approach proposed by Towhata (1992) through modifications and dimensional analysis to deduce a simpler solution. Two sets of approximate solutions are presented which are applicable to the condition of a continuous gently sloping ground and the condition of a river bank with cutting free-face, respectively. For verifications, nine cases of in-situ measurements during past earthquakes are analyzed. Results obtained show that the proposed simplified model can reasonably predict the lateral displacements associated with soil liquefactions. For numerical modeling, the program FLAC is used to simulate the phenomenon of lateral spreading induced by soil liquefactions. The analysis performed is the effective stress approach modeled with Martin’s pore pressure model. Analysis on two sets of shaking table tests are carried out to verify the applicability of the numerical model proposed. The results show that the numerical approach can reasonably simulate the behavior of lateral displacement of liquefied ground. For applications, three cases of lateral spreading occurred in 1999 Taiwan Chi-chi earthquake are analyzed with the proposed simplified model and numerical approach. From the results obtained, it is shown that the simplified model can reasonably predict the lateral displacements of liquefied ground, while the numerical approach can simulate the characteristics and mechanism of lateral displacement induced by soil liquefactions. Based on the studies presented herein, the proposed simplified model is convenient and sufficiently accurate to be used for engineering applications.誌 謝 I 摘 要 I Abstract Ⅲ 目 錄 Ⅳ 表目錄 Ⅷ 相片目錄 Ⅹ 圖目錄…. ⅩI 第一章 緒 論 1-1 1.1 研究背景 1-1 1.2 研究目標與內容 1-2 第二章 文獻回顧 2-1 2.1 地盤液化後之側向變位型態 2-1 2.2 液化地盤側向變位之特性 2-3 2.2.1 案例研究 2-3 2.2.2 模型試驗 2-8 2.3 液化地盤側向變位之分析方法 2-10 2.3.1 經驗模式 2-10 2.3.2 理論模式 2-18 2.3.3 數值分析 2-26 2.4 綜合討論 2-28 第三章 傾斜液化地盤側向變位之近似理論解 3-1 3.1 Towhata(1992)理論模式應用性探討 3-1 3.2 簡化模型與假設條件 3-3 3.3 系統總勢能增量分析 3-6 3.4 控制方程式推導 3-8 3.5 因次分析 3-9 3.6 近似理論解推導 3-10 3.6.1第一階近似理論解 3-10 3.6.2第二階近似理論解 3-13 3.7 綜合討論 3-17 第四章 簡化理論分析模式之案例分析 4-1 4.1 現地地形分類與簡化理論分析模式 4-1 4.1.1現地地形分類 4-1 4.1.2緩坡地形分析模式 4-2 4.1.3近河岸地形分析模式 4-3 4.2 緩坡地形案例分析 4-5 4.2.1日本能代(Noshiro)市Maeyama地區液化案例 4-5 4.2.2日本能代(Noshiro)市北區液化案例 4-6 4.3 近河岸地形案例分析 4-7 4.3.1日本新潟Oogata地區液化案例 4-7 4.3.2日本Kasukabe地區液化案例 4-9 4.4 應用於震動台模型試驗之分析 4-11 4.5 1964年日本新潟地震案例分析 4-12 4.5.1新潟飯店案例 4-12 4.5.2新潟火車站案例 4-14 4.5.3 Shitayama小學案例 4-15 4.5.4 Shinkawa地區Tsusen河岸案例 4-16 4.6綜合討論 4-18 第五章 傾斜液化地盤側向變位之數值分析模式 5-1 5.1 數值模式之建立 5-1 5.1.1 FLAC程式簡介 5-1 5.1.2數值模式之架構與分析流程 5-8 5.2 數值模式之驗證 5-10 5.2.1地盤模型 5-10 5.2.2材料參數 5-10 5.2.3動力分析 5-11 5.2.4分析結果 5-12 5.3 小尺寸震動台模型試驗之模擬分析 5-13 5.3.1震動台模型試驗概述 5-14 5.3.2數值地盤模型 5-14 5.3.3材料參數 5-14 5.3.4動力分析 5-15 5.3.5分析結果 5-16 5.4大尺寸震動台模型試驗之模擬分析 5-18 5.4.1震動台模型試驗概述 5-18 5.4.2數值地盤模型 5-19 5.4.3材料參數 5-19 5.4.4動力分析 5-20 5.4.5分析結果 5-20 5.5 綜合討論 5-24 第六章 921集集地震案例分析 6-1 6.1 921地震貓羅溪沿岸側向變位案例概述 6-1 6.1.1地表側向變位情形 6-1 6.1.2地質調查結果 6-2 6.2 分析參數之評估方法 6-3 6.3簡化理論模式分析 6-4 6.3.1貓羅溪河岸剖面一 6-4 6.3.2貓羅溪河岸剖面二 6-6 6.4數值模擬分析 6-7 6.4.1地震資料分析 6-7 6.4.2土壤材料參數評估 6-9 6.4.3貓羅溪河岸剖面一 6-10 6.4.4貓羅溪河岸剖面二 6-12 6.5 霧峰太子城堡社區對岸水稻田側向變位案例概述 6-15 6.5.1地表側向變位之情形 6-15 6.5.2地質調查結果 6-16 6.6 簡化理論模式分析 6-18 6.7數值模擬分析 6-19 6.7.1地震資料分析 6-19 6.7.2土壤材料參數評估 6-20 6.7.3太子城堡對岸水稻田案例分析 6-22 6.8分析結果之比較與討論 6-25 第七章 結論與建議 7-1 7.1 結論 7-1 7.1 建議 7-3 參考文獻 R-

    遠端惡意探測工具實作

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    [[abstract]]針對 SSH 服務阻斷攻擊一直以來都是網際網路上的一種常見攻擊方式,雖然沒有什麼技術可言,但網際網路上始終有許多伺服器管理員和用戶缺乏必要的安全意識,也因為這樣而沒有安全地配置 SSH 服務,因此造成這種古老的攻擊方式直至今日仍非常有效,在網際網路上針對 TCP 22 埠上的 SSH 服務進行探測的攻擊流量處處可
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